List of life sciences

The list of life sciences comprise the branches of science that involve the scientific study of living organisms – such as microorganisms, plants, animals, and human beings – as well as related considerations like bioethics. While biology remains the centerpiece of the life sciences, technological advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have led to a burgeoning of specializations and interdisciplinary fields.[1][2]

Some life sciences focus on a specific type of life. For example, zoology is the study of animals, while botany is the study of plants. Other life sciences focus on aspects common to all or many life forms, such as anatomy and genetics. Yet other fields are interested in technological advances involving living things, such as bio-engineering. Another major, though more specific, branch of life sciences involves understanding the mind  neuroscience.

The life sciences are helpful in improving the quality and standard of life. They have applications in health, agriculture, medicine, and the pharmaceutical and food science industries.

There is considerable overlap between many of the topics of study in the life sciences.

Biology and its branches

Biology burst and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into a single, coherent field. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood today that all organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition. Here are some of biology's major branches:

Medicine and its branches

Medicine applied science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Some of its branches are:

New and other life science types

Brain parts involved with a fear amygdala hijack from optical stimulus

References

  1. "Biocom Life Sciences Association California". Biocom.
  2. "Life Sciences". Empire State Development Corporation. Government of New York. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  3. Panksepp J (1992). "A role for "affective neuroscience" in understanding stress: the case of separation distress circuitry". In Puglisi-Allegra S, Oliverio A. Psychobiology of Stress. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic. pp. 41–58. ISBN 0-7923-0682-1.
  4. Flint, Maria Louise & Dreistadt, Steve H. (1998). Clark, Jack K., ed. Natural Enemies Handbook: The Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520218017.
  5. Florian Leiber, Nikolai Fuchs and Hartmut Spieß, "Biodynamic agriculture today", in Paul Kristiansen, Acram Taji, and John Reganold (2006), Organic Agriculture: A global perspective, Collingwood, AU: CSIRO Publishing
  6. Paull, John (2011). "Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924" (PDF). European Journal of Social Sciences'. 21 (1): 64–70.
  7. Lotter, D.W. 2003."Organic agriculture" J. Sustainable Agriculture 21(4)
  8. Richard Harwood, former C.S. Mott Chair for Sustainable Agriculture at Michigan State University, calls the biodynamic movement the "first organized and well-defined movement of growers and philosophies [in sustainable agriculture] (Harwood 1990; p.6).
  9. M. Birkholz; A. Mai; C. Wenger; C. Meliani; R. Scholz (2016). "Technology modules from micro- and nano-electronics for the life sciences". WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotech. 8: 355–377. doi:10.1002/wnan.1367.
  10. "The Future of the Healthcare Science Workforce. Modernising Scientific Careers: The Next Steps.". 26 Nov 2008. p. 2. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  11. "biomedicine (applies biological, physiological) - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus". memidex.com. 2012-10-08. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
  12. "biomedicine - The Free Dictionary". 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
  13. "What is body burden?". Chemicalbodyburden.org. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  14. "Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – National Center for Environmental Health. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  15. "What is Biomonitoring?" (PDF). American Chemistry Council. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
  16. Angerer, Jürgen; Ewers, Ulrich; Wilhelm, Michael (2007). "Human biomonitoring: State of the art". International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 210 (3–4): 201–28. PMID 17376741. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.01.024.
  17. Mohanty, A.K., et al., Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites (CRC Press, 2005)
  18. Chandra, R., and Rustgi, R., "Biodegradable Polymers", Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 23, p. 1273 (1998)
  19. Meyers, M.A., et al., "Biological Materials: Structure & Mechanical Properties", Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 53, p. 1 (2008)
  20. Kumar, A., et al., "Smart Polymers: Physical Forms & Bioengineering Applications", Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 32, p.1205 (2007)
  21. Gazzaniga, Ivry and Mangun 2002, cf. title
  22. 1 2 Gazzaniga 2002, p. xv
  23. What is computational neuroscience? Patricia S. Churchland, Christof Koch, Terrence J. Sejnowski. in Computational Neuroscience pp.46-55. Edited by Eric L. Schwartz. 1993. MIT Press "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
  24. Geller, Martinne (22 January 2014). "Nestle teams up with Singapore for food science research". Reuters. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  25. "Food science to fight obesity". Euronews. 9 December 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  26. Wood, David (31 August 2007). "Nothing Simple about Food Dating, Expiration Dates or 'Use-By' Dates". ConsumerAffairs. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  27. Bhatia, Atish (16 November 2013). "A New Kind of Food Science: How IBM Is Using Big Data to Invent Creative Recipes". Wired. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  28. National Human Genome Research Institute (2010-11-08). "A Brief Guide to Genomics". Genome.gov. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  29. Concepts of genetics (10th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Education. 2012. ISBN 9780321724120.
  30. Pevsner, Jonathan (2009). Bioinformatics and functional genomics (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9780470085851.
  31. National Human Genome Research Institute (2010-11-08). "FAQ About Genetic and Genomic Science". Genome.gov. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  32. Culver, Kenneth W.; Mark A. Labow (2002-11-08). "Genomics". In Richard Robinson (ed.). Genetics. Macmillan Science Library. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 0028656067.
  33. "immunotherapies definition". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  34. "Welcome to the Ontario Kinesiology Association". Oka.on.ca. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
  35. "CKA - Canadian Kinesiology Alliance - Alliance Canadienne de Kinésiologie". Cka.ca. Archived from the original on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
  36. Bodo Rosenhahn, Reinhard Klette and Dimitris Metaxas (eds.). Human Motion - Understanding, Modelling, Capture and Animation. Volume 36 in 'Computational Imaging and Vision', Springer, Dordrecht, 2007
  37. Ahmed Elgammal, Bodo Rosenhahn, and Reinhard Klette (eds.) Human Motion - Understanding, Modelling, Capture and Animation. 2nd Workshop, in conjunction with ICCV 2007, Rio de Janeiro, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS 4814, Springer, Berlin, 2007
  38. Summarised from the FDA's definition as per http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/deviceregulationandguidance/overview/classifyyourdevice/ucm051512.htm
  39. "Imaging". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  40. "Diagnostic Imaging". National Institutes of Health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  41. Hoyle, G. (1984) The scope of Neuroethology. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 7:367-412.
  42. Deisseroth, K.; Feng, G.; Majewska, A. K.; Miesenbock, G.; Ting, A.; Schnitzer, M. J. (2006). "Next-Generation Optical Technologies for Illuminating Genetically Targeted Brain Circuits". Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (41): 10380–6. PMC 2820367Freely accessible. PMID 17035522. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3863-06.2006.
  43. Mancuso, J. J.; Kim, J.; Lee, S.; Tsuda, S.; Chow, N. B. H.; Augustine, G. J. (2010). "Optogenetic probing of functional brain circuitry". Experimental Physiology. 96 (1): 26–33. PMID 21056968. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2010.055731.
  44. Ermak G., Modern Science & Future Medicine (second edition), 164 p., 2013
  45. Wang L (2010). "Pharmacogenomics: a systems approach". Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. 2 (1): 3–22. PMC 3894835Freely accessible. PMID 20836007. doi:10.1002/wsbm.42.
  46. Vallance P, Smart TG (January 2006). "The future of pharmacology". British Journal of Pharmacology. 147 Suppl 1 (S1): S304–7. PMC 1760753Freely accessible. PMID 16402118. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454.
  47. Anderson NL, Anderson NG (1998). "Proteome and proteomics: new technologies, new concepts, and new words". Electrophoresis. 19 (11): 1853–61. PMID 9740045. doi:10.1002/elps.1150191103.
  48. Blackstock WP, Weir MP (1999). "Proteomics: quantitative and physical mapping of cellular proteins". Trends Biotechnol. 17 (3): 121–7. PMID 10189717. doi:10.1016/S0167-7799(98)01245-1.
  49. Marc R. Wilkins; Christian Pasquali; Ron D. Appel; Keli Ou; Olivier Golaz; Jean-Charles Sanchez; Jun X. Yan; Andrew. A. Gooley; Graham Hughes; Ian Humphery-Smith; Keith L. Williams; Denis F. Hochstrasser (1996). "From Proteins to Proteomes: Large Scale Protein Identification by Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis and Arnino Acid Analysis". Nature Biotechnology. 14 (1): 61–65. PMID 9636313. doi:10.1038/nbt0196-61.
  50. Silverman, Wade H. (1 September 1985). "The evolving mental health professions: Psychiatric social work, clinical psychology, psychiatry, and psychiatric nursing". The journal of mental health administration. 12 (2): 28–31. ISSN 0092-8623.
  51. "Psychiatric Social Workers and How to Become One". SocialWorkLicensure.org. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  52. "How does the APA define "psychology"?". Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  53. "Definition of "Psychology (APA's Index Page)"". Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  54. Fernald LD (2008). Psychology: Six perspectives (pp. 12–15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  55. Hockenbury & Hockenbury. Psychology. Worth Publishers, 2010.
  56. O'Neil, H.F.; cited in Coon, D.; Mitterer, J.O. (2008). Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior (12th ed., pp. 15–16). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
  57. "The mission of the APA [American Psychological Association] is to advance the creation, communication and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society and improve people's lives"; APA (2010). About APA. Retrieved 20 October 2010.

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.