Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler

First page of the political testament

The last will and testament of Adolf Hitler was prompted by Hitler receiving a telegram from Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring asking for confirmation of Göring's succession, combined with news of Heinrich Himmler's attempted negotiations of surrender with the western Allies, and reports that Red Army troops were within a block or two of the Reich Chancellery. It was dictated by Adolf Hitler to his secretary Traudl Junge in his Berlin Führerbunker on 29 April 1945, the day he and Eva Braun married. They committed suicide the following day, 30 April, two days before the surrender of Berlin to the Soviets on 2 May, and just over a week before the end of World War II in Europe on 8 May. It consisted of two separate documents, a will and a political testament.

Will

The last will was a short document signed on 29 April at 04:00.

The will was witnessed by Bormann and Colonel Nicolaus von Below.[1]

Testament

The last political testament was signed at the same time as Hitler's last will, 04:00 on 29 April 1945.[2] The first part of the testament talked of his motivations in the three decades since volunteering in World War I, repeated his claim that neither he "nor anyone else in Germany wanted the war in 1939", stated his reasons for his intention to commit suicide, and praised and expressed his thanks to the German people for their support and achievements.[3] Also included in the first testament are statements detailing his claim that he tried to avoid war with other nations and attributes responsibility for it to "international Jewry and its helpers".[4] He would not "forsake Berlin ... even though the forces were too small to hold out". Hitler expressed his intent to choose death rather than "fall into the hands of enemies" and the masses in need of "a spectacle arranged by Jews."[5] He concluded with a call to continue the "sacrifice" and "struggle".[5] He expressed hope for a renaissance of the National-Socialist movement with the realization of a "true community of nations".

The second part of his testament lays out Hitler's intentions for the government of Germany and the Nazi Party after his death and details who was to succeed him. He expelled Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring from the party and sacked him from all of his state offices. He also canceled the 1941 decree naming Göring as his successor in the event of his death. To replace him, Hitler named Großadmiral Karl Dönitz as President of the Reich and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.[6] Reichsführer-SS and Interior Minister Heinrich Himmler was also expelled from the party and sacked from all of his state offices for attempting to negotiate peace with the western Allies without Hitler's "knowledge" and against permission.[5] Hitler accused Göring and Himmler of betraying him and bringing "irreparable shame on the whole nation" by negotiating with the Allies.

Hitler appointed the following as the new Cabinet and as leaders of the nation:

Witnessed by Dr. Joseph Goebbels, Martin Bormann, General Wilhelm Burgdorf, and General Hans Krebs.[2]

On the afternoon of 30 April, about a day and a half after he signed his last will and testament, Hitler and Braun committed suicide.[7] Within the next two days, Goebbels, Burgdorf and Krebs also committed suicide. Bormann died on 2 May while trying to escape the Soviet Army rings in Berlin.

Authorship

In his book The Bunker, James O'Donnell, after comparing the wording of Hitler's last testament to the writings and statements of both Hitler and Joseph Goebbels, concluded that Goebbels was at least partly responsible for helping Hitler to write it. Junge stated that Hitler was reading from notes when he dictated the testament after midnight on 29 April.[8]

Story of the documents

Three messengers were assigned to take the will and political testament out of the besieged Führerbunker to ensure their presence for posterity. The first messenger was deputy press attaché, Heinz Lorenz. He was arrested by the British while traveling under an alias as a journalist from Luxembourg. He revealed the existence of two more copies and messengers: Willy Johannmeyer, Hitler's army adjutant, and Bormann's adjutant SS-Standartenführer Wilhelm Zander. Zander was using the pseudonym "Friedrich Wilhelm Paustin". These two messengers were apprehended in the American zone of occupation. Thus, two copies of the papers ended up in American hands, one set in British hands. The texts of the documents were published widely in the American and British press by January 1946 but the British Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevin, considered restricting access to these documents. He feared they might become cult objects among the Germans. Since they were public knowledge already, the Americans did not share these concerns but nonetheless agreed to refrain from further publication of them. Hitler's testament and his marriage certificate were presented to U.S. President Harry S. Truman. One set was placed on public display at the National Archives in Washington for several years.[9]

Death of witnesses

All four witnesses to the political testament died shortly afterwards. Goebbels and his wife committed suicide. Burgdorf and Krebs committed suicide together on the night of 1/2 May in the bunker. Bormann's exact time and place of death remain uncertain; his remains were discovered near the site of the bunker in 1972 and identified by DNA analysis in 1998. Therefore, he most likely died the same night trying to escape from the Führerbunker complex.[10]

Flensburg Government

In the Flensburg Government of Hitler's appointed successor as Reichspräsident Karl Dönitz, the depositions of Albert Speer and Franz Seldte were ignored (or the two ministers quickly reinstated). Neither former incumbent Joachim von Ribbentrop nor Hitler's appointee, Seyß-Inquart, held the post of Foreign Minister. The post was given to Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, who after Goebbels' suicide also became Leading Minister of the German Reich (Head of Cabinet, post equivalent to Chancellor).

Notes

  1. ↑ Kershaw 2008, pp. 948, 950.
  2. 1 2 Kershaw 2008, p. 950.
  3. ↑ Kershaw 2008, p. 948.
  4. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 March 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-24. "...dem internationalen Judentum und seinen Helfern..."
  5. 1 2 3 Kershaw 2008, p. 949.
  6. ↑ Kershaw 2008, pp. 949, 950.
  7. ↑ Kershaw 2008, pp. 953–955.
  8. ↑ Kershaw 2008, p. 946.
  9. ↑ Eckert, Astrid M., The Struggle for the Files. The Western Allies and the Return of German Archives after the Second World War, Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0521880183
  10. ↑ Martin Bormann – in one of the 10 groups attempting to escape from the bunker complex – managed to cross the Spree. He was reported to have died a short distance from the Weidendammer bridge, his body was seen and identified by Arthur Axmann who followed the same route. Beevor, Antony, Berlin: The Downfall 1945, Viking-Penguin Books, 2002, p. 383. ISBN 0-670-88695-5

References

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