Lebanese Arab Army

The Lebanese Arab Army – LAA (Arabic: جيش لبنان العربي transliteration Jaysh Lubnan al-Arabi), also known as the Arab Army of Lebanon (AAL), Arab Lebanese Army or Armée du Liban Arabe (ALA) in French, was a predominantly Muslim splinter faction of the Lebanese Army that came to play a key role in the 1975–77 phase of the Lebanese Civil War.

Origins

On January 21, 1976 at the Elias Abou Sleiman Barracks in Ablah, Zahlé District, in the Beqaa Valley, 900 Lebanese Muslim soldiers serving with the 1st Armoured Brigade (aka 'First Brigade') refused to fight against their coreligionists of the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) and mutinied under the leadership of Lieutenant Ahmed Al-Khatib, a Sunni Muslim officer in the Lebanese Army, who urged his fellow Muslims to desert. The mutiny quickly spread to other Army barracks and garrisons on the southern part of the Beqaa and the Jabal Amel – including the strategic Beaufort Castle, Rashaya, Aramayn, Marjayoun, Khiam, Nabatieh and Sidon^[1] – and within a month, Lt. Khatib had rallied to his cause some 2,000-3,000 soldiers from the First Brigade,^[2][3] well-equipped with heavy weapons (including tanks and artillery).^[4] They became the core of the new Lebanese Arab Army (LAA), who promptly went to the side of the LNM – Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) alliance fighting the Christian Lebanese Front militias on the ongoing Lebanese Civil War.^[5][6]

On the surface, Khatib's rebellion seemed a spontaneous act that reflected Muslim discontent within the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) against their predominantly Christian leadership. The reality, however, was more complex. In fact, the mutiny had been secretly orchestrated by Fatah, the main Palestinian faction and had well-defined objectives. Fatah leaders – notably Yasser Arafat, Abu Iyad, Abu Jihad and Ali Hassan Salameh – had always regarded the Lebanese Army as a potential military threat to the PLO, a threat neutralized by the formation of the LAA.^[7]

Structure and organization

Headquartered at Hasbaya Barracks in the Beqaa Valley, the LAA numbered at its peak some 4,400 uniformed regulars (though other sources list a total of just 2,000),^[8] mostly Shia and Sunni Muslims. This number later included a small number of Syrian military officers sympathetic to the cause of the LNM-PLO alliance, who had defected from Syrian Arab Deterrent Force (ADF) units stationed in Lebanon after June 1976.

At the zenith of its power, the LAA controlled three-quarters of all army barracks and posts in Lebanon,^[9] including the Elias Abou Sleiman Barracks at Ablah, the Sheikh Abdullah Barracks at Baalbek, the Rashaya Citadel at Rashaya, the Hanna Ghostine Barracks at Aramayn, the Mohamed Zogheib Barracks at Sidon, and the Adloun and Benoit Barakat Barracks at Tyre.

Being Pan-Arabist and radical secularist in orientation, the LAA received financial support from Fatah, Iraq and Libya.

Weapons and equipment

The LAA was equipped largely from stocks drawn from Lebanese Army and Internal Security Forces (ISF) reserves, with small-arms and vehicles taken directly from Army barracks and ISF police stations or channelled via the PLO.

Small-arms

LAA infantry units were issued M1A1 Thompson submachine-guns, AK-47, AKM, FN FAL and M16A1 assault rifles; RPD, RPK, FN MAG and M60 light machine guns were used as squad weapons, with heavier Browning M1919A4 .30 Cal and Browning M2HB .50 Cal machine guns being employed as platoon and company weapons. Officers and NCOs received FN P35 and MAB PA-15 pistols. Crew-served weapons consisted of RL-83 Blindicide, RPG-2 and RPG-7 anti-tank rocket launchers, M2 60mm mortars, M30 4.2 inch (106.7mm) mortars,^[10] B-10 82mm and M40A1 106mm recoilless rifles, and one-shot Grad-P 122mm Light portable rocket systems.^[11]

Armoured and transport vehicles

By using the assets of the First Brigade, the LAA built a powerful armoured corps made of 40 Charioteer tanks,^[12][13][14] M41 Walker Bulldog^[15][16] and AMX-13^[17][18] light tanks, M42 Duster SPAAGs,^[19] and Panhard AML-90^[20][21][22] and Staghound armoured cars.^[23] Infantry companies were provided with tracked M113,^[24][25] sixteen M59 amphibious and wheeled Panhard M3 VTT armoured personnel carriers; a few BMP-1 APCs were later captured from the Syrian Army in 1976.^[26][27] Artillery units relied on military trucks and M5A1 artillery tractors to tow its field guns and howitzers.^[28]

A fleet of liaison and transport vehicles were also employed for logistical support, which included US Willys M38A1 MD jeeps,^[29] US M151A1 jeeps, US Kaiser M715 jeeps, US Jeep Gladiator J20 pickup trucks,^[30][31] US Chevrolet C-10/C-15 pickup trucks,^[32] British Land-Rover Mk IIA-III light pickups, plus heavier Saviem SM8 TRM 4000 4x4, Berliet GBC 8KT 6x6, British Bedford RL lorries, Soviet KrAZ 255 6x6,^[33][34] Chevrolet Series 50 light-duty, Dodge F600 medium-duty, GMC C7500 medium-duty trucks and US M35A1 2½-ton 6x6 cargo trucks. They were also used as gun-trucks (aka technicals) in the direct fire support role on LAA operations, fitted with heavy machine guns (HMGs), recoilless rifles, and anti-aircraft autocannons.

Artillery

Their artillery corps fielded a number of artillery pieces of several types, comprising Soviet 2A18 (D-30) 122mm howitzers, French Mle 1950 BF-50 155mm howitzers, and US M101A1 105mm towed field howitzers.^[35] Yugoslav Zastava M55 20mm triple-barreled^[36] and Soviet ZU-23-2 23mm twin-barreled anti-aircraft autocannons (mounted on M113 APCs) were also employed in both the air defense and direct fire supporting roles.^[37]

Vanguards of the Lebanese Arab Army

The Vanguards of the Lebanese Arab Army – VLAA (Arabic: Talaei al-Jayish al-Arabi al-Lubnani) or Avant-gardes du Armée du Liban Arabe – AALA in French, were a short-lived splinter faction of the LAA established in mid-June 1976 by three Lebanese Army officers whom openly defied Lt Khatib's leadership, the commander of the First Brigade Brigadier-General Ibrahim Shaheen, Lieutenant-Colonel Fahim al-Hajj and Captain Jamil al-Sayyid.^{[38][39][40][41]} Created and sponsored by Syria, in the hope of attracting both Muslim and Christian officers and enlisted men^[42] to act as a counterweight to the Palestinian-supported LAA, the VLAA however, failed to attrack a sizeable following and it was largely ineffective. The only relevant action carried out by the Syrian-sponsored VLAA was the deployment of some of its elements around the southern town of Nabatiyeh in August 1976;^[43] for most of the time, VLAA troops were confined to barracks.

Decline and disbandment

Khatib's opposition to the June 1976 Syrian intervention in Lebanon, however, marked the beginning of the end for his LAA faction. Although they did put a stiff resistance – notably at the Battle of Bhamdoun in the Chouf District between 13 and 17 October 1976, where they inflicted heavy losses on the Syrian 3rd Armoured Division^[44][45] – its numbers dwindled to a few hundred by the end of the year, as many of Khatib's soldiers deserted after realizing that they had been played and used by the PLO. Increasingly military weakened and politically marginalized, the LAA suffered a final, shattering blow on January 18, 1977 when Syrian authorities invited the entire LAA leadership – Khatib, Ghotaymi, Manssour, Hamdan, and Addam – to a meeting with President Hafez al-Assad in Damascus. However, upon crossing the border to Syria, they were immediately detained and secretly held in the infamous Mezzeh Military Prison. After spending between 18 – 24 months in prison, they were subsequently released on the condition they resign their commissions and abstain from all political and military activity thereafter. Their political role at an end, both the LAA and VLAA were disbanded (the Syrian Officers that had deserted to the LAA the previous year were arrested and shot), with their Officers and enlisted men being returned to the First Brigade which was re-incorporated into the official Lebanese Army order-of-battle in February 1977.^[46]

See also

• Al-Mourabitoun
• Arab Deterrent Force
• Army of Free Lebanon
• Battle of the Hotels
• Lebanese Armed Forces
• Lebanese Civil War
• Lebanese National Movement
• People’s Liberation Army (Lebanon)
• Weapons of the Lebanese Civil War

Notes

References

• Afaf Sabeh McGowan, John Roberts, As'ad Abu Khalil, and Robert Scott Mason, Lebanon: a country study, area handbook series, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550-24), Washington D.C. 1989. -
• Alain Menargues, Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban: Du coup d'état de Béchir Gémayel aux massacres des camps palestiniens, Albin Michel, Paris 2004. ISBN 978-2226121271 (in French)
• Beate Hamizrachi, The Emergence of South Lebanon Security Belt, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1984. ISBN 978-0-275-92854-4
• Edgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998. ISBN 0-333-72975-7
• Itamar Rabinovich, The war for Lebanon, 1970-1985, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London 1989 (revised edition). ISBN 978-0-8014-9313-3, 0-8014-9313-7
• Joseph A. Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s, Conflict Quarterly, Winter 1985.
• Moustafa El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2008. ISBN 9953-0-1256-8
• Naomi Joy Weinberger, Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: The 1975-76 Civil War, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1986. ISBN 978-0195040104, 0195040104
• Paul Jureidini, R. D. McLaurin, and James Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975-1978, Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Memorandum 11-79, June 1979.
• Philipe Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 1re partie: 1975-1978, Steelmasters Magazine, August–September 2012, pp. 8–16. ISSN 1962-4654 (in French)
• Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon, Boulder: Westview Press, 1990.
• Samer Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon, Beirut: Elite Group, 2003. ISBN 9953-0-0705-5
• Samer Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon 1975-1981, Trebia Publishing, Chyah 2012. ISBN 978-9953-0-2372-4
• Samir Makdisi and Richard Sadaka, The Lebanese Civil War, 1975-1990, American University of Beirut, Institute of Financial Economics, Lecture and Working Paper Series (2003 No.3), pp. 1–53. –
• Steven J. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 2003. ISBN 962-361-613-9
• Thomas Collelo (ed.), Lebanon: a country study, Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550-24), Washington D.C., December 1987 (Third edition 1989). –
• Tony Badran (Barry Rubin ed.), Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2010. ISBN 978-0-230-62306-4

External links

• Lebanese Arab Army M113 APCs with ZU-23-2 and Zastava M55 autocannons
• Pre-1975 Lebanese Army vehicles