Al-Bireh

Al-Bireh
Other transcription(s)
• Arabic	البيرة
• Also spelled	al-Bira (unofficial)
Municipal Seal of Al-Bireh
Al-Bireh Location of Al-Bireh within the Palestinian territories
Coordinates: 31°54′19″N 35°12′54″E / 31.90528°N 35.21500°E / 31.90528; 35.21500Coordinates: 31°54′19″N 35°12′54″E / 31.90528°N 35.21500°E / 31.90528; 35.21500
Palestine grid	170/145
Governorate	Ramallah & al-Bireh
Government
• Type	City
• Head of Municipality	Umar Hammayil
Area
• Jurisdiction	22,406 dunams (22.4 km2 or 8.6 sq mi)
Population (2006)
• Jurisdiction	38,202
Name meaning	"The Well of the Palace"[1]
Website	www.al-bireh.org

Al-Bireh, al-Birah, or el-Bira (Arabic: البيرة‎‎; also known historically as Castrum Mahomeria, Magna Mahomeria, Mahomeria Major, Birra, or Beirothah) is a Palestinian city in the central West Bank, 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) north of Jerusalem.^[2] It is situated on the central ridge running through the West Bank and is 860 meters (2,820 ft) above sea level, covering an area of 22.4 square kilometers (8.6 sq mi).

Because of its location Al-Bireh served as an economic crossroad between the north and south, along the caravan route between Jerusalem and Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the city had a population of approximately 39,202 in the 2007 census.^[3]

History

Al-Bireh Crusader Church, circa 1881.^[4]

Edward Robinson in the early 19th century thought Al-Bireh was the biblical Be'eroth,^[5] but modern scholars believe Be'eroth was located at Kh. el-Burj near Beit Iksa.^[6]

Claude Reignier Conder and others identified it with Beirothah of the Samaritan chronicles.^[6][7]

The Crusaders captured and named the town Birra. It was also called Castrum Mahomeria, Magna Mahomeria or Mahomeria Major.^[8] It was one of 21 villages given by King Godfrey as a fief to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.^[9] In 1114, the gift was re-confirmed by Baldwin I of Jerusalem.^[10]

In 1156, 92 people from Mahomeria pledged their allegiance to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and a further 50 names were added in the next three decades. Hence, it has been estimated that the total Frankish population at this time was 500-700.^[8][11]

The Crusaders built a castle,^[12] church and hospice there.^[8][13][14] The latter two buildings were built by the Knights Templar in 1146 and belonged to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The Ayyubids under Saladin drove away the Crusaders from Birra when they reconquered interior Palestine after the Battle of Hattin in 1187, and completely demolished the town. Yaqut al-Hamawi mentions seeing the ruins a few times during his travels in the area.^[15] Nearing the end of Ayyubid rule, in 1280, the modern town of al-Bireh was an inhabited village. The Ayyubids built a mosque in the town dedicated to Umar ibn al-Khattab adjacent to the church ruins.^[16]

Potsherds from the Crusader/Ayyubid era have been found.^[6]

Ottoman era

Al-Bireh, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596 the village, called Bira al-Kubra, was a part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Al-Quds which was under the administration of the liwa ("district") of Al-Quds. It had a population of 45 households, all Muslim, and paid taxes on wheat, barley, olive trees, fruit trees, occasional revenues, beehives and/or goats.^[17]

In the spring of 1697, Henry Maundrell noted at Al Bireh, which he called Beer, the remains of a Church, which he wrote was built by Empress Helena.^[18]

After the 1834 Arab revolt in Palestine, the Ottoman authorities conscripted many men from Al-Bireh as soldiers. In 1838, when Robinson visited, 60 had been taken away to be soldiers, out of a total population of 700.^[5]

When French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village in 1863, he found it to have 800 inhabitants.^[19]

Socin, citing an official Ottoman village list compiled around 1870, noted that Al-Bireh had a population of 399 Muslims in 142 houses, and 20 "Greeks" in 5 houses, though that population count included men, only. It was further noted that the name meant "The cistern".^[20] Hartmann examining the same list, found that Al-Bireh had 142 houses.^[21]

In 1883, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Bireh as a good-sized village, with "fairly well built" houses.^[22]

In 1896 the population of Bireh was estimated to be about 1,080 persons.^[23]

Until 1917, the city served as a political and administrative center for the Ottoman Empire.

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Al-Bireh had a population of 1,479; 1,407 Muslims, and 72 Christians,^[24] increasing at the time of the 1931 census to 2,292, 2044 Muslim and 248 Christians, in 541 houses.^[25]

In 1945, the town's residents numbered 2,920, of which 280 were Christians and 2,640 Muslims,^[26] while urban Bireh had 967 dunams of land, and rural Bireh 22,045 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.^[27] Of this, 5,162 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 11,226 used for cereals,^[28] while 759 dunams were built-up (urban) land.^[29]

1948-1967

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Al-Bireh came under Jordanian rule.^[30]

Post-1967 era

Great Mosque, al-Bireh

On June 6, 1967, Israeli troops occupied the city in the Six-Day War. In 1994, the civil administration of the city was turned over to the Palestinian National Authority under the Oslo Accords. Al-Bireh is the second largest center of Palestinian administration after Gaza. Besides the governor’s headquarters, it also hosts a considerable number of governmental, non-governmental, and private organizations, including the Ministries of Transportation, Supply, Information, Public Works and Higher Education, as well as the Palestine Broadcasting Corporation and the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.^[31] Due to its proximity with Ramallah, the cities form a single constituency for elections to the Palestinian National Authority.

Demographics

The 1997 census carried out by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics counted 27,856 residents, of which the gender distribution was exactly half male and half female.^[32] The majority of the inhabitants were Palestinian refugees who made up 55.4% of the total population.^[33] In the 2007 PCBS census, there were 38,202 people living in the city.^[34]

Al-Bireh is inhabited by five major clans: Quraan, Abed, Hamayyel, Tawil, and Karakra. Rafidi, a Christian family, was accepted into the Tawil clan.

Government

Al-Bireh established a city council headed by mayor Eid Musa in 1928 under the British Mandate. Eight other mayors took office either through elections or government appointments. The city had some well known mayors, including Abudul Jawad Saleh who was mayor in the 1970s until exiled by the Israelis. He later went on to become a member of the PLO executive committee and then minister of agriculture in the Palestinian Authority. In 1982, Israel instated a civil administration, but later appointed an Arab mayor, Hassan al-Tawil. In 1988, after two years in office, he was stabbed and critically wounded outside his office.^[35] In 1996, a 12-member municipal council was established by the Palestinian National Authority with Sheikh Jamal al-Tawil as mayor.^[36]

In the Palestinian municipal elections in 2005, the Hamas-backed Reform and Change List won 9 of the 15 seats, while independent lists won the remaining 6.^[37] The current mayor is Umar Hammayil. Al-Bireh, located in Area A, is under the complete control of the PNA.

In 2010, a public square in al-Bireh was dedicated to the memory of Dalal Mughrabi, leader of an attack that killed 38 Israeli civilians, including 13 children, in 1978.^[38]

Health and education

John Kerry visiting Al-Bireh youth center

In 2010, the Jerusalem Fund, National Arab American Medical Association Foundation and Physicians for Peace dedicated the Palestine Diabetes Institute in al-Bireh.^[39] Al-Quds University maintains a campus in al-Bireh.

Sports

The 7,000-seat Majed Ass'ad or Al Bireh International Stadium was completed in 2010; originally constructed in 1996, it was upgraded to international standards from 2006 to 2010 at a cost of €3 million.^[40] The work was funded by France, the German Development Bank, the UN Development Agency, and FIFA.^[41] Construction was halted by the Israeli Supreme Planning Council on November 1, 2009, but resumed in late December.^[42] In November 2009, the nearby settlement of Psagot petitioned the High Court of Justice to have the stadium shut down, citing concerns that rowdy soccer fans might attack Psagot.^[43]

The Palestinian Center for Judo, Karate and Aerobics is located in al-Bireh.^[44]

Sister cities

• Youngstown, Ohio
• Fort Lauderdale, Florida
• Gennevilliers, France

Notable people

• Ahmad Sa'adat, PFLP secretary-general currently imprisoned in Israel^[45]
• Bassel al-Araj, Palestinian activist killed in al-Bireh

References

Bibliography

External links

• Welcome To The City of al-Bira
• Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: IAA, Wikimedia commons
• Al-Bira City (Fact Sheet), Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem (ARIJ)
• Al-Bira City City Profile, ARIJ
• Al-Bireh Municipality Website
• The Al-Bireh demonstration project on agricultural reuse of wastewater in the West Bank

Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate
Cities	Beitunia al-Bireh Ramallah Rawabi (under construction)
Municipalities	Bani Zeid Beit Rima Deir Ghassana Bani Zeid al-Sharqiya 'Arura Mazari al-Nubani Beit Liqya Bir Zeit Deir Dibwan al-Mazra'a ash-Sharqiya Ni'lin Silwad Sinjil Turmus Ayya al-Zaitounah Abu Shukhaidem al-Mazra'a al-Qibliya al-Ittihad Beitillu Deir 'Ammar Jammala Taybeh
Village councils	Aboud Abu Qash Abwein Ajjul 'Atara Badiw al-Muarrajat Beitin Beit Ur al-Fauqa Beit Ur al-Tahta Bil'in Beit Sira Budrus Burham Burqa Deir Ibzi Deir Jarir Deir Abu Mash'al Deir Nidham Deir Qaddis Deir as-Sudan Dura al-Qar' Ein 'Arik Ein Qiniya Ein Siniya Ein Yabrud al-Janiya Jibiya Jifna Jilijliya Kafr Ein Kafr Malik Kafr Ni'ma Kharbatha al-Misbah Kharbatha Bani Harith Khirbet Abu Falah Kobar al-Lubban al-Gharbi al-Midya al-Mughayyir Nabi Salih Qarawat Bani Zeid Qibya Rammun Rantis Ras Karkar Saffa Shabtin Shuqba Surda Umm Safa Yabrud
Refugee camps	Am'ari Deir 'Ammar Jalazone Qaddura Silwad