Leo Igwe

Leo Igwe

"From Witch-burning to God-men: Supporting Skepticism Around the World" at The Amaz!ng Meeting, July 12, 2012, in Las Vegas, NV, USA
Born (1970-07-26) July 26, 1970
Nigeria
Known for Human rights advocacy,
Skepticism
Website http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/bio/igwe/

Leo Igwe (born July 26, 1970) is a Nigerian human rights advocate and humanist. Igwe is a former Western and Southern African representative of the International Humanist and Ethical Union, and has specialized in campaigning against and documenting the impacts of child witchcraft accusations. He holds a Ph.D from the Bayreuth International School of African Studies at the University of Bayreuth in Germany, having earned a graduate degree in Philosophy from the University of Calabar in Nigeria. Igwe's human rights advocacy has brought him into conflict with high-profile witchcraft believers, such as Liberty Foundation Gospel Ministries, because of his criticism of what he describes as their role in the violence and child abandonment that sometimes result from accusations of witchcraft. His human rights fieldwork has led to his arrest on several occasions in Nigeria. Igwe has held leadership roles in the Nigerian Humanist Movement, Atheist Alliance International, and the Center For Inquiry—Nigeria. In 2012, Igwe was appointed as a Research Fellow of the James Randi Educational Foundation, where he continues working toward the goal of responding to what he sees as the deleterious effects of superstition, advancing skepticism throughout Africa and around the world. In 2014, Igwe was chosen as a laureate of the International Academy of Humanism and in 2017 received the Distinguished Services to Humanism Award from the International Humanist and Ethical Union.

Early life

Igwe was raised in southeastern Nigeria, and describes his household as being strictly Catholic in the midst of a "highly superstitious community," according to an interview in the Gold Coast Bulletin.[1] At age twelve, Igwe entered the seminary, beginning to study for the Catholic priesthood, but later was confused by conflicting beliefs between Christian theology and the beliefs in witches and wizards that are "entrenched in Nigerian society."[1] After a period of research and internal conflict due to doubts about the "odd blend of tribalism and fundamentalist Christianity he believes is stunting African development," a 24-year-old Igwe resigned from the seminary and relocated to Ibadan, Nigeria.[1]

Human rights activism

Igwe was influenced to become a humanist activist through the work of Paul Kurtz, whom he read through magazines published by the Center for Inquiry.[2]

Igwe is listed as a Junior Fellow for the Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies, where his project is a case study of witchcraft accusation in northern Ghana.[3]

In a Fall 2000 article in the quarterly journal Free Inquiry, Igwe enumerated different ways in which religious extremists in Nigeria have co-opted the local government and used it to enforce religious codes of law, hindering the upholding of human rights in those areas.[4]

Igwe wrote in 2004 that in his own country of Nigeria, contemporary belief in witchcraft leads to ritual killing and human sacrifice, noting that women and children are more likely to be said to possess or practice "negative" witchcraft abilities, while men are more often depicted as possessing benign witchcraft abilities.[5]

In 2008, a BBC documentary, Saving Africa's Witch Children,[6][7] featured an appearance by Igwe, as one of the primary subjects was "witch hunter Helen Ukpabio."[8] The documentary detailed reported "terrible crimes committed against children accused of witchcraft,"[8] and premiered as an HBO feature in 2010.[8][9] The documentary also follows the efforts of Sam Itauma, a human rights activist and founder of the Child Rights and Rehabilitation Network (CRARN) who offers shelter and protection to children who have been abused or abandoned, and Gary Foxcroft, who founded Stepping Stones Nigeria, a UK registered charity.[9]

In 2009, Igwe represented the International Humanist and Ethical Union at the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights in Banjul, Gambia, where he spoke out on the IHEU's behalf against caste-based discrimination in Africa.[10] In his talk, Igwe brought attention to discrimination against the Osu, a group of people perceived by some to be of lower class, who Igwe says "continue to suffer discrimination and indignity particularly in the areas of marriage and family, right to own property and inheritance, access to land, political rights and representation, education, development, infrastructure and distribution of basic amenities."[10]

In 2010, according to a release by the European Humanist Federation (EHF), Igwe's home was invaded by soldiers and police officers "following a fictitious murder charge," which was allegedly brought on by a man that Igwe had attempted to have prosecuted for allegedly committing sexual crimes against a 10-year-old girl in 2006.[11] According to the report, Igwe had been arrested three times since beginning work on the rape case, as a result of allegedly malicious petitions,[11] prompting David Pollock of the EHF to write to then Vice-President of Nigeria, Goodluck Jonathan, on Igwe's behalf.[12]

According to the EHF, later in August 2010 Igwe's home and family were attacked when two unidentified men assaulted and blindfolded Igwe's father, causing "extensive injuries to his face and head," and resulting in the elder Igwe having to have his eye surgically removed.[11] The case has been taken up by Amnesty International, after police reportedly refused to open an investigation.[11]

On January 11, 2011, while attempting to rescue two children who were victims of witchcraft accusation in Uyo Akwa State in Southern Nigeria, Igwe was "imprisoned and beaten by police,"[13] in an effort, according to Sahara Reporters, New York City, by the state governor Godswill Akpabio to begin "clamping down on activists involved in the rescue of children accused of witchcraft."[14] Igwe was later released without charge,[15] according to Gary Foxcroft of Stepping Stones Nigeria, and "in good spirits." [16]

On February 11, 2014, Igwe was chosen as a laureate of the International Academy of Humanism. [17] In 2017 Igwe was given the Distinguished Services to Humanism Award from the International Humanist and Ethical Union General Assembly. Upon receiving the award, Igwe dedicated it '“to all humanists at risk around the globe”'.[18]

Liberty Gospel Church

Igwe's activism against witchcraft accusation has included lobbying for the enforcement of a law in Nigeria that prohibits accusing children of witchcraft,[19] which has led to conflict with Pentecostal group Liberty Foundation Gospel Ministries and in particular Pastor Helen Ukpabio, who has been criticized by Igwe and others, according to a New York Times article, for her teachings "having contributed to the torture or abandonment of thousands of Nigerian children — including infants and toddlers — suspected of being witches and warlocks."[20]

On July 29, 2009, Igwe was scheduled to speak at a meeting in Calabar, Nigeria, "condemning the abandonment, torture and killing of children alleged to be witches."[21] As he was about to deliver his talk, members of the Liberty Gospel Church, more than 150 people, invaded the meeting and attacked Igwe, who was "beaten and robbed, relieved of his camera, money and mobile phone before managing to escape to a nearby police station to seek help."[20][21] Portions of the altercation were captured on film.[22]

After the attack, the leader of Liberty Gospel Church, pastor Helen Ukpabio, sued the state government, as well as several critics, including Igwe, seeking 2 billion naira (about $13 million USD, 2010) and an "order of perpetual injunction," restraining her critics' speech from further criticizing her work.[19][20] Ukpabio's application, which followed after a reported attack on Igwe by more than 150 alleged followers of Ukpabio in Calabar, Nigeria, at a child rights conference organized by a local humanist group where Igwe was scheduled to speak in July 2009, was later dismissed by Justice P.J. Nneke at the Federal High Court in Calabar.[15]

Responding to criticism by Igwe and other activists, Ukpabio told New York Times reporter Mark Oppenheimer that "her filmic depictions of possessed children, gathering by moonlight to devour human flesh" (as seen in her film End of the Wicked) were not meant to be taken literally, and stated, according to Oppenheimer, that the BBC documentary Saving Africa's Children "exaggerates or invents the problem of child abandonment."[19] According to Oppenheimer, "Asked how she could be so sure, she said, 'because I am an African!' In Africa, she said, 'family ties are too strong to have a child on the street.'"[19]

Skepticism

Leo Igwe

Igwe's role as coordinator of the Nigerian Humanist Movement led to his being awarded the Freidenker's Award for an outstanding contribution to world atheism during the 2005 Stars of Freethought Convention, hosted by Atheist Alliance International and Atheists United.[23] In addition to founding the Nigerian Humanist Movement, Igwe was also a main organizer and presenter in 2007 at the first international humanist conference in Sub-Saharan Africa.[24]

Igwe has also served on the board of directors of Atheist Alliance International, where he facilitated collaboration between AAI and the Nigerian Humanist Movement, resulting in the NHM receiving both the AAI International Freidenker Award and the AAI Community Cooperation Award.[25]

In June 2009, as Director of the Center For Inquiry–Nigeria, Igwe was interviewed on the BBC World Service about the Center's efforts to raise awareness about violence and neglect resulting from witchcraft belief, both in the name of its practice and resulting from fear of magic.[26][27]

In 2012, Igwe wrote A Manifesto for a Skeptical Africa,[28] which received endorsements from multiple public activists in Africa, as well as skeptical endorsers around the world.[28]

Igwe presented a poster at the Sixth World Skeptics Congress (May 18–20, 2012) in Berlin, Germany, with graphic accounts of the trials that he and many of his supporters have faced in Africa while protesting the persecution and killing of children and minorities, and the failures on the part of law enforcement and religious leaders to challenge such atrocities.[29]

On July 12, 2012, Igwe participated in a panel discussion at The Amaz!ng Meeting (TAM) 2012, "From Witch-burning to God-men: Supporting Skepticism Around the World."[30][31] Igwe's presentation addressed the issue of poverty driving both the supply of and demand for self-styled exorcists, whom Igwe says preys on desperate communities and results in the abandonment or neglect of children.[30] With panelist Eran Segev (then-President, Australian Skeptics) and moderator Brian Thompson (Outreach Director, JREF), Igwe discussed his efforts in human rights advocacy and the deleterious effects of superstition and witchcraft accusation in Nigeria, Ghana, and Malawi, as well as drawing public attention to the activities of witch hunters.[30]

In October 2012, Igwe was appointed as a Research Fellow of the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF),[32][33] a skeptical nonprofit organization founded by magician and skeptic, James Randi. Randi said of the appointment, "We at the JREF are proud to work with Mr. Leo Igwe in fighting deadly misinformation in Africa, and around the world," adding that the JREF's mission "fits in perfectly with Mr. Igwe's very important work."[33]

In 2013 Igwe presented a speech at the London Black Atheists meeting entitled 'Breaking The Taboo of Atheism in Black Communities' in which he said "God has not turned up! Black people should speak out because we suffer most from religious excesses".[34]

Witchcraft tests

In 2013, at the JREF's The Amaz!ng Meeting (TAM) 2013 in July 2013, Igwe spoke on a panel on "Supporting Skepticism Around the World."[35] While attending the conference, Igwe gave an interview to Christopher Brown from the Meet the Skeptics podcast, during which Igwe provided a description of three tests used to determine whether a person is "guilty" of practicing witchcraft. Each of the three tests are heavily biased against the accused and include the use of the randomness of nature (chickens or crocodiles) or the laws of physics (brooms).[2]

The chicken test involves the candidate providing a few chickens to a diviner. The diviner ceremoniously beheads the chickens and watches how the decapitated animals fall. If the chickens land facing the sky, the suspect is innocent; but if they fall facing the ground, the accused is guilty.

The crocodile test is a simple one in which the accused is thrown into a river in which crocodiles are known to live. The suspect is guilty if attacked and eaten. This test is supposedly no longer in use. Igwe suspects that this may be due to over-hunting of crocodiles in the locations where the tests were performed.

The broom test uses the laws of physics to put the accused at a distinct disadvantage. The suspect is seated upon a small seat which provides very little support or balance. After some ritual actions, the bristle ends of two brooms are pushed against the front of the suspect's neck. If the brooms separate, or rather if the potential witch is able to remain upright, then the suspect is innocent. If the brooms do not separate, and the accused is pushed from the seat, the suspect is guilty.[2]

iDoubt

Igwe described a method of critical thinking in an article for Committee for Skeptical Inquiry that he calls "iDoubt." iDoubt is a way to categorize and scrutinize information before accepting it as fact. Igwe labels the five doubts as "individual doubt, inspire doubt, inculcate doubt, inform doubt, and Internet doubt."[36]

"Individual doubt" labels one's personal questions based upon one's personal relation and experience to a given subject. "Inspire doubt" refers to commending those who employ critical thinking and express doubts instead of freely accepting information as factual. "Inculcate doubt" highlights that while many people doubt naturally, critical thinking needs to be taught, preferably from a young age. "Inform doubt" identifies the need to express our critical thoughts in order to circulate them and encourage others to do the same. Finally, "Internet doubt" displays a way to prompt further critical thinking by posing questions and receiving more questions in response.[36]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Brown, Anne-Louise (2011-10-08). "Fighting the Darkness". The Gold Coast Bulletin. Southport, Qld. p. 9. ISSN 1321-3830.
  2. 1 2 3 Brown, Christopher (29 March 2014). "MTS: Meet Leo Igwe". Meet the Skeptics!. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  3. ↑ "Igwe, Leo - Junior Fellow". Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies.
  4. ↑ Igwe, Leo (2000). "When Sharia becomes the law of the land". Free Inquiry. 20 (4): 42.
  5. ↑ Igwe, Leo (2004). "A Skeptical Look at African Witchcraft and Religion". Skeptic. 11 (1): 72.
  6. ↑ "Saving Africa's Witch Children". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
  7. ↑ "American Freetought Podcast episode 181". www.americanfreetought.com. July 17, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
  8. 1 2 3 "CFI/Nigeria Leader Leo Igwe Featured Tonight on ‘Saving Africa’s Witch Children’". Center for Inquiry. May 26, 2010. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
  9. 1 2 "HBO: Saving Africa's Witch Children". HBO Documentaries. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
  10. 1 2 "Caste discrimination in Africa: IHEU speaks out at African Human Rights Commission". International Humanist and Ethical Union. May 14, 2009. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Protest at Harassment of Leo Igwe in Nigeria". European Humanist Federation. March 9, 2010. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
  12. ↑ Pollock, David (8 March 2010). "Letter to Vice-President Goodluck Jonathan" (PDF). European Humanist Federation.
  13. ↑ "IHEU representative Leo Igwe jailed and beaten for human rights work". International Humanist and Ethical Union. January 18, 2011. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
  14. ↑ "Clampdown On Child Rights Activists In Akwa Ibom State: Leo Igwe Arrested By Police On the Orders Of Gov. Akpabio". Sahara Reporters. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  15. 1 2 Robbins, Martin (2011-01-14). "The dangerous fight for the 'child witches' of Nigeria". The Guardian. Retrieved 2013-02-14.
  16. ↑ Sims, Paul. "Humanist campaigner Leo Igwe arrested in southern Nigeria". New Humanist Magazine. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  17. ↑ Law, Stephen. "New additions to the International Academy of Humanism". Stephen Law. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  18. ↑ "Tears and joy at IHEU General Assembly 2017". International Humanist and Ethical Union. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Oppenheimer, Mark (May 22, 2010). "On a visit to the U.S., a Nigerian witch-hunter explains herself". The New York Times. p. A11. ISSN 0362-4331.
  20. 1 2 3 De Waal, Mandy (April 10, 2012). "Suffer the little children". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 2013-02-14.
  21. 1 2 Robbins, Martin (August 7, 2009). "Face to faith: Christian and Islamist extremists in Nigeria are exporting dangerous ideas". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
  22. ↑ "Helen Ukpabio militia invade child rights conference in Calabar, Nigeria". Youtube.com. July 29, 2009.
  23. ↑ Kamdar, Mehul. "Atheist Alliance International’s 11th Annual Stars of Freethought Convention - Some Afterthoughts". Mukto-mona. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  24. ↑ Allen Jr., Norm R. "African Americans for Humanism in Africa". Council for Secular Humanism. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
  25. ↑ "Atheist Alliance of America - Leo Igwe". May 27, 2010. Retrieved 2013-01-30.
  26. ↑ "Director of CFI—Nigeria Leo Igwe interviewed on BBC World Service". Center for Inquiry. June 15, 2009. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
  27. ↑ "Do traditional beliefs in witchcraft or the power of juju hold back development in Africa?". BBC World Service - Africa. June 14, 2009. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
  28. 1 2 Igwe, Leo. "A Manifesto for a Skeptical Africa". James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  29. ↑ Igwe, Leo (2012-06-06). "Leo Igwe - The Constant Fight Against Irrationality" (Committee for Skeptical Inquiry). Interview with Kylie Sturgess.
  30. 1 2 3 "The Amaz!ng Meeting 2012 — Program". James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  31. ↑ "New Video from the Amaz!ng Meeting 2012: Supporting Skepticism Around the World". James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
  32. ↑ Hill, Sharon A. "Leo Igwe partners with JREF to respond to witchcraft problem in Africa". Doubtful News. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  33. 1 2 "Leo Igwe Appointed as New JREF Research Fellow". James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
  34. ↑ "Breaking the taboo of atheism in the black community (video)". Richard Dawkins Foundation. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  35. ↑ "The Amaz!ng Meeting - Schedule". James Randi Educational Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2013-07-18.
  36. 1 2 Igwe, Leo. "iDoubt: Critical Thinking and Skepticism in Africa in an Internet Age". CSI. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
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