List of Prime Ministers of Canada

Canada's Prime Ministers during its first century.

The Prime Minister of Canada is an official who serves as the primary minister of the Crown, chair of the Cabinet, and thus head of government of Canada. Officially, the prime minister is appointed by the Governor General of Canada, but by constitutional convention, the prime minister must have the confidence of the elected House of Commons. Normally, this is the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the house. But, if that leader lacks support of the majority, the governor general can appoint another leader who has that support or may dissolve parliament and call a new election. By constitutional convention, a prime minister holds a seat in parliament and, since the early 20th century, this has more specifically meant the House of Commons.[1]

The office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the Constitution of Canada; executive authority is formally vested in the sovereign and exercised on his or her behalf by the governor general. The prime ministership is part of Canada's constitutional convention tradition. The office was modelled after that which existed in Britain at the time. Sir John A. Macdonald was commissioned by the Viscount Monck on May 24, 1867 to form the first government of the Canadian Confederation. On July 1, 1867, the first ministry assumed office.[2]

The date for which a prime minister begins his or her term has been determined by the date that he or she is sworn into his or her portfolio, as an oath of office as prime minister is not required.[3] However, since 1957, the incoming prime minister has sworn an oath as prime minister.[3] Before 1920, prime ministers' resignations were accepted immediately by the governor general and the last day of the ministries were the date he died or the date of resignation.[3] Since 1920, the outgoing prime minister has only formally resigned when the new government is ready to be formed.[3] The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day."[3] Thus, although the outgoing prime minister formally resigns only hours before the incoming ministry swears their oaths, both during the day, the ministries are effectively changed at midnight the night before. Some sources, including the Parliament of Canada, apply this convention as far back as 1917.[4]

Prime ministers

Abbreviation key:No.: Incumbent No., Min.: Ministry
Colour key:
Provinces key:AB: Alberta, BC: British Columbia, MB: Manitoba, NS: Nova Scotia, ON: Ontario, QC: Quebec, SK: Saskatchewan
No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)
District		 Term of office Electoral mandates (Parliaments) Political party Min. Refs
1
Sir John A. Macdonald
(1815–1891)
MP for Kingston, ON		 July 1, 1867
–
November 5, 1873		 Liberal-Conservative Party 1st [2] [5]
Minister of Justice; Integration of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory into Canada; Manitoba Act; Red River Rebellion; British Columbia and Prince Edward Island join confederation; Creation of the North-West Mounted Police; Resigned over Pacific Scandal
2
Alexander Mackenzie
(1822–1892)
MP for Lambton, ON		 November 7, 1873
–
October 8, 1878		 Liberal Party
Named leader in 1873		 2nd [6] [7]
Pacific Scandal; Creation of the Supreme Court; Establishment of the Royal Military College; Created the office of the Auditor General
(1)
Sir John A. Macdonald
(1815–1891)
MP for Victoria, BC until 1882
MP for Carleton, ON until 1887
MP for Kingston, ON		 October 17, 1878
–
June 6, 1891		 Liberal-Conservative Party 3rd [8] [9]
National Policy; Railway to the Pacific; North-West Rebellion; Hanging of Louis Riel. Died in office (stroke).
3
Sir John Abbott
(1821–1893)
Senator for Quebec		 June 16, 1891
–
November 24, 1892		 Liberal-Conservative Party 4th [10] [11]
Minister without Portfolio; Succeeded on Macdonald's death due to objections to the Catholic John Thompson. In ill health; retired. First prime minister born in what would become Canada, and first of only two prime ministers to serve while in the Senate.
4
Sir John Thompson
(1845–1894)
MP for Antigonish, NS		 December 5, 1892
–
December 12, 1894		 Liberal-Conservative Party 5th [12] [13]
Minister of Justice; First Catholic Prime Minister. Manitoba Schools Question. Died in office (heart attack).
5
Sir Mackenzie Bowell
(1823–1917)
Senator for Ontario		 December 21, 1894
–
April 27, 1896		 Conservative Party (historical) 6th [14] [15]
Minister of Customs; Minister of Militia and Defence; Manitoba Schools Question. Last prime minister to serve while in the Senate.
6
Sir Charles Tupper
(1821–1915)
Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister		 May 1, 1896
–
July 8, 1896
  • Appointment (no parl't)
 Conservative Party (historical) 7th [16] [17]
Minister of Customs, Minister of Railways and Canals; Oldest Canadian PM. Aimed to defeat Patrons of Industry, but dominated by Manitoba Schools Question. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister.
7
Sir Wilfrid Laurier
(1841–1919)
MP for Quebec East, QC		 July 11, 1896
–
October 6, 1911		 Liberal Party
Named leader in 1887		 8th [18] [19]
Manitoba Schools Question; Boer War; Alberta and Saskatchewan created; Creation of the Royal Canadian Navy; Reciprocity with the US; Department of External Affairs established; First French Canadian Prime Minister, removed the right of status Indians to vote.
8
Sir Robert Borden
(1854–1937)
MP for Halifax, NS until 1917
MP for Kings, NS		 October 10, 1911
–
October 11, 1917		 Conservative Party (historical)
Named leader in 1901		 9th [19] [20] [21]
October 12,1917
–
July 10, 1920		 Unionist Party 10th
First World War; Military Service Act; Conscription Crisis of 1917; Union government; National Research Council; Introduction of income tax; Nickle Resolution; Women's suffrage; Suppression of Winnipeg General Strike; Canada sits at the Paris Peace Conference, signs the Treaty of Versailles and joins League of Nations.
9
Arthur Meighen
(1874–1960)
MP for Portage la Prairie, MB		 July 10, 1920
–
December 29, 1921		 National Liberal and Conservative Party
Named leader in 1920		 11th [22] [23]
Solicitor General of Canada, Minister of Mines, Secretary of State for Canada, Minister of the Interior, Superintendant Indian Affairs; Grand Trunk Railway placed under control of Canadian National Railways.
10
William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950)
MP for York North, ON until 1925
MP for Prince Albert, SK		 December 29, 1921
–
June 28, 1926		 Liberal Party
Named leader in 1919		 12th [24] [25]
Minister of Labour; Chanak Crisis; lower tariffs; reinstated Crowsnest Pass Agreement; 1923 Imperial Conference; Halibut Treaty; Continued after 1925 with third party Progressive support until resigning after his request for an election was refused by Governor General Lord Byng.
(9)
Arthur Meighen
(1874–1960)
MP for Portage la Prairie, MB		 June 29, 1926
–
September 25, 1926		 Conservative Party (historical) 13th [22] [26]
Appointed as a result of the King–Byng Affair.
(10)
William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950)
MP for Prince Albert, SK		 September 25, 1926
–
August 7, 1930		 Liberal Party 14th [24] [27]
Balfour Declaration; Introduction of old age pensions; first Canadian envoys with full diplomatic status sent to foreign countries (USA, France, Japan); Great Depression.
11
R. B. Bennett
(1870–1947)
MP for Calgary West, AB		 August 7, 1930
–
October 23, 1935		 Conservative Party (historical)
Named leader in 1927		 15th [28] [29]
Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Great Depression; Imperial Preference; Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission; Canadian Wheat Board; Creation of the Bank of Canada.
(10)
William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950)
MP for Prince Albert, SK until 1945
MP for Glengarry, ON		 October 23, 1935
–
November 15, 1948		 Liberal Party 16th [24] [30]
Creation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; National Film Board of Canada; Unemployment Insurance Act of 1940; Nationalization of the Bank of Canada; Second World War; Conscription Crisis of 1944; Canada's entry into the United Nations; Trans-Canada Airlines; Gouzenko Affair.
12
Louis St. Laurent
(1882–1973)
MP for Quebec East, QC		 November 15, 1948
–
June 21, 1957		 Liberal Party
Named leader in 1948		 17th [31] [32]
Minister of Justice, Secretary of State for External Affairs; Dominion of Newfoundland joins confederation; right of appeal to Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ended; Canada's entrance into NATO; Suez Crisis; Creation of the United Nations Emergency Force; London Declaration; Newfoundland Act; Equalization; Trans-Canada Highway; St. Lawrence Seaway; Trans-Canada Pipeline; Pipeline Debate.
13
John Diefenbaker
(1895–1979)
MP for Prince Albert, SK		 June 21, 1957
–
April 22, 1963		 Progressive Conservative Party
Named leader in 1956		 18th [33] [34]
Avro Arrow cancellation; Coyne Affair; Cuban Missile Crisis; NORAD; Establishment of Board of Broadcast Governors; Canadian Bill of Rights; Allowed status aboriginals to vote in federal elections 1960; Alouette 1 satellite programme.
14
Lester B. Pearson
(1897–1972)
MP for Algoma East, ON		 April 22, 1963
–
April 20, 1968		 Liberal Party
Named leader in 1958		 19th [35] [36]
Secretary of State for External Affairs; Bomarc missile program; Federal involvement in universal healthcare; Canada Pension Plan; Canada Student Loans; Creation of a new Canadian flag; Auto Pact; Rejection of troop deployment to Vietnam; Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism; Unification of the Armed Forces; Canadian Centennial Celebrations.
15
Pierre Trudeau
(1919–2000)
MP for Mount Royal, QC		 April 20, 1968
–
June 3/4,[*] 1979		 Liberal Party
Named leader in 1968		 20th [37]
Minister of Justice; "Trudeaumania"; "Just Society"; October Crisis and Use of the War Measures Act; Official Languages Act; Establishment of relations with Communist China; Victoria Charter; Creation of Petro-Canada; Membership in the G7; Metric Commission, Creation of Via Rail.
16
Joe Clark
(b. 1939)
MP for Yellowhead, AB		 June 4, 1979
–
March 2/3,[*] 1980		 Progressive Conservative Party
Named leader in 1976		 21st [38]
Youngest Canadian PM. Defeated in a motion of no confidence on first budget.
(15)
Pierre Trudeau
(1919–2000)
MP for Mount Royal, QC		 March 3, 1980
–
June 29/30,[*] 1984		 Liberal Party 22nd [37]
Quebec referendum, 1980; Access to Information Act; Patriation of the Canadian Constitution; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; National Energy Program; Canada Health Act; Western alienation.
17
John Turner
(b. 1929)
Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister		 June 30, 1984
–
September 16/17,[*] 1984		 Liberal Party
Named leader in 1984		 23rd [39]
Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Trudeau Patronage Appointments. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister.
18
Brian Mulroney
(b. 1939)
MP for Manicouagan, QC until 1988
MP for Charlevoix, QC		 September 17, 1984
–
June 24/25,[*] 1993		 Progressive Conservative Party
Named leader in 1983		 24th [40]
Cancellation of the National Energy Program; Meech Lake Accord; Petro-Canada privatization; Canada-US Free Trade Agreement; Introduction of the Goods and Services Tax; Charlottetown Accord; Gulf War; Oka Crisis; Environmental Protection Act; Privatization of Air Canada, North American Free Trade Agreement; Airbus affair.
19
Kim Campbell
(b. 1947)
MP for Vancouver Centre, BC		 June 25, 1993
–
November 3/4,[*] 1993		 Progressive Conservative Party
Named leader in 1993		 25th [41]
Minister of Justice, Minister of Veterans Affairs, Minister of National Defence, Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs; Only female Prime Minister of Canada. Defeated and lost her seat in 1993 election.
20
Jean Chrétien
(b. 1934)
MP for Saint-Maurice, QC		 November 4, 1993
–
December 11/12,[*] 2003		 Liberal Party
Named leader in 1990		 26th [42]
Minister of Finance, Minister of Indian Affairs, Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources, Minister of Justice and Energy Minister, President of the Treasury Board, Minister of National Revenue, Deputy Prime Minister of Canada; Privatization of Canadian National Railway, Red Book; Harmonized Sales Tax; Quebec referendum, 1995; Clarity Act; Assassination attempt; Kosovo War; 1997 Red River Flood; Social Union Framework Agreement; Creation of Nunavut Territory; Youth Criminal Justice Act; Operation Yellow Ribbon; Invasion of Afghanistan; Opposition to the Invasion of Iraq; Sponsorship scandal; Kyoto Protocol; Gomery Inquiry.
21
Paul Martin
(b. 1938)
MP for LaSalle—Émard, QC		 December 12, 2003
–
February 5/6,[*] 2006		 Liberal Party
Named leader in 2003		 27th [40]
Minister of Finance; Minority government. Civil Marriage Act; Kelowna Accord; Rejection of US Anti-Missile Treaty; Sponsorship scandal; Gomery inquiry; G20; Atlantic Accord; Martin and his father Paul Martin Sr have the honorific title of Right Honourable.
22
Stephen Harper
(b. 1959)
MP for Calgary Southwest, AB		 February 6, 2006
–
November 3/4,[*] 2015		 Conservative Party
Named leader in 2004		 28th [43]
Accountability Act; Softwood Lumber Agreement; Afghanistan Mission; Québécois nation motion; Apologies for Residential Schools and Head Tax; 2008 Financial crisis; Coalition crisis; Economic Action Plan; Afghan detainee issue; Parliamentary contempt; Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol; Repeal of the Long-Gun Registry; Senate expenses scandal; Anti-terrorism Act, 2015.
23
Justin Trudeau
(b. 1971)
MP for Papineau, QC		 November 4, 2015
–
Incumbent		 Liberal Party
Named leader in 2013		 29th [44]
Son of 15th Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau; simultaneously Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth; second father-and-son pair with honorific title of Right Honourable; did not allow senators to sit in the government caucus; Paris Agreement; 150th anniversary celebrations.
Min. Minority government
LS Party won the election, but prime minister lost own seat
* The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day." Under the Act, Prime Ministers' tenures are therefore credited as having concluded at the end of their last full day in office (the earlier date given), although their resignation was received by the Governor General on the following day. This provision applies to Trudeau in 1979[45] and 1984,[46] Clark,[47] Turner,[48] Mulroney,[49] Campbell,[50] Chrétien,[51] Martin,[51] and Harper.[51]

Timeline

Justin Trudeau Stephen Harper Paul Martin Jean Chrétien Kim Campbell Brian Mulroney John Turner Joe Clark Pierre Trudeau Lester B. Pearson John Diefenbaker Louis St. Laurent R. B. Bennett William Lyon Mackenzie King Arthur Meighen Robert Borden Wilfrid Laurier Charles Tupper Mackenzie Bowell John Sparrow David Thompson John Abbott Alexander Mackenzie (politician) John A. Macdonald

Living former prime ministers

As of August 2017, there are seven living former Prime Ministers of Canada, the oldest being John Turner (born 1929). The most recent former Prime Minister to die was Pierre Trudeau (1968–1979, 1980–1984), on 28 September 2000. John A. Macdonald (1867–1873, 1878–1891) and John Thompson (1892–1894) are the only serving Prime Ministers to have died in office.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Forsey, Eugene (2005), How Canadians Govern Themselves (PDF) (6 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 38, ISBN 0-662-39689-8, retrieved March 24, 2011
  2. 1 2 "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation: Life of a Ministry". Government of Canada Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  4. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  5. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MACKENZIE, The Hon. Alexander, P.C.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  6. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  7. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MACDONALD, The Right Hon. Sir John Alexander, P.C., G.C.B., Q.C., D.C.L., LL.D.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  8. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  9. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – ABBOTT, The Hon. Sir John Joseph Caldwell, P.C., Q.C., K.C.M.G., B.C.L., D.C.L.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  10. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  11. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – THOMPSON, The Right Hon. Sir John Sparrow David, P.C., K.C.M.G., Q.C.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  12. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  13. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – BOWELL, The Hon. Sir Mackenzie, P.C., K.C.M.G.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  14. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  15. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – TUPPER, The Right Hon. Sir Charles, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C.M.G., C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., M.D.". Parliament of Canada. October 30, 1915. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  16. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  17. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – LAURIER, The Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C., B.C.L., D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  18. 1 2 "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  19. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – BORDEN, The Right Hon. Sir Robert Laird, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C., D.C.L., LL.D.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  20. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  21. 1 2 "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MEIGHEN, The Right Hon. Arthur, P.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.D.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  22. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  23. 1 2 3 "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – KING, The Right Hon. William Lyon Mackenzie, P.C., O.M., C.M.G., B.A., M.A., A.M., LL.B., Ph.D.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  24. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  25. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  26. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  27. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – BENNETT, The Right Hon. Richard Bedford, P.C., K.C., K.G.St.J., LL.B.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  28. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  29. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  30. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – ST-LAURENT, The Right Hon. Louis Stephen, P.C., C.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.L., LL.D., D.C.L.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  31. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  32. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – DIEFENBAKER, The Right Hon. John George, C.H., P.C., Q.C., B.A., M.A., LL.B., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., F.R.S.A., D.Litt., D.S.L.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  33. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  34. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – PEARSON, The Right Hon. Lester Bowles, P.C., C.C., O.M., O.B.E., B.A., M.A., LL.D.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  35. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  36. 1 2 "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – TRUDEAU, The Right Hon. Pierre Elliott, P.C., C.C., C.H., Q.C., M.A., LL.L., LL.D., F.R.S.C.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  37. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CLARK, The Right Hon. Charles Joseph, P.C., C.C., A.O.E., B.A., M.A., LL.D.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  38. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – TURNER, The Right Hon. John Napier, P.C., C.C., Q.C., M.A., LL.D.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  39. 1 2 "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MULRONEY, The Right Hon. Martin Brian, P.C., C.C., G.O.Q., B.A., LL.L.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  40. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CAMPBELL, The Right Hon. A. Kim, P.C., C.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.B., LL.D.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  41. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CHRÉTIEN, The Right Hon. Joseph Jacques Jean, P.C., C.C., O.M., Q.C., B.A., LL.L., LL.D.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  42. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Contact Information – HARPER, The Right Hon. Stephen, P.C., B.A., M.A.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  43. ↑ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Contact Information – TRUDEAU, The Right Hon. Justin, P.C., B.A., B.Ed.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
  44. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  45. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  46. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  47. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  48. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  49. ↑ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  50. 1 2 3 "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.

Further reading

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