List of biogeographic provinces

Biogeographic Province is a biotic subdivision of realms. The following list of biogeographic provinces was developed by Miklos Udvardy in 1975,^[1]^[2] later modified by other authors.

Afrotropical Realm

Tropical humid forests
- Guinean Rainforest
- Congo Rainforest
- Malagasy Rainforest
Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
- West African Woodland/Savanna
- East African Woodland/Savanna
- Congo Woodland/Savanna
- Miombo Woodland/Savanna
- South African Woodland/Savanna
- Malagasy Woodland/Savanna
- Malagasy Thorn Forest
Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
- Cape Sclerophyll
Warm deserts and semideserts
- Western Sahel
- Eastern Sahel
- Somalian
- Namib
- Kalahari
- Karroo
Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
- Ethiopian Highlands
- Guinean Highlands
- Central African Highlands
- East African Highlands
- South African Highlands
Mixed island systems
- Ascension and St. Helena Islands
- Comores Islands and Aldabra
- Mascarene Islands
Lake systems
- Lake Rudolph
- Lake Ukerewe (Victoria)
- Lake Tanganyika
- Lake Malawi (Nyassa)

Antarctic Realm

Tundra communities and barren Antarctic desert
Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands

Australian Realm

Tropical humid forests
- Queensland Coastal
Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
- Tasmanian
Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
- Northern Coastal
Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
- Western Sclerophyll
- Eastern Sclerophyll
- Brigalow
Warm deserts and semideserts
- Western Mulga
- Central Desert
- Southern Mulga/Saltbush
Tropical grasslands and savannas
- Northern Savanna
- Northern Grasslands
Temperate grasslands
- Eastern Grasslands and Savannas

Indomalayan Realm

Tropical humid forests
- Malabar Rainforest
- Ceylonese Rainforest
- Bengalian Rainforest
- Burman Rainforest
- Indochinese Rainforest
- South Chinese Rainforest
- Malayan Rainforest
Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
- Indus-Ganges Monsoon Forest
- Burma Monsoon Forest
- Thailandian Monsoon Forest
- Mahanadian
- Coromandel
- Ceylonese Monsoon Forest
- Deccan Thorn Forest
Warm deserts and semideserts
- Thar Desert
Mixed island systems
- Seychelles and Amirantes Islands
- Laccadives Islands
- Maldives and Chagos Islands
- Cocos-Keeling and Christmas Islands
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- Sumatra
- Java
- Lesser Sunda Islands
- Celebes
- Borneo
- Philippines
- Taiwan

Nearctic Realm

Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
- Sitkan
- Oregonian
Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands
- Yukon Taiga
- Canadian Taiga
Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets
- Eastern Forest
- Austroriparian
Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
- Californian
Warm deserts and semideserts
Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts
- Great Basin
Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert
- Aleutian Islands
- Alaskan Tundra
- Canadian Tundra
- Arctic Archipelago
- Greenland Tundra
- Arctic Desert and Icecap
Temperate grasslands
- Grasslands
Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
- Rocky Mountains
- Sierra-Cascade
- Madrean-Cordilleran
Lake systems
- Great Lakes

Neotropical Realm

Tropical humid forests
- Campechean
- Panamanian
- Colombian Coastal
- Guayanan
- Amazon rainforest
- Madeiran
- Serra do Mar (Bahian coast)
Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
- Brazilian Rainforest (Brazilian Deciduous Forest)
- Brazilian Planalto (Brazilian Araucaria Forest)
- Valdivian Forest (Chilean Temperate Rain Forest)
- Chilean Nothofagus
Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
- Everglades
- Sinaloan
- Guerreran
- Yucatecan (Yucatán)
- Central American (Carib-Pacific)
- Venezuelan Dry Forest
- Venezuelan Deciduous Forest
- Ecuadoran Dry Forest
- Caatinga
- Gran Chaco
Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets
- Chilean Araucaria Forest
Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
- Chilean Sclerophyll
Warm deserts and semideserts
- Pacific Desert (Peruvian and Atacama Desert)
- Monte (Argentinian Thorn-scrub)
Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts
- Patagonian
Tropical grasslands and savannas
- Los Llanos, Venezuela
- Campos Limpos (Guyana highlands)
- Babacu
- Campos Cerrados (Campos)
Temperate grasslands
- Argentinian Pampas (Pampas)
- Uruguayan Pampas
Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
- Northern Andean
- Colombian Montane
- Yungas (Andean cloud forest)
- Puna
- Southern Andean
Mixed island systems
- Bahamas-Bermudan
- Cuban
- Greater Antillean (Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico)
- Lesser Antillean
- Revilla Gigedo Island
- Cocos Island
- Galapagos Islands
- Fernando de Noronja Island
- South Trindade Island
Lake systems
- Lake Titicaca

Oceanian Realm

Mixed island systems
- Papuan
- Micronesian
- Hawaiian
- Southeastern Polynesian
- Central Polynesian
- New Caledonian
- East Melanesian

Palearctic Realm

Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
- Chinese Subtropical Forest
- Japanese Evergreen Forest (Japanese Subtropical Forest)
Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands
- West Eurasian Taiga
- East Siberian Taiga
Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets
- Icelandic
- Subarctic Birchwoods
- Kamchatkan
- British Isles (British and Irish Forest)
- Atlantic (West European Forest)
- Boreonemoral (Baltic Lowland)
- Middle European Forest (East European Mixed Forest)
- Pannonian (Danubian Steppe)
- West Anatolian
- Manchu-Japanese Mixed Forest
- Oriental Deciduous Forest
Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
- Iberian Highlands
- Mediterranean Sclerophyll
Warm deserts and semideserts
- Sahara
- Arabian Desert (Arabia)
- Anatolian-Iranian Desert (Turkish-Iranian Scrub-steppe)
Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts
- Turanian (Kazakh Desert Scrub-steppe)
- Talka-Makan-Gobi Desert
- Tibetan
- Iranian Desert
Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert
- Arctic Desert
- Higharctic Tundra
- Lowarctic Tundra
Temperate grasslands
- Atlas Steppe (Atlas Highlands)
- Pontian Steppe (Ukraine-Kazakh Steppe)
- Mongolian-Manchurian Steppe (Gobi-Manchurian Steppe)
Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
- Scottish Highlands
- Central European Highlands
- Balkan Highlands
- Caucaso-Iranian Highlands (Caucasus and Kurdistan-Iran Highlands)
- Altai Highlands
- Pamir-Tian Shan Highlands
- Hindu Kush Highlands
- Himalayan Highlands
- Szechwan Highlands
Mixed island systems
- Macaronesian Islands
- Ryukyu Islands
Lake systems

References

↑ Udvardy, M. D. F. (1975). A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world. IUCN Occasional Paper no. 18. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.
↑ Udvardy, Miklos D. F. (1975) "World Biogeographical Provinces" (Map). The CoEvolution Quarterly, Sausalito, California.

Dassman, Raymond (1976). "Biogeographical Provinces". CoEvolution Quarterly, Number 11, Fall 1976.

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List of biogeographic provinces

See also

References