List of largest cities throughout history

This article lists the largest cities or urban areas by estimated population in history. Many of the figures are uncertain, especially in ancient times.

List of the most populous cities or urban areas in history

The following is a table of the most populous cities or urban areas by estimated population in history according to four sources. City names are in bold where all four sources agree.

Year Morris (2010)[1] Modelski (2003)[2] Chandler (1987)[3] Chandler & Fox (1974)[4]
Population Name Present
Location		 Population Name Present
Location		 Population Name Present
Location		 Population Name Present
Location
8000 BCE[5] 500MureybetSyria
7000 BCE[6] 1,000BeidhaJordan[7] 1-2,000JerichoWest Bank      
Basta[8]Jordan
ÇatalhöyükTurkey
6500 BCE[7][9] 5,000-10,000ÇatalhöyükTurkey
6000 BCE[10] 3,000ÇatalhöyükTurkey
5000 BCE[5] 4,000Tell BrakSyria
4000 BCE5,000UrukIraq[7] 4,000EriduIraq      
Tell BrakSyria
3800 to
3700 BCE		[11] < 10,000DobrovodyUkraine
3700 BCE6-10,000EriduIraq
3600 to
3500 BCE		   [11] < 10,000MaydanetsUkraine      
[11] < 10,000TaliankiUkraine
3500 BCE[5] 8,000UrukIraq14,000UrukIraq   20,000AbydosEgypt
SusaIran
Tell BrakSyria
3300 BCE40,000UrukIraqAbydosEgypt
3200 BC20,000AbydosEgyptAbydosEgypt
3100 BCE20,000MemphisEgypt20,000MemphisEgypt
3000 BCE[12] 45,000UrukIraq40,000UrukIraq30,000MemphisEgypt40,000MemphisEgypt
2800 BCE80,000UrukIraqMemphisEgyptMemphisEgypt
2500 BCE[5] 50,000UrukIraq[13] 60,000Lagash[14]Iraq MemphisEgypt MemphisEgypt
[13] 20,000NippurIraq
2400 BCE   [15] 50,000MariSyria MemphisEgypt MemphisEgypt
[15] 40,000UmmaIraq
Girsu[14]Iraq
Mohenjo-daroPakistan
2300 BCE   [16] 80,000GirsuIraq MemphisEgypt MemphisEgypt
[16] 50,000MariSyria
2250 BCE[5] 35,000Akkad[17]Iraq   > 30,000MemphisEgypt MemphisEgypt
MemphisEgypt
2240 BCEAkkad[17]IraqAkkad[17]Iraq
2200 BCE50,000GirsuIraqAkkadIraqAkkadIraq
2100 BCE100,000UrIraqAkkadIraq100,000Girsu[14]Iraq
2075 BCE50,000Girsu[14]IraqGirsuIraq
2059 BCEGirsuIraqThebesEgypt
2030 BCEUrIraqThebesEgypt
2000 BCE[18] 60,000MemphisEgypt[19] 40,000IsinIraq65,000UrIraq ThebesEgypt
LarsaIraq
UrIraqGirsuIraq
1991 BCEUrIraq100,000MemphisEgypt
1980 BCEThebesEgyptMemphisEgypt
1900 BCE   40,000IsinIraq ThebesEgypt MemphisEgypt
LarsaIraq
1800 BCE   60,000MariSyria> 25,000ThebesEgypt MemphisEgypt
[20]65,000
1770 BCE60,000BabylonIraqBabylonIraq
1750 BCE[5] 65,000BabylonIraq
1700 BCE60,000BabylonIraqBabylonIraqBabylonIraq
1670 BCEAvaris[21]EgyptBabylonIraq
1650 BCE[22] 100,000AvarisEgyptBabylonIraq
1600 BCE50-100,000Avaris[21]Egypt100,000AvarisEgyptBabylonIraq
1595 BCEAvarisEgyptAvaris[21]Egypt
1580 BCEAvarisEgyptMemphisEgypt
1557 BCEMemphisEgyptMemphisEgypt
1500 BCE75,000UrukIraq60,000ThebesEgypt MemphisEgypt MemphisEgypt
ThebesEgypt
1400 BCE[5] 80,000ThebesEgypt80,000ThebesEgyptThebesEgyptThebesEgypt
1375 BCE[22] 100,000ThebesEgyptThebesEgypt
1360 BCE80,000ThebesEgypt100,000ThebesEgypt
1350 BCEThebesEgyptMemphisEgypt
1300 BCE[5] 80,000ThebesEgypt120,000Yinxu
(Anyang)		ChinaThebesEgyptMemphisEgypt
1205 BCEMemphis[23]EgyptMemphisEgypt
1200 BCE80,000BabylonIraq160,000Pi-Ramses[21]Egypt[23] 50,000MemphisEgypt> 50,000MemphisEgypt
ThebesEgypt
1188 BCEThebesEgyptMemphisEgypt
1184 BCE120,000ThebesEgyptMemphisEgypt
1100 BCE[5] 50,000MemphisEgypt120,000Pi-RamsesEgypt ThebesEgypt MemphisEgypt
ThebesEgypt
TanisEgypt
Yinxu
(Anyang)		China
1000 BCE[24] 50,000ThebesEgypt[25] 120,000ThebesEgypt[26] > 50,000ThebesEgypt MemphisEgypt
[20] 60,000
[24] 35,000Haojing
(Xi'an)[27]		China[25] 100,000Haojing
(Xi'an)[27]		China[26] > 50,000Haojing
(Xi'an)[27]		China
[20] 55,000
Chengzhou
(Luoyang)[28]		ChinaMemphisEgypt[26] 50,000Chengzhou
(Luoyang)[28]		China
BabylonIraq[22] 100,000
900 BCE[5] 50,000ThebesEgypt125,000HaojingChinaThebesEgyptMemphisEgypt
800 BCE[5] 75,000Nimrud
(Calah)		Iraq125,000HaojingChina> 50,000ThebesEgypt MemphisEgypt
[20]60,000
700 BCE[5] 100,000NinevehIraq100,000ThebesEgypt ThebesEgypt MemphisEgypt
MemphisEgypt
NinevehIraq
Babylon[29]Iraq
Luoyi
(Luoyang)[28]		China
LinziChina
668 BCE[22] 100,000NinevehIraqNinevehIraq
650 BCE120,000NinevehIraq120,000NinevehIraq
612 BCEBabylonIraqBabylonIraq
600 BCE[5] 125,000BabylonIraq200,000BabylonIraq[22] 100,000BabylonIraq200,000BabylonIraq
LuoyiChina
562 BCE200,000BabylonIraq200,000BabylonIraq
500 BCE150,000BabylonIraq[30] 200,000BabylonIraq BabylonIraq BabylonIraq
LuoyiChina
LinziChina
479 BCEBabylonIraqSravastiIndia
460 BCEBabylonIraqRajagriha
(Rajgir)[31]		India
440 BCEBabylonIraqBabylonIraq
430 BCE200,000BabylonIraq250,000BabylonIraq
400 BCE[5]150,000BabylonIraq320,000XiaduChinaBabylonIraqBabylonIraq
320 BCE> 300,000AlexandriaEgypt> 300,000AlexandriaEgypt
300 BCE[5] 150,000BabylonIraq500,000CarthageTunisia Pataliputra
(Patna)		India PataliputraIndia
AlexandriaEgypt
220 BCEPataliputraIndiaXianyangChina
206 BCEPataliputraIndiaPataliputraIndia
200 BCE300,000AlexandriaEgypt600,000AlexandriaEgypt[32] 350,000PataliputraIndia350,000PataliputraIndia
400,000Chang'an
(Xi'an)[27][32]		China
195 BCEChang'anChinaPataliputraIndia
190 BCEChang'anChinaChang'an[27]China
170 BCEChang'anChinaSeleucia[33][34]Iraq
160 BCEChang'anChinaChang'an[34]China
100 BCE[5] 400,000AlexandriaEgypt1,000,000AlexandriaEgypt Chang'anChina Chang'anChina
RomeItaly
25 BCERomeItalyChang'anChina
1 CE1,000,000RomeItaly800,000RomeItalyRomeItalyRomeItaly
100[5] 1,000,000RomeItaly1,000,000RomeItaly450,000RomeItaly650,000RomeItaly
180600,000RomeItaly800,000RomeItaly
200[35] 1,000,000RomeItaly1,200,000RomeItalyRomeItalyRomeItaly
280500,000RomeItaly650,000RomeItaly
300[5] 800,000RomeItaly1,000,000RomeItalyRomeItalyRomeItaly
340ConstantinopleTurkeyRomeItaly
350ConstantinopleTurkeyConstantinopleTurkey
361300,000ConstantinopleTurkey350,000ConstantinopleTurkey
400[36] 800,000RomeItaly800,000RomeItalyConstantinopleTurkeyConstantinopleTurkey
410ConstantinopleTurkeyPataliputraIndia
450ConstantinopleTurkey500,000ConstantinopleTurkey
500[5] 450,000ConstantinopleTurkey500,000ConstantinopleTurkey400,000ConstantinopleTurkey500,000ConstantinopleTurkey
Jiankang
(Nanjing)[37]		China
Luoyang[28]China
570Ctesiphon[33]Iraq500,000ConstantinopleTurkey
575500,000CtesiphonIraq500,000ConstantinopleTurkey
600[38] 600,000Daxing
(Chang'an)[27]		China600,000ConstantinopleTurkey500,000CtesiphonIraq500,000ConstantinopleTurkey
622500,000CtesiphonIraq500,000ConstantinopleTurkey
637400,000Chang'an[27]China500,000ConstantinopleTurkey
650Chang'anChina500,000Chang'an[27]China
700[5] 1,000,000Chang'an[27]China1,000,000Chang'an[27]China800,000Chang'anChina1,000,000Chang'anChina
750800,000Chang'anChina> 1,000,000Chang'anChina
775600,000BaghdadIraqBaghdad[39]Iraq
8001,000,000Chang'anChina800,000Chang'anChina700,000BaghdadIraq[39] 800,000Chang'anChina
[39] 700,000BaghdadIraq
833900,000BaghdadIraq900,000BaghdadIraq
900[1] 750,000Chang'anChina900,000BaghdadIraq900,000BaghdadIraq900,000BaghdadIraq
9251,100,000BaghdadIraqBaghdadIraq
9321,100,000BaghdadIraq1,100,000BaghdadIraq
935450,000CordovaSpain450,000CordovaSpain
10001,000,000KaifengChina[40] 1,200,000BaghdadIraq450,000CordovaSpain450,000CordovaSpain
1013400,000KaifengChina450,000ConstantinopleTurkey
1050400,000KaifengChina500,000ConstantinopleTurkey
1071400,000KaifengChina400,000KaifengChina
1100[5] 1,000,000KaifengChina1,200,000BaghdadIraq442,000KaifengChina442,000KaifengChina
1102442,000KaifengChina442,000KaifengChina
1126420,000KaifengChina420,000KaifengChina
1127200,000ConstantinopleTurkey[41] 300,000ConstantinopleTurkey
1145200,000MervTurkmenistan[41] 300,000ConstantinopleTurkey
1150200,000MervTurkmenistan[41] 300,000ConstantinopleTurkey
1153200,000ConstantinopleTurkey[41] 300,000ConstantinopleTurkey
1160200,000ConstantinopleTurkey250,000FezMorocco
1170200,000FezMorocco250,000FezMorocco
1180200,000HangzhouChina250,000PolonnaruwaSri Lanka
1200[42] 1,000,000HangzhouChina1,000,000BaghdadIraq255,000HangzhouChina255,000HangzhouChina
HangzhouChina
KaifengChina
1210600,000GurganjTurkmenistan500,000MervTurkmenistan260,000HangzhouChina260,000HangzhouChina
1250320,000HangzhouChina320,000HangzhouChina
1273432,000HangzhouChina432,000HangzhouChina
1300[5] 800,000HangzhouChina1,500,000HangzhouChina432,000HangzhouChina432,000HangzhouChina
1315432,000CairoEgyptHangzhouChina
1325500,000CairoEgypt500,000CairoEgypt
1348432,000HangzhouChina500,000CairoEgypt
1350432,000HangzhouChina450,000CairoEgypt
1358Jinling
(Nanjing)		ChinaCairoEgypt
1391473,000JinlingChinaCairoEgypt
1400500,000Jinling
(Nanjing)		China1,000,000Jinling
(Nanjing)		China487,000JinlingChina473,000Jinling
(Nanjing)		China
1420JinlingChina450,000BeijingChina
1425BeijingChinaBeijingChina
1450600,000BeijingChina600,000BeijingChina
1492669,000BeijingChina669,000BeijingChina
1500[43] 678,000BeijingChina1,000,000BeijingChina672,000BeijingChina672,000BeijingChina
1550690,000BeijingChina690,000BeijingChina
1575706,000BeijingChina706,000BeijingChina
1579706,000BeijingChina706,000BeijingChina
1600700,000BeijingChina1,000,000BeijingChina706,000BeijingChina706,000BeijingChina
1635BeijingChina660,000AgraIndia
1637BeijingChina700,000Istanbul[44]Turkey
1650700,000Istanbul[44]Turkey700,000IstanbulTurkey
1670IstanbulTurkey500,000DelhiIndia
1675750,000IstanbulTurkey500,000DelhiIndia
1684IstanbulTurkey540,000ParisFrance
1685IstanbulTurkeyIstanbulTurkey
1690700-800,000IstanbulTurkey700-800,000IstanbulTurkey
1700650,000BeijingChina1,000,000AyutthayaThailand700,000IstanbulTurkey700,000IstanbulTurkey
600-700,000BeijingChina
1710BeijingChinaBeijingChina
1720Edo[45]JapanBeijingChinaBeijingChina
1750900,000BeijingChina900,000BeijingChina
17751,000,000BeijingChinaBeijingChina
18001,100,000BeijingChina1,100,000BeijingChina1,100,000BeijingChina1,100,000BeijingChina
18211,300,000BeijingChina1,300,000BeijingChina
1825      1,350,000BeijingChina1,350,000BeijingChina
1,335,000London
(urban area)		United Kingdom1,335,000London
(urban area)		United Kingdom
18411,948,000LondonUnited Kingdom2,235,000LondonUnited Kingdom
18502,320,000LondonUnited Kingdom2,320,000LondonUnited Kingdom
18512,362,000LondonUnited Kingdom2,362,000LondonUnited Kingdom
18612,803,000LondonUnited Kingdom LondonUnited Kingdom
18754,241,000LondonUnited Kingdom4,241,000LondonUnited Kingdom
19006,600,000LondonUnited Kingdom6,500,000LondonUnited Kingdom6,480,000LondonUnited Kingdom6,480,000LondonUnited Kingdom
19147,419,000LondonUnited KingdomLondonUnited Kingdom
19257,774,000New York
(urban area)		United States7,774,000New York
(urban area)		United States
193610,150,000New YorkUnited StatesNew YorkUnited States
195012,463,000New YorkUnited States12,500,000New YorkUnited States
1962[46] 15,755,000New YorkUnited StatesNew YorkUnited States
196515,000,000Tokyo
(urban area)		Japan15,000,000Tokyo
(urban area)		Japan
1968[46] 20,500,000TokyoJapan[46] 20,500,000TokyoJapan
1970[46] 20,450,000TokyoJapan[46] 21,000,000TokyoJapan
197520,500,000TokyoJapan
2000[47]26,400,000TokyoJapan

See also

References

  1. 1 2 (a) Ian Morris, Social Development, Stanford University, October 2010. This contains supporting materials for the following book: (b) Ian Morris, Why the West Rules—For Now, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010. ISBN 978-0-374-29002-3.
  2. ↑ George Modelski, World Cities: –3000 to 2000, Washington DC: FAROS 2000, 2003. ISBN 0-9676230-1-4. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of former estimates can be read at Evolutionary World Politics Homepage Archived 2008-12-28 at the Wayback Machine..
  3. ↑ Tertius Chandler, Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census, Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1987. ISBN 0-88946-207-0. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of Chandler's estimates are summarized or modified at The Institute for Research on World-Systems; Largest Cities Through History by Matt T. Rosenberg; or The Etext Archives Archived 2008-02-11 at the Wayback Machine.. Chandler defined a city as a continuously built-up area (urban) with suburbs but without farmland inside the municipality.
  4. ↑ Tertius Chandler and Gerald Fox, 3000 Years of Urban Growth, New York, NY: Academic Press, 1974. ISBN 0-12-785109-7. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Summarized in the supporting material on the website, but not given in Morris's published text (p. 632).
  6. ↑ The date that the population of Beidha, Basta and Çatalhöyük is estimated to be 1,000 is given as 7500 BC in Morris's published text (p. 632).
  7. 1 2 3 Suggested to be the largest cities in Modelski's text, but not given constantly prior to 3700 BC (p. 3, p. 17, and p. 20). No entry is suggested for the Halafian and Ubaid periods.
  8. ↑ A Pre-Pottery Neolithic B settlement located ca. 25 km north of Petra.
  9. ↑ The rough year that Çatalhöyük was supposed to be the largest is not given in Modelski's text which cites Ian Hodder's report (p. 3 and p. 17). The year 6500 BC is based on the recent report by Hodder (Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995-99 Seasons (Çatalhöyük Research Project), Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2005.) where less inhabitants (1,500 to 2,000) are suggested by Craig Cessford (pp. 323-326).
  10. ↑ The date that the population of Çatalhöyük is estimated to be 3,000 is given as 6500 BC in Morris's published text (p. 632).
  11. 1 2 3 Suggested to be housing up to 10,000 people in Modelski's text (pp. 24–25), but only Eridu is listed as the largest city in Table 2 (a) (p. 22). The estimate is based on the author's personal communication with Mikhail Videiko, Institute of Archaeology, Kiev, October 2002 (p. 75). The previous estimates by S. I. Kruts for Maydanets and Talianki are 8,000 (1,575 housed within 270 ha) and 14,000 (2,700 houses within 450 ha), respectively (Pitskhelauri, K. N., and Chernykh, E. N. Eds., Kavkaz v sisteme paleometallicheskikh kultur Evrazii, Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1989, pp. 146–156.).
  12. ↑ Suggested to be more than 45,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632).
  13. 1 2 According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), Nippur shares the top with Lagash with 60,000 inhabitants in 2500 BC, though Table 2 (b) suggests that the population of Nippur is 20,000, the value of which is even lower than those estimated for Mari (50,000); Uruk and Umma (40,000); Memphis, Ebla, Urkesh, and Shuruppak (30,000) (p. 28).
  14. 1 2 3 4 Girsu (Telloh), the later capital of the state of Lagash, was situated 25 km NW of Lagash (Tell al Hiba), though both sites are frequently referred as Lagash.
  15. 1 2 According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), Girsu shares the top with Mari with 50,000 inhabitants, though Table 2 (b) suggests that the population of Girsu as well as Umma and Mohenjo-daro is 40,000 (p. 28).
  16. 1 2 According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), the population of Girsu for 2300 BC is estimated as 50,000, which is less than that appears in Table 2 (b) and is the same value with that estimated for Mari (p. 28).
  17. 1 2 3 Location uncertain. Maybe west of Sippar.
  18. ↑ Morris's list of the largest settlements excludes Ur for 2000 BC (p. 632), though the supporting material lists Ur sharing the top with Memphis with 60,000 inhabitants.
  19. ↑ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218) excludes Girsu for 2000 BC, though Table 2 (b) lists Girsu with 40,000 inhabitants (p. 28), sharing the top with Isin and Larsa.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Interpolated values given by Christopher Chase-Dunn (citypop5.xls) or Chase-Dunn and Willard (oct2k1.xls). These numbers are not given in Chandler's original lists.
  21. 1 2 3 4 The palace of Pi-Ramses (Qantir) was founded 2 km NE of Avaris (or Hawaret, Tell el-Dab'a), the residential area of which overlaps.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 When the city first passed 100,000, suggested by Richard Forstall (pp. 541-542).
  23. 1 2 According to Chandler's list of the largest cities (pp. 523-527), Thebes was the largest for 1400-668 BC, but Memphis was also supposed to be somewhat larger during 1205-1188 (p. 94, p. 460).
  24. 1 2 Qiyi (Qi) is listed as the largest settlement with 35,000 inhabitants in the Morris's published list (p. 632). On the other hand, the supporting material lists Thebes as the maximum settlement with 50,000 inhabitants, while both Luoyang (Luoyi) and Haojing (Feng) are listed as the mamximum settlements in the East with 35,000 inhabitants.
  25. 1 2 Modelski's list of the world's largest cities treats Thebes and Haojing as the top cities with 100,000 inhabitants (p. 218), though the same list on the next page (p. 219) as well as Table 2 (c) place the population of Thebes at 120,000, while that for Haojing as well as Memphis and Babylon at 100,000 (pp. 33-34).
  26. 1 2 3 Chandler listed Thebes, Haojing, and Chengzhou (Luoyang) as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd largest cities (p. 460), though Luoyang is supposed to pass 100,000 in 1000 BC (p. 541).
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Haojing, which formed the capital of Western Zhou together with Fenghao, was located 15 km SW of Chang'an, the capital of Tang Dynasty as well as the present center of Xi'an. Han capital was located 5 km NW of the center of modern Xi'an. All these sites are now within the sub-provincial city of Xi'an.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Chengzhou was founded on the east side of the Luo river with Wangzheng on the west side. Both cities were later annexed to form Luoyi (Luoyang), the center of which has often shifted.
  29. ↑ According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219), the population of Babylon for 700 BC is estimated as 120,000, which makes Babylon the only city to appear as the largest, while Table 8 (a) shows that Babylon has 100,000 inhabitants in 700 BC (p. 55).
  30. ↑ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219) excludes Linzi for 500 BC, though Table 5 (a) lists Linzi with 200,000 inhabitants (p. 41).
  31. ↑ The estimated year Sravasti was surpassed by Rajagriha is not given in Chandler and Fox's list (pp. 362-364).
  32. 1 2 According to Chandler's list of the largest cities (pp. 523-527), Pataliputra was the largest for 300 to 195 BC, but Chang'an is listed as the largest already in 200 BC (p. 462).
  33. 1 2 Seleucia was founded on the right bank of Tigris opposite to Ctesiphon. Figures for Seleucia include the population of Ctesiphon as a suburb during the Seleucid era and vice versa during the Sassanid era.
  34. 1 2 Seleucia was supposed to stand first briefly just after Antiochus IV overran part of Egypt in 170 BC, though the precise year Chang'an recovered the lead is not given in Chandler and Fox's list (pp. 362-364).
  35. ↑ The population of Rome in AD 200 is estimated at 800,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 1,000,000.
  36. ↑ The population of Rome in AD 400 is estimated at 500,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 800,000.
  37. ↑ Based on historical documents, in Eastern Jin dynasty, Jiankang (Nanjing) had 280,000 registered households, and assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents. (Shufen Liu, "Jiankang and the Commercial Empire of the Southern Dynasties", in Pearce, Spiro, Ebrey eds. Culture and Power, 2001:35.)
  38. ↑ The population of Daxing (Chang'an) in AD 600 is estimated at 250,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 600,000.
  39. 1 2 3 Although Chandler and Fox presumed that Baghdad was the world's largest city from 775 to 935 (p. 363), Chang'an is still listed as the largest in the year 800 (p. 306).
  40. ↑ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219) estimates the population of Baghdad for AD 1000 as 1,500,000, which is much higher than the value listed in Table 8 (b) (1,200,000 inhabitants) (p. 55).
  41. 1 2 3 4 Although Kaifeng is obscurely treated as the most populous city until 1160 (p. 363), Kaifeng is ranked as the fifth largest city with 175,000 people in 1150, while Constantinople is listed as the largest city (p. 310). Surely Chandler and Fox have mistakenly omitted the statement that Constantinople is briefly the largest after the fall of Kaifeng to the Jurchens.
  42. ↑ The population of Hangzhou in AD 1200 is estimated at 800,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 1,000,000.
  43. ↑ The population of Hangzhou in AD 1500 is estimated at 600,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 678,000.
  44. 1 2 Includes Üsküdar in Asia Minor as a suburb.
  45. ↑ According to Morris (p. 483), Edo grew into the world's biggest city by 1720, but the estimated population for Edo is not given.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 Data from Richard Forstall's table for Rand McNally & Co.
  47. ↑ The population of Tokyo in AD 2000 is estimated at 26,7000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 26,400,000.
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