California State Route 91

State Route 91 marker

State Route 91

SR 91 highlighted in red
Route information
Defined by Streets and Highways Code § 391
Maintained by Caltrans
Length: 59.047 mi[1] (95.027 km)
History: 1930s as a highway; 1964 as number
Major junctions
West end: Vermont Avenue in Gardena[2]
 
East end: I-215 / SR 60 in Riverside
Location
Counties: Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside
Highway system
← SR 90SR 92 →

State Route 91 (SR 91) is a major east–west freeway located entirely within Southern California and serving several regions of the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. Specifically, it currently runs from Vermont Avenue[2] in Gardena, just west of the junction with the Harbor Freeway (Interstate 110), east to Riverside at the junction with the Pomona (State Route 60 west of SR 91), and Moreno Valley (SR 60 and I-215 east of SR 91) freeways. The route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System. SR 91 is part of the State Scenic Highway System from SR 55 to the east city limit of Anaheim, in the western part of the Santa Ana Canyon,[3] and is eligible for the system through the canyon to Interstate 15.

SR 91 inherited its route number from the mostly decommissioned US 91, which passed through the Inland Empire in a northeasterly direction on its way to Las Vegas, Salt Lake City, and points beyond. Those segments of US 91 are now parallel to, or have been replaced altogether by, I-15. SR 91 officially used to head west all the way to the Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1) in Hermosa Beach, but this segment was relinquished to local governments in 2003, and is no longer part of a state highway.[2]

The area from post mile 10.4 to 11.1 is signed as the Juanita Millender-McDonald Highway.

Route description

From the Harbor Freeway to its intersection with the Long Beach Freeway in northern Long Beach, SR 91 is named the Gardena Freeway. Between the Long Beach Freeway and its intersection with the Santa Ana Freeway at the Fullerton-Anaheim border, it is named the Artesia Freeway. From the Santa Ana Freeway to its eastern terminus at the intersection of the Pomona, Moreno Valley, and Escondido Freeways, it is named the Riverside Freeway.

Gardena Freeway

The Gardena Freeway is a short freeway in southern Los Angeles County. It is the westernmost freeway portion of State Route 91. It begins just west of the Harbor Freeway at the intersection with Vermont Avenue in the eastern edge of the city of Gardena, proceeding eastward approximately six miles (10 km) until it intersects the Long Beach Freeway. Thereafter, SR 91 is known as the Artesia Freeway.

Until 1991, the Gardena Freeway was known as the Redondo Beach Freeway. The name change reflected the successful efforts of the cities of Torrance and Redondo Beach to block the extension of the freeway westward to its intended terminus at the cancelled Pacific Coast Freeway in Redondo Beach. In 1997, the California government dedicated the portion of 91 between Alameda Rd and Central Ave to former assemblyman Willard H. Murray Jr.

Artesia Freeway

The Artesia Freeway is a freeway in southeastern Los Angeles County and northwestern Orange County. It is signed as State Route 91 for its entire length. It runs east–west from its western terminus at the Long Beach Freeway in northern Long Beach to its eastern terminus at the Santa Ana Freeway at the Fullerton-Anaheim border. (SR 91 continues west of the Long Beach Freeway as the Gardena Freeway, and east of the Santa Ana Freeway as the Riverside Freeway.) The "Artesia Freeway" name originally was assigned to the entire length of SR 91 west of the Santa Ana Freeway in the early 1970s since it was, in sense, the freeway realignment of SR 91 from the paralleling Artesia Boulevard.

During the 1984 Summer Olympics, a 25 km (16 mi) stretch of the highway was home to the cycling men's road team time trial event.[4]

As the only freeway to link Los Angeles, Orange, and Riverside counties, SR 91 is one of the most heavily congested routes in Southern California.

Riverside Freeway

Eastbound 91 just before State Route 71
Eastbound 91 at SR 55 (right) and 91 Express Lanes (left)
Easterly view approaching SR 57

Between the Santa Ana Freeway, Interstate 5 (I-5), in Buena Park and the 91 Freeway's eastern terminus at a junction with Interstate 215 and State Route 60 in Riverside, the 91 Freeway's assigned name is the Riverside Freeway. Past the I-215/CA-60/CA-91 junction, the Riverside Freeway continues as I-215.

The Riverside Freeway first opened in 1963 signed as U.S. Route 91 and U.S. Route 395 and the last section was built in 1975.

91 Express Lanes

The 91 Express Lanes is an 18-mile (29 km) high-occupancy toll road / full tollway combination contained entirely within the median of the Riverside Freeway in Orange and Riverside counties. The 91 Express Lanes run from the junction of SR 91 with the SR 55 Freeway (Costa Mesa Freeway) in Anaheim to its junction with I-15 in Corona.

The 91 Express Lanes consist of two primary lanes in each direction, separated from the regular, main lanes of the Riverside Freeway with reflective yellow, 3-foot-high (0.91 m), plastic lane markers (as opposed to concrete barriers or a similar solid barrier). Each direction also has an additional high-occupancy vehicle lane, called the "3+ Carpool Lane", that can only be used by motorcycles, zero emission vehicles, and vehicles with three or more persons inside. Entry to and exit from the 91 Express Lanes is provided only at their west end, east end, and the Orange–Riverside county line.[5]

All tolls are collected using an open road tolling system, with each vehicle required to carry a FasTrak transponder; there are no toll booths to receive cash. The 91 Express Lanes use a variable pricing system based on the time of day. The road is not truly congestion priced because toll rates come from a preset schedule and are not based on actual congestion. Since May 22, 2017, the highest toll rate on the tollway, charged 3:00 pm to 4:00 pm eastbound on Fridays, is $20.85 to travel the entire length of 18 miles (29 km), or approximately $1.16 per mile ($0.72/km).[6] The highest toll in the morning rush hour, charged 7:00 am to 7:59 am westbound Monday to Thursday, is $11.75.[6]

Vehicles using the 3+ Carpool lanes are not charged a toll, except when traveling eastbound from 4:00 pm to 6:00 pm on weekdays. During that period, they are charged 50% of the full posted toll. Even though there may be no toll charge, a FasTrak transponder is still required on all vehicles using the "3+" lanes.[5]

A toll policy is published which states the criteria where tolls will be raised. The policy is designed to "a) reduce the likelihood of congestion by diverting traffic to other hours with available capacity; b) maintain free flow travel speed in the 91 Express Lanes; c) maintain travel time savings; d) accommodate projected growth in travel demand and; e) ensure that the toll road generates sufficient revenue to effectively operate the toll lanes and maintain a strong debt service position." Changes to the toll schedule require ten days notification to the public and the OCTA board. Once tolls are changed during the super peak period, they may not be changed again for six months. All tolls increase annually due to inflation.[7] Despite this, the toll lanes are generally free flowing during most peak hour conditions.[8]

History

Original US 91: Barstow to Nevada

U.S. Route 91

The Arrowhead Trail, an auto trail connecting Salt Lake City with Los Angeles, initially took a longer route via present US 95 and former US 66 between Las Vegas and Needles, as the more direct Old Spanish Trail was in very poor condition.[9][10] The "Silver Lake cutoff", which would save about 90 miles (145 km),[11] was proposed by 1920,[12] and completed in 1925 as an oiled road by San Bernardino County.[13][14] The Bureau of Public Roads and the state of Nevada both urged its inclusion in the state highway system, the former as part of the federal aid highway connecting Salt Lake City and Los Angeles,[15] and the state legislature did that in 1925,[16] with it becoming an extension of Route 31. (Across the state line, State Route 6 continued through Las Vegas to Arizona.) The initial plan for the U.S. Highway system simply stated that Route No. 91 would run from Las Vegas "to an intersection with Route No. 60" (which became US 66 in 1926),[17] but in 1926 the cutoff was chosen, ending at US 66 at Daggett, just east of Barstow.[18][19] (The roadway south from Las Vegas later became part of US 95.) The route was added to the federal-aid secondary system in 1926,[20] which helped pay for a mid-1930s widening and paving, including some realignments (parts of the old road are now known as Arrowhead Trail). The new routing generally followed the present I-15, except through Baker (where it used Baker Boulevard) and into Barstow (where it followed former SR 58 to First Avenue, ending at Main Street, which carried US 66).[21]

SR 18: former extension of US 91 through Santa Ana Canyon to Long Beach

US 91 as it existed just prior to the 1964 renumbering

US 91 was extended southwest to Long Beach in the late 1940s.[22] Beginning at Barstow, the extension overlapped US 66 over Cajon Pass to San Bernardino. From San Bernardino west through Riverside and Santa Ana Canyon to Olive, the state took over a mostly-paved county highway[15][23] in 1931 as part of an extension of Route 43 to Newport Beach via Santa Ana.[24] Two branches leading west from Route 43 near Olive along mostly-constructed county roads were added in 1933: Route 175 along Orangethorpe Avenue and Artesia Boulevard from near the mouth of the canyon west to Route 60 (now SR 1) in Hermosa Beach (unconstructed through Compton until the mid-1950s[25][26][27]), and Route 178 along Lincoln Avenue and Carson Street from Olive west to Route 168 (now SR 19) in Lakewood.[28][29] When state routes were marked in 1934, Route 175 became Sign Route 14, and Sign Route 18 included all of Route 178 and most of Route 43 into the San Bernardino Mountains.[30][31] When US 91 was extended to Long Beach, it overlapped SR 18 from San Bernardino to Lakewood, where it turned south along SR 19 to the Los Alamitos Traffic Circle. There it turned west along US 101 Alternate to near downtown Long Beach, where it ended at SR 15 (Atlantic Avenue), at a terminus shared with US 6. (This routing along SR 19 and US 101 Alt. also became an extension of SR 18.)[26][32]

In 1935, the state improved the alignment between Fairmont Boulevard and Gypsum Canyon Road, including a bypass of the old road, which curved along the south slope of the canyon, east of Weir Canyon Road.[33] In the late 1930s, the Prado Dam project resulted in the bypassing of a longer section, replacing Prado Road, an abandoned road curving to the east end of the dam, Pomona Rincon Road, Auto Center Drive, Pomona Road, and Yorba Street with the present Green River Road, Palisades Drive, part of SR 91, and 6th Street.[34][35]

SR 14: present SR 91 to Hermosa Beach

Before the present freeway was constructed, SR 14 ran along Gould Avenue, Redondo Beach Boulevard, Compton Boulevard, Alameda Street, Artesia Avenue, La Habra Road, Firestone Boulevard and Orangethorpe Avenue.[36] In the 1964 renumbering, SR 14 was renumbered to SR 91.

Prior to 1991, the Gardena Freeway was known as the Redondo Beach Freeway, referring to Caltrans's original intention for the freeway portion of the route to continue all the way to the never-built Pacific Coast Freeway.

Also, before 1997, SR 91 continued all the way to State Route 1 in Hermosa Beach. At that time, the route became discontinuous in Gardena, the portion between Vermont Avenue and Western Avenue being turned over to the city. In 2003, the western portion, from SR 1 to Western Ave. was relinquished to the local jurisdictions. The first segment of the freeway was made in 1965 signed as US 91, and the last segment was made in 1975. However, Artesia Blvd. from I-405 to SR 1 is still marked as SR 91 to this day.

Construction of the 91 Express Lanes

Due to rapid population growth and the decline in the availability of affordable housing closer to job centers in Orange County, new residential development began in earnest in western Riverside County (consistent with similar accelerated growth throughout the Inland Empire) from the 1980s through today. This new development is occurring in or around existing cities such as Riverside, Corona, Norco, Moreno Valley, Lake Elsinore, and Temecula. This new development has also created new incorporated cities such as Menifee, Eastvale, and Jurupa Valley.

As there are very few direct routes between Orange and Riverside Counties because of the Santa Ana Mountains that separate the two counties, the Riverside Freeway is subject to a very heavy traffic volume, composed primarily of commuters traveling between where they work in Orange County and where they live in Riverside County (often referred to by traffic reporters as "The Corona Crawl")[37] Typical peak period delays were 30–40 minutes in each direction in the ten miles (16 km) of the tollway before construction.[38]

Artesia Freeway 91 West at the interchange with Long Beach Freeway 710

Solutions to the traffic problem were limited. The chosen solution was to create a toll road in the median of the freeway. This original section of the 91 Express Lanes operated between the Orange–Riverside county line and the Costa Mesa Freeway (SR 55) interchange in eastern Anaheim, a distance of about 10 miles (16 km). The project was developed in partnership with the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) by California Private Transportation Company (CPTC), which formally transferred ownership of the facility to the State of California prior to opening the project to traffic on December 27, 1995. Caltrans then leased the toll road back to CPTC for a 35-year operating period. The new lanes have been officially designated a part of the state highway system.[39] The California Highway Patrol (CHP) is responsible for providing police services at CPTC's expense. Maintenance and operational costs for the facility are also the responsibility of CPTC.

In April, 2002, the Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA) reached an agreement in concept to purchase the private toll road project for $207.5 million. The OCTA took possession of the toll road on January 3, 2003, marking the first time the 91 Express Lanes was managed by public officials. Within a few months, OCTA turned the lanes into the HOT / tollway hybrid that it is today.[40] One of the primary investors in CPTC, Cofiroute USA, continues to manage and operate the lanes under a management contract with OCTA.[41]

Opening in 1995, the 91 Express Lanes was the first privately funded tollway built in the United States since the 1940s, and the first fully automated tollway in the world.

The express lanes have been controversial because of a non-compete agreement that the state made with CPTC. The clause, which was negotiated by Caltrans and never was brought to the legislature, prevent any improvements along 30 miles (48 km) of the Riverside Freeway to ensure profit for the express lanes. This includes restricting the state from widening the free lanes or building mass transit near the freeway. CPTC filed a lawsuit against Caltrans over freeway widening related to the interchange with the Eastern Transportation Corridor interchange, which was dismissed once the purchase with OCTA was finalized.[42] Following the settlement, an additional lane was added for a 5-mile (8.0 km) segment eastbound from SR 241 to SR 71, which has decreased usage of the toll road and revenues.

However, as a result of the controversy, more toll road advocates favor creating local agencies similar to transportation corridor agencies to build and maintain future tollways. New toll roads would be financed with tax-exempt bonds on a stand-alone basis—taxpayers would not be responsible for repaying any debt if toll revenues fall short. Also, there would be a less restrictive non-compete clause: they would be compensated only for any revenue loss caused by improvements near the toll roads.[43]

In the 2010s, the Riverside County Transportation Commission extended the 91 Express Lanes east from their previous terminus at the Orange–Riverside county line to the I-15 interchange in Corona; this project started in 2014 and opened on March 20, 2017.[44] Once completed, both Orange and Riverside County transportation agencies co-manage the 91 Express Lanes.[45][46]

Future

In 2005, evaluations were made about the feasibility of constructing two tunnels through the Santa Ana Mountains which could carry 72,000 cars per day and allow for a commuter rail service between Corona and Irvine. The financial and technical evaluations found that in the current financial environment, building the tunnels would not be financially or technologically feasible. Additional study of the Irvine Corona Expressway tunnel project has been deferred until such time as financial considerations improve and/or technological advancements warrant reexamination.[47] If built, the Irvine-Corona Expressway would follow a similar route to the 91 Freeway and is designed to reduce the growing traffic congestion on SR 91 that prompted the construction of the 91 Express Lanes. If completed, the Irvine-Corona Expressway is projected to be the longest traffic tunnel in North America, approximately 11.5 miles. One tunnel would be a reversible two lane freeway for autos and trucks, the direction reversed based on time of day. It would carry westbound traffic in the morning hours, and eastbound traffic during the afternoon/ early evening hours. The second tunnel would be slated exclusively for light rail commuter train service. The proposed tunnels are opposed by environmental groups, cities in Orange County near the terminus of the proposed road, and by the Irvine Company, which believes that the tunnel is not necessary and distracts from short term solutions such as freeway widening.[48]

Numerous other projects by the Orange County Transportation Authority are currently underway or in the planning phases for distant completion, some as far out as the year 2030.[49]

Exit list

Except where prefixed with a letter, postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964, based on the alignment that existed at the time, and do not necessarily reflect current mileage. R reflects a realignment in the route since then, M indicates a second realignment, L refers an overlap due to a correction or change, and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary (for a full list of prefixes, see the list of postmile definitions).[1] Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted. The numbers reset at county lines; the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column.

CountyLocationPostmile
[1][50][51][52]		Exit
[53]		DestinationsNotes
Los Angeles
LA 0.00-R20.74		Hermosa Beach–Redondo Beach line0.00[lower-alpha 1]Gould AvenueContinuation beyond SR 1
0.00[lower-alpha 1] SR 1 (Pacific Coast Highway, Sepulveda Boulevard)
Lawndale–Redondo Beach line[lower-alpha 1] To I-405 north / to Hawthorne Boulevard north / Redondo Beach BoulevardEastbound exit and westbound entrance
Redondo Beach–Torrance line2.47[lower-alpha 1] SR 107 (Hawthorne Boulevard)No left turn eastbound
Torrance3.07[lower-alpha 1] I-405 (San Diego Freeway) – Long Beach, Santa MonicaInterchange; former SR 7 south
Gardena–Los Angeles line6.01Vermont AvenueWest end of state maintenance; west end of Gardena Freeway[54]
Los AngelesR6.346 I-110 (Harbor Freeway) to I-405 – San Pedro, Los AngelesNo exit number eastbound; I-110 north exits 10A-B, south no exit number
CarsonR6.907AMain StreetNo westbound entrance
R7.437BAvalon Boulevard
Carson–Compton lineR8.448Central Avenue
ComptonR9.169Wilmington Avenue
R9.8010AAcacia AvenueEastbound exit and westbound entrance
10.27–
10.41		10 SR 47 (Alameda Street) / Santa Fe AvenueSigned as 10B (Alameda Street) and 10C (Santa Fe Avenue) eastbound
Long BeachR11.1011Long Beach Boulevard
R11.6812A I-710 (Long Beach Freeway) – Long Beach, PasadenaSigned as exits 12A (south) and 12B (north) eastbound; I-710 exit 8; east end of Gardena Freeway; west end of Artesia Freeway[54]
R12.0912BAtlantic AvenueSigned as exit 12C eastbound; former SR 15
R13.0913Cherry Avenue
R13.5914AParamount Boulevard
Long Beach–Bellflower lineR14.1014BDowney Avenue
BellflowerR14.6215A SR 19 (Lakewood Boulevard)Signed as exit 15 eastbound
R15.1115BClark AvenueWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
R15.6116Bellflower Boulevard – BellflowerFormer Legislative Route 169
CerritosR16.9417 I-605 (San Gabriel River Freeway)Signed as exit 17B westbound; I-605 exit 7A
R17.0917AStudebaker RoadWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
ArtesiaR18.0918Pioneer Boulevard – ArtesiaFormer SR 35
CerritosR18.6519ANorwalk Boulevard
R19.17–
R19.43		19BArtesia Boulevard, Bloomfield AvenueNo eastbound entrance
R19.8119CShoemaker AvenueEastbound exit and eastbound entrance via Park Plaza Dr.
R20.4520Carmenita RoadNo eastbound entrance, westbound entrance on 183rd Street
Orange
ORA R0.00-R18.91		La Palma–Buena Park lineR0.49–
R0.85		21Orangethorpe Avenue, Valley View StreetSigned as exit 22 westbound
Buena ParkR1.8423AKnott Avenue
R2.6223B SR 39 (Beach Boulevard) – Buena Park
Fullerton–Buena Park lineR3.6424 I-5 south (Santa Ana Freeway) – Santa AnaEastbound exit and westbound entrance; I-5 exit 114B
​— I-5 southHOV access only; eastbound exit and westbound entrance
FullertonR3.64East end of Artesia Freeway; west end of Riverside Freeway[54]
R3.8523CMagnolia Avenue, Orangethorpe AvenueEastbound exit is part of exit 24; alternative access to I-5
Anaheim–Fullerton lineR3.6424 I-5 north (Santa Ana Freeway) – Los AngelesWestbound exit and eastbound entrance; I-5 exit 113C
​— I-5 northHOV access only; westbound exit and eastbound entrance
1.2326Brookhurst Street
2.2327Euclid Street
3.26–
3.51		28Harbor Boulevard, Lemon Street, Anaheim BoulevardAnaheim Boulevard was former SR 72
Anaheim4.2629East Street, Raymond Avenue
5.2630State College BoulevardSigned as exit 30A eastbound; former SR 250
​— SR 57 northHOV access only; eastbound exit and westbound entrance
6.1231 SR 57 (Orange Freeway) – Santa Ana, PomonaNo exit number eastbound; SR 57 exit 5
7.3632Kraemer Boulevard, Glassell StreetSigned as exit 31 eastbound
8.4033Tustin Avenue
​91 Express LanesWest end of Express Lanes
R9.1934 SR 55 south (Costa Mesa Freeway) – Newport BeachLeft exit westbound; SR 55 exits 18A-B
​— SR 55 southWestbound exit and eastbound entrance for Express Lanes only
R10.0935Lakeview Avenue
R11.5436 SR 90 (Imperial Highway)
Anaheim–Yorba Linda lineR14.4339Weir Canyon Road, Yorba Linda Boulevard
R15.9340
SR 241 south (Eastern Toll Road) – Irvine		Signed as exit 41B westbound; SR 241 exit 39
R16.4041Gypsum Canyon RoadSigned as exit 41A westbound
R17.9542Coal Canyon RoadClosed since 2003 for environmental reasons[55]
Yorba LindaR18.9191 Express LanesEast end of Express lanes
Riverside
RIV R0.00-21.66		CoronaR0.0091 Express Lanes extensionWest end of Express lanes extension; opened in 2017[44]
R1.0344Green River Road
R2.0945 SR 71 north (Chino Valley Freeway) – Ontario, Pomona
R3.7147Serfas Club Drive, Auto Center Drive
4.16486th Street, Maple StreetFormer US 91 / SR 71 south
5.3849ALincoln AvenueSigned as exit 49 westbound
6.0249BGrand BoulevardRemoved in 2015 as part of freeway upgrades[56]
6.3450Main StreetFormer SR 31
​— I-15 southEastbound exit and westbound entrance for Express Lanes only; opened in 2017[44]
​91 Express Lanes extensionEast end of Express lanes extension; opened in 2017[44]
7.4551 I-15 (Ontario Freeway) – Barstow, Ontario, San DiegoI-15 north exit 96, south exits 96A-B
9.1853McKinley StreetSigned as exits 53A (south) and 53B (north) westbound
Riverside10.8154Pierce StreetEastbound exit and westbound entrance
11.1055AMagnolia AvenueFormer US 91
11.9955BLa Sierra Avenue
13.0456Tyler Street
14.0858Van Buren Boulevard – Arlington
15.6359Adams Street, Auto Center Drive
16.6560Madison Street
17.8261Arlington Avenue
18.4162Central Avenue – Magnolia Center
20.006314th Street
20.45–
20.53		64University Avenue, Mission Inn Avenue – Downtown RiversideFormer US 60 / US 395
21.4765ASpruce Street, Poplar StreetEastbound exit and westbound entrance
21.6665B-C I-215 / SR 60 – San Diego, Indio, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, BarstowEastern terminus; signed as exit 65B (I-215 south / SR 60 east) and exit 65C (SR 60 west); I-215 was former I-15E / US 91 north / US 395; SR 60 exit 53A; I-215 exit 34B; Riverside Freeway continues as I-215 north
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Postmiles are measured from SR 91's original western end at SR 1, before that segment east to Vermont Ave. was deleted and relinquished to local control.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 California Department of Transportation. "State Truck Route List". Sacramento: California Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (XLS file) on June 30, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 California State Legislature. "Sections 300-635". Streets & Highway Code. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. S&HC § 391: Route 91 is from Vermont Avenue at the eastern city limits of Gardena to Route 215 in Riverside via Santa Ana Canyon. The relinquished former portions of Route 91 in the Cities of Gardena, Torrance, Lawndale, Redondo Beach, Manhattan Beach, and Hermosa Beach are not a state highway
  3. ↑ California Department of Transportation. "Route 91". Scenic Highways. California Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. Retrieved February 2008. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  4. ↑ Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee (1985). Official Report of the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles, 1984 (PDF). vol. 1, part 1. Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee. pp. 113–6. ISBN 0-9614512-0-3.
  5. 1 2 91 Express Lanes. "Frequently Asked Questions". 91 Express Lanes (Orange County Transportation Authority). Retrieved May 26, 2017.
  6. 1 2 91 Express Lanes. "Toll Schedules". 91 Express Lanes (Orange County Transportation Authority). Retrieved May 26, 2017.
  7. ↑ 91 Express Lanes (July 14, 2003). "Toll Policy". 91 Express Lanes (Orange County Transportation Authority). Retrieved August 29, 2011.
  8. ↑ Samuel, Peter (February 22, 2006). "California's 91XL Max Tolls Going to 85c/mile". TollRoadNews. Archived from the original on May 22, 2008.
  9. ↑ Automobile Blue Book (1917). Automobile Blue Book. vol. 8. Chicago: Automobile Blue Book. p. 501 – via Google Books.
  10. ↑ Clason Map Company (1925). Touring Atlas of the United States (Map). Clawson Map Company.
  11. ↑ "Auto Club News". Van Nuys News. December 21, 1923. p. 11
  12. ↑ "Brice Canyon, Zion Canyon National Park, Utah". Los Angeles Times. December 26, 1920. p. VIII1.
  13. ↑ Nystrom, Eric Charles (March 2003). "From Neglected Space to Protected Place: An Administrative History of Mojave National Preserve". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2009-08-17.
  14. ↑ "State Takes Over Cut-off to Nevada Line". Los Angeles Times. October 25, 1925. p. G12.
  15. 1 2 California Highway Advisory Committee & Breed, Arthur Hastings (1925). Report of a Study of the State Highway System of California. California State Printing Office. p. 97.
  16. ↑ California State Assembly. "An act authorizing and directing the California highway commission to acquire necessary rights of way, and to construct and maintain a highway, which is hereby declared to be a state highway, extending from Barstow...to a point...on the boundary line between the state of California and the state of Nevada...which said highway is commonly known and referred to as the Arrowhead trail". Forty-sixth Session of the Legislature. Statutes of California. State of California. Ch. 369 p. 670.
  17. ↑ Secretary of Agriculture (November 18, 1925). Report of Joint Board on Interstate Highways, October 30, 1925 (Report). Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture. OCLC 733875457, 55123355, 71026428.
  18. ↑ Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials (November 11, 1926). United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). 1:7,000,000. Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey. OCLC 32889555. Retrieved November 7, 2013 – via University of North Texas Libraries.
  19. ↑ "United States Numbered Highways". American Highways. American Association of State Highway Officials. April 1927.
  20. ↑ "Silver Lake Cut-off to Get Federal Aid". Los Angeles Times. February 14, 1926. p. G5.
  21. ↑ United States Geological Survey (1934). Barstow (Map). 1:125000. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey. United States Geological Survey (1933). Avawatz Mountains (Map). 1:250000. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey. United States Geological Survey (1942). Ivanpah (Map). 1:250000. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey.
  22. ↑ Rand McNally (1946). Road Atlas (Map). Chicago: Rand McNally.
  23. ↑ Blow, Ben (1920). California Highways: A Descriptive Record of Road Development by the State and by Such Counties as Have Paved Highways. pp. 194–195, 200 – via Archive.org.
  24. ↑ California State Assembly. "An act establishing certain additional state highways and classifying them as secondary highways". Forty-ninth Session of the Legislature. Statutes of California. State of California. Ch. 82 p. 102. "State Highway Route 43, Waterman canyon via Santa Ana canyon to Newport Beach."
  25. ↑ H.M. Gousha Company (1941). Los Angeles and Vicinity (Map). H.M. Gousha Company. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011.
  26. 1 2 H.M. Gousha Company (1955). Enlarged Map of the Los Angeles District (Map). H.M. Gousha Company. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011.
  27. ↑ National Bridge Inventory database, 2006: the bridge over Compton Creek and Alameda Street is dated 1956.
  28. ↑ California State Assembly. "An act to amend sections 2, 3 and 5 and to add two sections to be numbered 6 and 7 to an act entitled 'An act to provide for the acquisition of rights of way for and the construction, maintenance...". Fiftieth Session of the Legislature. Statutes of California. State of California. Ch. 767 p. 2040p. 2034–2042. "State Highway Route 60 near Hermosa Beach to State Highway Route 43 in Santa Ana Canyon via Artesia Avenue." "Cerritos Avenue to State Highway Route 43 near Olive via Anaheim."
  29. ↑ California State Assembly. "An act to establish a Streets and Highways Code, thereby consolidating and revising the law relating to public ways and all appurtenances thereto, and to repeal certain acts and parts of acts specified herein". Fifty-first Session of the Legislature. Statutes of California. State of California. Ch. 29 p. 277, 278, 286p. 287. "Route 31 is from: (a) San Bernardino to the Nevada State line near Calada, via Barstow. (b) Route 26 near Colton to Route 9 near San Bernardino via Mt. Vernon Avenue." "Route 43 is from Newport Beach to Route 31 at Victorville, via Santa Ana Canyon, San Bernardino, Waterman Canyon, "Crest Drive" into Bear Valley, Big Bear Lake and Baldwin Lake. Route 43 includes a highway around Big Bear Lake." "Route 175 is from Route 60 near Hermosa Beach to Route 43 in Santa Ana Canyon via Artesia Avenue." "Route 178 is from Cerritos Avenue to Route 43 near Olive via Anaheim."
  30. ↑ Rand McNally & Company (1933). Los Angeles & Vicinity (Map). Chicago: Rand McNally & Company. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26.
  31. ↑ H.M. Gousha Company (1935). Los Angeles and Vicinity (Map). h.M. Gousha Company.
  32. ↑ H.M. Gousha Company (1953). Long Beach (Map). H.M. Gousha Company. Archived from the original on October 27, 2009.
  33. ↑ "Old Canyon Road Now Being Improved". Los Angeles Times. April 21, 1935. p. E4.
  34. ↑ United States Geological Survey (1933). Prado (Map). 1:31680. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2012-02-09. "routes usually traveled" as of 1941
  35. ↑ United States Geological Survey (1933). Corona and Vicinity (Map). 1:31680. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2012-02-09. "routes usually traveled" as of 1941
  36. ↑ Map of Los Angeles and Vicinity (Map). 1939.
  37. ↑ McCabe, Brian J. (October 2004). "Hot or Not: Are New Toll Lanes a Fair Price to Pay for Driving?". The Next American City. Archived from the original on February 10, 2008.
  38. ↑ "Evaluating the Impacts of the SR 91 Variable-Toll Express Lane Facility Final Report" (PDF). May 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2006.
  39. ↑ "Highway 91 Toll Lanes Turn 10". The Californian / North County Times. December 26, 2005. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
  40. ↑ Orange County Transportation Authority (March 12, 2007). "91 Express Lanes History" (PDF). Orange County Transportation Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2007. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  41. ↑ Orange County Transportation Authority (2007). The Amazing True Tales from the 91 Express Lanes (PDF) (Annual report). Orange County Transportation Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 24, 2012.
  42. ↑ Price, Willard T. (April 2001). "An Odyssey of Privatizing Highways: The Evolving Case of SR 91". Public Works Management & Policy. 5 (4): 259. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
  43. ↑
  44. 1 2 3 4 "SR 91 Fast-Forward Project". Riverside County Transportation Commission. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
  45. ↑ "91 Toll Lanes Could Be Extended to Corona". Orange Country Register. August 21, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
  46. ↑ Weikel, Dan (2015-08-04). "On 91 Freeway, a $2-billion effort to keep up with increasing traffic". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
  47. ↑ Orange County Transportation Authority & Riverside County Transportation Commission. "Irvine-Corona Expressway". Orange County Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  48. ↑ "Orange County OKs More Study of Tunnel". The Californian / North County Times. December 13, 2005. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
  49. ↑ Orange County Tranporation Authority (2008). "A Better 91". Orange County Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009.
  50. ↑ California Department of Transportation (July 2007). "Log of Bridges on State Highways". California Department of Transportation.
  51. ↑ California Department of Transportation (2006). "All Traffic Volumes on CSHS". California Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21.
  52. ↑ California Department of Transportation (1999). "All Traffic Volumes on CSHS". California Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 2012-02-09. (the last year before it was updated to remove the relinquished part)
  53. ↑ Kals, Sunny (June 28, 2007). "SR 91 Eastbound" (PDF). California Numbered Exit Uniform System. California Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2008. Check date values in: |access-date= (help) Kals, Sunny (June 28, 2007). "SR 91 Westbound" (PDF). California Numbered Exit Uniform System. California Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 2008. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  54. 1 2 3 California Department of Transportation (2014). "Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances in California" (PDF). California Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
  55. ↑ Wilson, Janet (April 19, 2004). "Wildlife Highway Under Busy 91 Freeway Links Vital Habitats". Los Angeles Times. p. B1.
  56. ↑ "Lincoln Avenue to Grand Boulevard".
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