Philippine presidential inauguration

Rodrigo Duterte taking the oath of office in Malacañang, June 30, 2016.

The inauguration of the President of the Philippines is a ceremonial event marking the commencement of a new six-year term of a President of the Philippines. The day a presidential inauguration occurs is June 30 as mandated by the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Under the previous 1935 Constitution, the date was December 30, which is also Rizal Day; the last inauguration to take place on the older date was Ferdinand Marcos' second one on December 30, 1969. The most recent public presidential inauguration ceremony, the swearing in of President Rodrigo Duterte to begin his six-year term in office, took place on Thursday, June 30, 2016.

The only inauguration element mandated by the Philippine Constitution is that the president make an oath or affirmation before that person can "enter on the Execution" of the office of the presidency. However, over the years, various traditions have arisen that have expanded the inauguration from a simple oath-taking ceremony to a day-long event, including parades, speeches, and balls.

When a new president takes over mid-term due to the death or resignation of a president, the oath of office is administered but formal, public inauguration events have not been held.

Inauguration Rites

Manuel L. Quezon climbs up the Malacañang Palace stairs for the first time as the President of the Philippines in 1935.

The ceremony since 1992 traditionally begins with the President-Elect fetching the incumbent in Malacañan Palace on the morning of June 30. At the Palace's State Entrance, the President-Elect will wait for the incumbent to descend the Grand Staircase. Upon meeting at the foot of the staircase, the President-Elect would greet the incumbent.

Both travel to the Quirino Grandstand aboard any of the Presidential cars. Following protocol, the outgoing President takes the back right-hand seat of the vehicle, while the President-Elect is seated behind the chauffeur. At the Grandstand's parade grounds, the outgoing President will be welcomed with arrival honours, and then shake hands with the President-Elect. The outgoing President conducts a final troop review and is presented to the public before departing the Grandstand aboard their own private vehicle. Only Corazón Aquino broke with the custom of leaving the Grandstand immediately, choosing instead to stay until the end of Fidel Ramos's inaugural speech.

The inauguration proper then begins with the singing of the National Anthem. An ecumenical Invocation follows, led by leaders of the different major religions of the Philippines, followed by a patriotic musical piece by a musical ensemble. Since the Third Republic, the Vice-President-Elect is sworn in before the President-Elect to immediately secure the line of succession. During his inauguration, President Manuel L. Quezon took the Oath of Office first to mark a "new start".[1]

As mandated by the Constitution, the President-Elect then takes the Oath of Office at exactly 12:00 PST (GMT+8); in 2010, President-Elect Aquino did not await noon, instead taking his Oath moments after Vice-President-Elect Binay finished doing so. The Oath is customarily administered by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, but that is not required.[2] Due to political differences, Benigno Aquino III instead had then-Associate Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales administer the Oath instead of then-Chief Justice Renato Corona. A 21-gun salute is then immediately fired, followed by four ruffles and flourishes and the Presidential Anthem, We Say Mabuhay, is played in honour of the new President.

The new President then delivers an Inaugural Address. Previous inaugurations also saw a full military and civil parade in the same manner as the Independence Day celebrations on 12 June (similar to the US Inaugural Parades) right after the address. From the late 1940s to the late 1960s, similar parades were also held on Rizal Day on 30 December as well and to ring in the New Year's celebrations that would start the day after.

The new President then returns to Malacañan Palace to formally take possession of the residence.[3] This formal entry is symbolised by the President ascending the Grand Staircase and proceeding to the Ceremonial Hall. Juan Luna's painting, The Blood Compact, is currently displayed at the top of the Staircase. The President then inducts the new Cabinet on the same day, and holds its first meeting immediately after.

In the evening, an Inaugural Reception is held for other officials and foreign dignitaries who wish to call on the new President. The customary banquets of either a vin d'honneur or an Inaugural Ball were abolished, in an effort to revert to the pre-Martial Law practise of simpler official receptions. The last Inaugural Ball was held in 1981 for Ferdinand Marcos' third inauguration, which was also the last time the Rigodon de Honor (a Hispanic dance analogous to a court dance) was performed; it was again danced on Independence Day of 2009. The President concludes the ceremonies with a toast, as a gesture of amity towards states that maintain diplomatic ties with the Philippines.[4]

Date

The new President is to be inaugurated at noon of June 30 as currently mandated by the 1987 Constitution, but past ceremonies were held on different dates.[5] The first President, Emilio Aguinaldo, was inaugurated on January 23, 1899, while Presidents under the 1935 Constitution were inaugurated at noon of Rizal Day (December 30). Only two Presidents under the 1935 Constitution were not inaugurated on December 30, namely, Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas. Ferdinand Marcos changed the inauguration date to the present June 30, while his successors Corazon Aquino and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo were inaugurated on February 25, 1986 and January 20, 2001, respectively, Aquino after the EDSA Revolution and Arroyo after the EDSA II.

Location

Quirino Grandstand is where most inaugurations take place.

Seven inaugurations have been held at the Quirino Grandstand in the Luneta, namely, Quirino (1949), Magsaysay (1953), Garcia (1957), Macapagal (1961), Marcos (1965, 1969, 1981), Ramos (1992) and Aquino III (2010).[6] Presidents Estrada and Arroyo only delivered their inaugural addresses there. To date, Estrada and Arroyo were the only presidents to take the oath of office and inaugural addresses in two different locations.

Other presidents, namely Aguinaldo and Estrada, were inaugurated at the Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan; Quezon, Laurel and Roxas were inaugurated in front of the Legislative Building; and Aquino in Club Filipino, Greenhills, San Juan, Metro Manila.[7] Marcos was inaugurated in Maharlika Hall, Malacañan Palace in 1986; and Duterte inaugurated in the Rizal Hall, Malacañan Palace in 2016. Arroyo took her first oath as president at the EDSA Shrine in Quezon City. Osmeña, who assumed the presidency upon the death of his predecessor Manuel L. Quezon, took his oath of office in Washington D.C. Quirino and Garcia took the oath of office in the Malacañan Palace.

Attendees

In addition to the general public the following are the attendants of the Inauguration:

If a civil-military parade follows the speech the format is the same as in the Independence Day parades, with the AFP first, with the units of the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection and the Philippine Coast Guard following them and later by civilian marchers representing the government, private sector, youth uniformed organizations and the representatives of the nation's various ethnic nationalities.

Ceremonial

Oath of Office

Under Article VII, Section 5 of the 1987 Constitution, before the President-Elect and Vice-President-Elect enters into the execution of their offices, the President shall take the following oath or affirmation:

The oath from the Filipino version of the Constitution was used for the inaugurations of Presidents Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Estrada and Benigno Aquino III:

Inaugural Address

Every president since Emilio Aguinaldo delivered an inaugural address. Presidents, who became president upon the death of their predecessor, also delivered an address. It is usually delivered after the new president took the oath of office. However, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo delivered the inaugural address first at the Quirino Grandstand and then took the oath of office in Cebu.[9]

List of inaugural ceremonies

Note: Vice President-elects usually take the oath of office with the President-elect, but Rodrigo Duterte broke tradition by requesting Vice President-elect Leni Robredo to hold inauguration rites separately.[10] The only other instances that the Vice President was inaugurated separately, when Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo succeeded to the presidency and nominated Teofisto Guingona as Vice President. Guingona was confirmed by Congress on February 9, 2001 and took the oath of office the same day.

Date President Location Oath Administered by[11] Document sworn on Inaugural Addresses Notes Article
March 22, 1897 Emilio Aguinaldo Holy Cross Parish Church, Sta. Cruz de Malabon, Cavite unknown (Possibly Fr. Cenon Villafranca) none[6] none First inauguration of Emilio Aguinaldo
January 23, 1899 Emilio Aguinaldo Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan Prime Minister Apolinario Mabini none[6] Emilio Aguinaldo's Inaugural Address Second inauguration of Emilio Aguinaldo
November 15, 1935 Manuel L. Quezon Legislative Building, Manila Ramon Avanceña none[6] Manuel L. Quezon's First Inaugural Address First inauguration of Manuel L. Quezon
December 30, 1941 (Manuel L. Quezon, no public celebration) Malinta Tunnel, Corregidor Island, Cavite City José Abad Santos none[6] Manuel L. Quezon's Second Inaugural Address Second inauguration of Manuel L. Quezon
November 15, 1943 (Manuel L. Quezon, no public celebration) Washington, D.C., United States US Assoc. Justice Felix Frankfurter none[6] none Third inauguration of Manuel L. Quezon
August 1, 1944 (Sergio Osmeña, no public celebration) Washington, D.C., United States US Assoc. Justice Robert H. Jackson none[6] Sergio Osmeña's Inaugural Remarks First of three Vice Presidents to assume Presidency upon the death of the President Inauguration of Sergio Osmeña
October 14, 1943 José P. Laurel Legislative Building, Manila José Yulo none[6] Jose P. Laurel's Inaugural Address Inauguration of José P. Laurel
May 28, 1946[12] Manuel Roxas Legislative Building, Manila Manuel Moran none[6] Manuel Roxas' Inaugural Address First inauguration of Manuel Roxas
July 4, 1946[13] Manuel Roxas Independence Grandstand, Manila Manuel Moran none[6] none Second inauguration of Manuel Roxas
April 17, 1948[14] (Elpidio Quirino, no public celebration) Council of State Room, Executive Building, Malacañan Palace Manuel Moran none[6] Elpidio Quirino's Inaugural Remarks Second of three Vice Presidents to assume Presidency upon the death of the President First inauguration of Elpidio Quirino
December 30, 1949[15] Elpidio Quirino Independence Grandstand, Manila Manuel Moran none[6] Elpidio Quirino's Inaugural Address Second inauguration of Elpidio Quirino
December 30, 1953 Ramon Magsaysay Independence Grandstand, Manila Ricardo Paras two family bibles; one each from his mother and father's side[6] Ramon Magsaysay's Inaugural Address Inauguration of Ramon Magsaysay
March 18, 1957[16] (Carlos P. Garcia, no public celebration) Council of State Room, Executive Building, Malacañan Palace Ricardo Paras none Carlos P. Garcia's Inaugural Remarks Third of three Vice Presidents to assume Presidency upon the death of the President First inauguration of Carlos P. Garcia
December 30, 1957[17] Carlos P. Garcia Independence Grandstand, Manila Ricardo Paras Closed family Bible Carlos P. Garcia's Inaugural Address Second inauguration of Carlos P. Garcia
December 30, 1961 Diosdado Macapagal Quirino Grandstand, Manila César Bengzon Closed family Bible Diosdado Macapagal's Inaugural Address Inauguration of Diosdado Macapagal
December 30, 1965 Ferdinand E. Marcos Quirino Grandstand, Manila César Bengzon Two closed family Bibles; one owned by his father Mariano and one owned by his wife Imelda. Ferdinand Marcos' First Inaugural Address First inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos
December 30, 1969 Ferdinand E. Marcos Quirino Grandstand, Manila Roberto Concepcion unknown Ferdinand Marcos' Second Inaugural Address Second inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos
June 12, 1978[18] Ferdinand E. Marcos Batasang Pambansa Complex, Quezon City Fred Ruiz Castro unknown none Prime Ministerial confirmation of Ferdinand Marcos
June 30, 1981 Ferdinand E. Marcos Quirino Grandstand, Manila Enrique Fernando unknown Ferdinand Marcos' Third Inaugural Address Third inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos
February 25, 1986[19] Ferdinand E. Marcos Maharlika Hall (formerly Executive Office Building, now Kalayaan Hall), Malacañan Palace Ramon Aquino unknown none Fourth inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos
February 25, 1986[20] Corazon C. Aquino Club Filipino, Greenhills, San Juan, Metro Manila Assoc. Justice Claudio Teehankee, Sr. Closed family bible; owned by Aurora Aquino, mother of Ninoy Aquino[6] Corazon Aquino's Inaugural Address Inauguration of Corazon Aquino
June 30, 1992 Fidel V. Ramos Quirino Grandstand, Manila Andres Narvasa Closed family Bible Fidel V. Ramos' Inaugural Address Inauguration of Fidel V. Ramos
June 30, 1998 Joseph Ejercito Estrada Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan Andres Narvasa Closed family Bible Joseph Estrada's Inaugural Address Inauguration of Joseph Estrada
January 20, 2001[21] Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo EDSA Shrine, Quezon City Hilario Davide, Jr. Closed family Bible Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's First Inaugural Address First inauguration of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
June 30, 2004[22] Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Cebu Provincial Capitol, Cebu City Hilario Davide, Jr. Closed family Bible; same one used by Diosdado Macapagal in 1961 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's Second Inaugural Address Second inauguration of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
June 30, 2010 Benigno S. Aquino III Quirino Grandstand, Manila Assoc. Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales Closed family bible; same one used by Corazon Aquino in 1986 Benigno Aquino III's Inaugural Address Inauguration of Benigno Aquino III
June 30, 2016 Rodrigo Duterte Rizal Hall, Malacañan Palace, Manila Assoc. Justice Bienvenido L. Reyes Family bible; owned by Rodrigo's mother, Soledad[23] Rodrigo Duterte's Inaugural Address Vice President Leni Robredo held a separate inauguration at Quezon City Reception House Inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte

References

  1. ↑
  2. ↑ Quezon III, Manuel L. "Notes for the coming inaugural". The Long View. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  3. ↑ The Possession of Malacañan Palace, Presidential Museum and Library, June 30, 2012
  4. ↑
  5. ↑
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 The Protocol, Ceremony, History and Symbolism of the Presidential Inauguration on the Presidential Museum and Library
  7. ↑ Quezon III, Manuel L. "Notes for the coming inaugural".
  8. ↑ ANG 1987 KONSTITUSYON NG REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University
  9. ↑
  10. ↑ http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/06/17/1593848/separate-inauguration-first-recent-history
  11. ↑ Individual named is the Chief Justice, unless otherwise indicated
  12. ↑ The Commonwealth oath of office included a pledge of allegiance to the sovereignty of the United States
  13. ↑ When the independence of the Philippines was recognized on July 4, 1946, Roxas retook his oath of office again, without the pledge of allegiance, as befits the president of a sovereign nation
  14. ↑ Upon the death of Manuel Roxas
  15. ↑ Upon his election in 1949
  16. ↑ Upon the death of Ramon Magsaysay
  17. ↑ Upon his election in 1957
  18. ↑ Confirmed as Prime Minister
  19. ↑ Upon certification of COMELEC
  20. ↑ Upon certification of NAMFREL
  21. ↑ Upon the culmination of EDSA II
  22. ↑ Upon her election in 2004
  23. ↑ Kitty Duterte to hold Bible of Duterte's mother for oath-taking, Pia Randa, Rappler, June 27, 2016
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