List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes

Hurricane Isabel, as seen from the International Space Station in September 2003.

The list of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes encompasses 31 tropical cyclones that reached Category 5 strength on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale within the Atlantic Ocean (north of the equator), Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Hurricanes of such intensity are somewhat infrequent in the Atlantic basin, occurring only once every three years on average.

Only five times—in the 1932, 1933, 1961, 2005, and 2007 hurricane seasons—has more than one Category 5 hurricane formed. Only in 2005 have more than two Category 5 hurricanes formed, and only in 2007 has more than one made landfall at Category 5 strength.[1]

Background

Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Tracks of all known Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes between 1851 and 2014

A Category 5 Atlantic hurricane is one that is considered by the United States National Hurricane Center (NHC), to have had sustained wind speeds greater than 137 knots (158 mph; 254 km/h) on the Saffir–Simpson scale.[2] The NHC considers sustained wind speeds to be those that occur, over a one-minute period at 10 metres (32 ft 9.7 in) above ground. These wind speeds are estimated by using a blend of data from a variety of sources, which include observations from nearby ships, reconnaissance aircraft, or automatic weather stations and pictures from various satellites.

Between 1924 and 2016, 31 hurricanes were recorded at Category 5 strength. No Category 5 hurricanes were observed officially before 1924. It can be presumed that earlier storms reached Category 5 strength over open waters, but the strongest winds were not measured. The anemometer, a device used for measuring wind speed, was invented in 1846. However, during major hurricane strikes the instruments as a whole were often blown away, leaving the hurricane′s peak intensity unrecorded. For example, as the Great Beaufort Hurricane of 1879 struck North Carolina, the anemometer cups were blown away when indicating 138 mph (222 km/h).[3]

A reanalysis of weather data is ongoing by researchers who may upgrade or downgrade other Atlantic hurricanes currently listed at Categories 4 and 5.[4] For example, the 1825 Santa Ana hurricane is suspected to have reached Category 5 strength.[5] Furthermore, paleotempestological research aims to identify past major hurricanes by comparing sedimentary evidence of recent and past hurricane strikes. For example, a "giant hurricane" significantly more powerful than Hurricane Hattie (Category 5) has been identified in Belizean sediment, having struck the region sometime before 1500.[6]

Officially, the decade with the most Category 5 hurricanes is 2000–2009, with eight Category 5 hurricanes having occurred: Isabel (2003), Ivan (2004), Emily (2005), Katrina (2005), Rita (2005), Wilma (2005), Dean (2007), and Felix (2007). The previous decades with the most Category 5 hurricanes were the 1930s and 1960s, with six occurring between 1930 and 1939 (before naming began).[1]

Seven Atlantic hurricanes—Camille, Allen, Andrew, Isabel, Ivan, Dean and Felix—reached Category 5 intensity on more than one occasion; that is, by reaching Category 5 intensity, weakening to a Category 4 or lower, and then becoming a Category 5 again. Such hurricanes have their dates shown together. Camille, Andrew, Dean and Felix each attained Category 5 status twice during their lifespans. Allen, Isabel and Ivan reached Category 5 intensity on three separate occasions. However, no Atlantic hurricane has reached Category 5 intensity more than three times during its lifespan. The November 1932 Cuba hurricane holds the record for most time spent as a Category 5 (although it took place before satellite or reconnaissance so the record may be somewhat suspect).[1][7]

An October Category 5 that hit Cuba in 1924

Thirty-one Category 5s have been recorded in the Atlantic basin since 1851, when records began. Only one Category 5 has been recorded in July, eight in August, nineteen in September, four in October, and one in November. There have been no officially recorded June or off-season Category 5 hurricanes.[1]

The July and August Category 5s reached their high intensities in both the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. These are the areas most favorable for tropical cyclone development in those months.[1][8]

September sees the most Category 5 hurricanes. This coincides with the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season, which occurs in early September.[9] September Category 5s reached their strengths in any of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and open Atlantic. These places are where September tropical cyclones are likely to form.[8] Many of these hurricanes are either Cape Verde-type storms, which develop their strength by having a great deal of open water; or so-called Bahama busters, which intensify over the warm Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico.[10]

All six Category 5s in October and November reached their intensities in the western Caribbean, a region that Atlantic hurricanes strongly gravitate toward late in the season.[8] This is due to the climatology of the area, which sometimes has a high-altitude anticyclone that promotes rapid intensification late in the season, as well as warm waters.

Systems

Name Dates as a
Category 5		 Duration
( hours)		 Sustained
wind speeds		 Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD)		 Refs
"Cuba" October 19, 1924 12 hours 165 mph (270 km/h) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Central America, Mexico, Cuba, Florida, The Bahamas 90 [11]
San Felipe II-Okeechobee September 13-14, 1928 12 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 929 hPa (27.43 inHg)
"Bahamas" September 5–6, 1932 24 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 921 hPa (27.20 inHg)
"Cuba" November 5–8, 1932 78 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg)
"Cuba–Brownsville" August 30, 1933 12 160 mph (260 km/h) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg)
"Tampico" September 21, 1933 12 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 929 hPa (27.43 inHg)
"Labor Day" September 3, 1935 18 hours 185 mph (295 km/h) 892 hPa (26.34 inHg)
"New England" September 19–20, 1938 18 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg)
Carol September 3, 1953 12 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 929 hPa (27.43 inHg)
Janet September 27–28, 1955 18 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 914 hPa (26.99 inHg) Lesser Antilles, Central America 1,023 $65.8 million [12]
Carla September 11, 1961 18 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 931 hPa (27.49 inHg) Texas, Louisiana, Midwestern United States 43 $326 million [13][14]
Hattie October 30–31, 1961 18 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Central America 319 $60.3 million [15][16]
Beulah September 20, 1967 18 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 921 hPa (27.20 inHg) The Caribbean, Mexico, Texas 688 $208 million [17]
Camille August 16–18, 1969 † 30 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Cuba, United States Gulf Coast 259 $1.42 billion [13][18][19]
Edith September 9, 1971 6 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 943 hPa (27.85 inHg) The Caribbean, Central America, Mexico, United States Gulf Coast 37 $25.4 million
Anita September 2, 1977 12 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 926 hPa (27.34 inHg Mexico 11 Extensive [20]
David August 30–31, 1979 42 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 924 hPa (27.29 inHg) The Caribbean, United States East coast 2,068 $1.54 billion [21][22]
Allen August 5 - 9, 1980 † 72 hours 190 mph (305 km/h) 899 hPa (26.55 inHg) The Caribbean, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, South Texas 269 $1.24 billion [21][23][24]
Gilbert September 13–14, 1988 24 hours 185 mph (295 km/h) 888 hPa (26.22 inHg) Venezuela, Central America, Hispaniola, Mexico 318 $7.1 billion [25][26]
Hugo September 15, 1989 6 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 918 hPa (27.11 inHg) The Caribbean, United States East Coast 107 $10 billion [18][27][28]
Andrew August 23 – 24, 1992 † 16 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 922 hPa (27.23 inHg) The Bahamas, Florida, United States Gulf Coast 65 $26.5 billion [18][29]
Mitch October 26–28, 1998 42 hours 180 mph (285 km/h) 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, South Florida 11,374 $6.2 billion [30][31][32][33]
Isabel September 11 - 14, 2003 † 42 hours 165 mph (270 km/h) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Greater Antilles, Bahamas, Eastern United States, Ontario 51 $5.37 billion [18][34]
Ivan September 9 – 14, 2004 † 60 hours 165 mph (270 km/h) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) The Caribbean, Venezuela, United States Gulf Coast 124 $23.3 billion [18][35][36]
Emily July 16, 2005 6 hours 160 mph (260 km/h) 929 hPa (27.44 inHg) Windward Islands, Jamaica, Mexico, Texas 17 $1.01 billion [37]
Katrina August 28 – 29, 2005 18 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 902 hPa (26.64 inHg) Bahamas, United States Gulf Coast 1,836 $108 billion [38]
Rita September 21 – 22, 2005 24 hours 180 mph (290 km/h) 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) Cuba, United States Gulf Coast 125 $12 billion [39]
Wilma October 19, 2005 18 hours 185 mph (295 km/h) 882 hPa (26.05 inHg) Greater Antilles, Central America, Florida 87 $29.4 billion [40][41][42][43]
Dean August 18 – 21, 2007 † 24 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) The Caribbean, Central America 45 $1.76 billion [21][44][45]
Felix September 3–4, 2007 † 24 hours 175 mph (280 km/h) 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Nicaragua, Honduras 133 $720 million [46][47][48][49]
Matthew October 1, 2016 12 hours 165 mph (270 km/h) 934 hPa (27.58 inHg) Antilles, Venezuela, Colombia, United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada 603 $15.1 billion [50]
Overall reference for Name, dates, duration, winds and pressure:[1]
†Discontinuous duration (weakened below Category 5 then restrengthened back to that classification at least once)

Listed by month


Landfalls

Hurricane Camille, a landfalling Category 5

All Atlantic Category 5 hurricanes have made landfall at some location at some strength. Most Category 5 hurricanes in the Atlantic make landfall because of their proximity to land in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, where the usual synoptic weather patterns carry them towards land, as opposed to the westward, oceanic mean track of Eastern Pacific hurricanes.[51] Thirteen of the storms made landfall while at Category 5 intensity;[1] 2007 is the only year in which two storms made landfall at this intensity.[1]

Many of these systems made landfall shortly after weakening from a Category 5. This weakening can be caused by dry air near land, shallower waters due to shelving, interaction with land, or cooler waters near shore.[38] In southern Florida, the return period for a Category 5 hurricane is roughly once every 50 years.[52]

The following table lists these hurricanes by landfall intensity.

Name Year Category 5 Category 4 Category 3 Category 2 Category 1 Tropical storm Tropical depression References
"Cuba" 1924 Cuba Florida The Bahamas [1][53]
"Okeechobee" 1928 Puerto Rico Guadeloupe, Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, & Florida South Carolina
"Bahamas" 1932 The Bahamas
"Cuba" 1932 Little Cayman & Cuba The Bahamas Martinique
"Cuba–Brownsville" 1933 The Bahamas Cuba & Texas
"Tampico" 1933 Yucatán Peninsula Mainland Mexico
"Labor Day" 1935 Florida Keys Northwest Florida The Bahamas
"New England" 1938 New York & Connecticut
Carol 1953 Canada
Janet 1955 Yucatán Peninsula Mainland Mexico
Carla 1961 Texas
Hattie 1961 Belize Mexico
Beulah 1967 Texas Yucatán Peninsula
Camille 1969 Mississippi Cuba
Edith 1971 Nicaragua Louisiana Belize & Mexico
Anita 1977 Mexico
David 1979 Dominican Republic Dominica Florida Cuba, The Bahamas, & Georgia
Allen 1980 Texas
Gilbert 1988 Quintana Roo Jamaica, Tamaulipas [25]
Hugo 1989 Guadeloupe, Saint Croix, South Carolina Puerto Rico [27]
Andrew 1992 Eleuthera, Florida Berry Islands Louisiana [29]
Mitch 1998 Honduras Campeche, Florida [30]
Isabel 2003 North Carolina [34]
Ivan 2004 Alabama Louisiana [36]
Emily 2005 Quintana Roo Tamaulipas Grenada [37]
Katrina 2005 Louisiana, Mississippi Florida [38]
Rita 2005 Texas, Louisiana [39]
Wilma 2005 Cozumel, Quintana Roo Florida [40]
Dean 2007 Quintana Roo Veracruz [44]
Felix 2007 Nicaragua Grenada [46]
Matthew 2016 Haiti, Cuba, The Bahamas South Carolina [50]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division (April 11, 2017). "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  2. ↑ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/sshws.pdf
  3. ↑ Hudgins, James E. (2000). "Tropical cyclones affecting North Carolina since 1586" (PDF). National Weather Service Office Blacksburg, Virginia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
  4. ↑ Staff writer (2010-06-08). "Re-analysis Project". Hurricane Research Division — Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Project. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  5. ↑ Donnelly, J. P. (2005). "Evidence of Past Intense Tropical Cyclones from Backbarrier Salt Pond Sediments: A Case Study from Isla de Culebrita, Puerto Rico, USA" (PDF). Journal of Coastal Research. SI42: 201–210. ISSN 0749-0208. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
  6. ↑ Mccloskey, T; G Keller (2009). "5000 year sedimentary record of hurricane strikes on the central coast of Belize". Quaternary International. 195 (1-2): 53–68. Bibcode:2009QuInt.195...53M. ISSN 1040-6182. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.03.003. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
  7. ↑ Rappaport, Edward N. "Addendum Hurricane Andrew". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  8. 1 2 3 Staff writer (2010). "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  9. ↑ Dorst, Neal (2010-06-10). "Tropical Cyclone FAQ G1) When is hurricane season ?". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2006-07-18. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  10. ↑ Landsea, Christopher W. (2010-06-08). "Tropical Cyclone FAQ A2) What is a "Cape Verde" hurricane?". Hurricane Research Division — Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  11. ↑ Steve Feuer; Ramon Perez Suarez; Ricardo Prieto; Jorge Sanchez-Sesma (March 2009). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT: Hurricane #10 in 1924". Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
  12. ↑
  13. 1 2
  14. ↑ Hebert, Paul J; Taylor, Glenn; National Hurricane Center (January 1983). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Hurricanes of This Century (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS TPC-18). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  15. ↑ Dunn, Gordon E (1962). "The Hurricane Season of 1961" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. United States Weather Bureau. 89 (3): 108. ISSN 0027-0644. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1962)090<0107:THSO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  16. ↑ National Meteorological Services of Belize (November 2, 2006). "Belize Marked 45th Anniversary of Deadly Hurricane Hattie". Belize National Emergency Management Organization. Archived from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  17. ↑ Sugg, Arnold L; Peliser, Joseph M (1967). "The Hurricane Season of 1967" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 96 (4): 243. ISSN 0027-0644. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1968)096<0242:THSO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5
  19. ↑ National Hurricane Center (April 1, 2014). "Re-analysis of 1969's Hurricane Camille Completed — Catastrophic hurricane now ranks as second strongest on record" (PDF) (Press release). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  20. ↑ Lawrence, Miles B (April 1, 1978). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1977". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 106 (4): 536–540. ISSN 1520-0493. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<0534:AHSO>2.0.CO;2.
  21. 1 2 3 Université Catholique de Louvain (2007). "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database for the Caribbean". Archived from the original on June 21, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
  22. ↑ Hebert, Paul J (July 1, 1980). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1979" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 108 (7): 976. ISSN 1520-0493. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0973:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 4, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  23. ↑ Lawrence, Miles B; Pelissier, Joseph M (July 1, 1981). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1980". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 109 (7): 1567–1582. ISSN 1520-0493. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<1567:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  24. ↑ National Hurricane Center. Hurricane Allen July 31 – August 11 (Preliminary Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. pp. 1–6. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  25. 1 2 Clark, Gilbert B (October 26, 1988). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Gilbert (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. p. 9. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
  26. ↑ Blake, Eric S; Landsea, Christopher W; Gibney, Ethan J; National Hurricane Center (August 2011). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-6). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. 47. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  27. 1 2 Lawrence, Miles B (November 15, 1989). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Hugo (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. pp. 1–2, 7. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  28. ↑ Case, Bob; Mayfield, Max (May 1, 1990). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1989". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 118 (5): 1175. ISSN 1520-0493. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1165:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  29. 1 2 Rappaport, Edward N (December 10, 1993). Hurricane Andrew: August 16 – 28 (Preliminary Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  30. 1 2 Guiney, John L; Lawrence, Miles B (April 7, 2017). Hurricane Mitch: October 22 - November 5, 1998 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  31. ↑ "Mitch: The Deadliest Atlantic Hurricane Since 1780". United States National Climatic Data Center. 2004. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  32. ↑ Inter-American Development Bank. "Central America After Hurricane Mitch- Costa Rica". Archived from the original on December 19, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  33. ↑ Inter-American Development Bank. "Central America After Hurricane Mitch- El Salvador". Archived from the original on October 26, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  34. 1 2 Beven, John L; Cobb, Hugh (April 7, 2017). Hurricane Isabel: September 6-19, 2003 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  35. ↑
  36. 1 2 Stewart, Stacy R (December 16, 2004). Hurricane Ivan September 2 – 24, 2004 (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  37. 1 2 Franklin, James L; Brown, Daniel P (March 10, 2006). Hurricane Emily July 11 – 21, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 24, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  38. 1 2 3 Knabb, Richard D; Rhome, Jamie R; Brown, Daniel P (December 20, 2005). Hurricane Katrina: August 23 – 30, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  39. 1 2 Knabb, Richard D; Brown, Daniel P; Rhome, Jamie R (March 17, 2006). Hurricane Rita: September 18 - 26, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). UUnited States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  40. 1 2 Pasch, Richard J; Blake, Eric S; Cobb III, Hugh D; Roberts, David P (January 12, 2006). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Wilma: October 15 – 26, 2005 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  41. ↑ Comisión Nacional del Agua (2006). "Resumen del Huracán "Wilma"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  42. ↑ Royster, Amy (December 4, 2005). "Wilma's Waves Devastate Grand Bahama Communities". Palm Beach Post.(subscription required)
  43. ↑ "Hurricane Wilma exacts losses of 704 million dollars: Cuban government". Relief Web. Agence France-Presse. December 4, 2005. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  44. 1 2 Franklin, James L (January 31, 2008). Hurricane Dean: August 13 – 23, 2007 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  45. ↑ Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), Nicaragua (2007). "Evaluación de Daños Causados por el Huracán Félix en el Caribe de Nicaragua" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  46. 1 2 Beven, John L (January 16, 2008). Hurricane Felix: August 31 – September 5, 2007 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  47. ↑ Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), Nicaragua (2007). "Evaluación de Daños Causados por el Huracán Félix en el Caribe de Nicaragua" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  48. ↑ Silva, José A (January 29, 2008). "Huracán los terminó de hundir en la pobreza" (in Spanish). El Nuevo Diario. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  49. ↑ Comisión Permanente de Contingencias, Government of Honduras (September 7, 2007). "Honduras: Informe preliminar de daños por Huracán Félix y últimas lluvias — Copeco — Boletín #53 – 07 de Septiembre 2007" (in Spanish). Reliefweb. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  50. 1 2 Stewart, Stacy R (April 7, 2017). Hurricane Matthew: September 28 – October 9, 2016 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  51. ↑ Landsea, Christopher W (2010-06-08). "Tropical Cyclone FAQ G8) Why do hurricanes hit the East coast of the U.S., but never the West coast?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  52. ↑ Landsea, Christopher W.; Franklin, James L.; McAdie, Colin J.; Beven, John L.; Gross, James M.; Jarvinen, Brian R.; Pasch, Richard J.; Rappaport, Edward N.; Dunion, Jason P.; Dodge, Peter P. (2004). "A Reanalysis of Hurricane Andrew's Intensity" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 85 (11): 1699. Bibcode:2004BAMS...85.1699L. ISSN 0003-0007. doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-11-1699. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  53. ↑ Mitchell, Charles L (October 1924). "Notes on the West Indian Hurricane of October 14–23, 1924" (PDF). U.S. Weather Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-21.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.