Stridsvagn L-120

Landsverk L-120

Type	Light tank
Place of origin	Sweden
Service history
In service	1937–1940
Used by	Sweden (testing purposes) Norway
Production history
Manufacturer	AB Landsverk
Produced	1936–1938
No. built	1 tank + 1 or 2 tank chassis
Specifications
Weight	4 - 4.5 tons
Length	4.05 m (13 ft 3 in)
Width	1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Height	1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)
Crew	2 (Commander/gunner and driver)

Armour	Steel armour (Sweden) Iron plating (Norway)
Main armament	Norway: 7.92 mm Colt M/29 heavy machine gun
Transmission	4-speed Volvo gear box
Speed	50 kilometres per hour (31 mph)
Steering system	Levers (Sweden) Steering wheel (Norway)

Stridsvagn L-120 (English: Battletank L[andsverk]-120) was a light tank designed in Sweden. One tank and one tank chassis was ordered for tests by the Swedish Army in 1936, and one chassis was ordered by the Norwegian Army the same year. The chassis sold to Norway became Norway's first ever tank, after an improvised turret and makeshift armour had been added.

Swedish service

In October 1936 the Swedish Army placed an order with the armoured fighting vehicle manufacturer AB Landsverk in the Scanian city of Landskrona for one L-120 tank and one L-120 tank chassis for testing purposes. In April the following year an order for a tank turret followed.^[1] The tank chassis was delivered to the Swedish Army in May 1937, and the tank in July–August the same year. In July 1937, just some two months after it was delivered, the tank chassis was bought back by AB Landsverk in connection with a large order for Stridsvagn L-60 light tanks being made by the Swedish government from AB Landsverk. The repurchased tank chassis was then probably used to fulfil an order from Norway.^[1]

"Rikstanken"

"Rikstanken" taking part in military winter exercises in Norway

Concurrently with the Swedish order Landsverk also received an order from Norway for a tank chassis, with delivery set at March 1937. The cost of the purchase was SEK 30,000, around the equivalent of US$3,000. After delivery delays the tank chassis was handed over to Norway.^[1] The chassis was equipped after arrival with an improvised turret and ordinary iron plates for armour and was armed with a Colt M/29 heavy machine gun, making it Norway's first ever tank.^[1]^[2]^[3] The tank was quickly dubbed "Rikstanken" (English: The National Tank) by the Norwegians.^[1] Other nicknames were "Kongstanken" (English: The Royal Tank) and "Norgestanken" (English: The Norway Tank).^[2]^[3] The name "Norgestanken" was a humorous invention,^[2] playing on the fact that the word tanken in Norwegian means both "the tank" and "the thought", making it a pun. The noun "Norgestanken" (English: the Norway thought) was an old nationalistic term for the idea of an independent Norway.^[4] Kongstanken, as in "the royal thought", signifies a grand and bold thought or an idealistic idea.^[5]

"The field exercise at Jæren in 1938 was a horror of primitive matériel. There was next to nothing of signals, communications and sapper matériel, nor were there any motorized units, except the only terror of the exercise, the old tank that shook, functioned and failed, all on its own discretion... A depressing lack of matériel compared to a wonderful human material. "

—Eyewitness Rob. Jo. (Robert Johnsen) from Stavanger.^[6]

The purchase of the tank by the Norwegian government happened on the background of the increased tension in Europe preceding the Second World War. The threatening situation convinced the Norwegian government to budget 20,000 kr for the purchase of a tank for the Norwegian Army. As the shipping costs of the complete tank would be too expensive, only the chassis was imported. As adding the original steel armour would cost another NOK 50,000, iron plates were used instead.^[2] In addition, the steering levers were replaced with a steering wheel. The engine of the tank proved unreliable and at best gave a top speed of 25 kilometres per hour (16 mph).^[2] The brakes were also found to be too weak, with the tank once ending up crashed against a tree during a field exercise in Trøndelag.^[7]

Together with an experimental platoon of locally manufactured armoured cars Rikstanken formed the Norwegian cavalry's armoured force. Rikstanken and the three armoured cars took part in all the Norwegian Army's exercises in 1938 and 1939. The armoured vehicles moved around to the different dragoon regiments of the Norwegian Army.^[1]^[7]

In the January 1938 lecture "Panservogner for opklaring og marsjsikring i Norge" (Armoured vehicles for reconnaissance and protection during the march in Norway) at the officers' society Oslo Militære Samfund,^[8] Colonel Christopher Fougner pointed out that the single tank in the Norwegian armoury was completely insufficient to train the country's soldiers in anti-armour warfare. Colonel Fougner warned that if more tanks and other armoured vehicles were not expressly acquired, then the first tank most Norwegian soldiers would see would belong to an attacking enemy army.^[9]

On 9 April 1940, when the Germans invaded Norway, the tank and the three armoured cars were stored in the depot of Dragoon Regiment 1 at Gardermoen.^[10] When Dragoon Regiment 1 finished its mobilization at 03:00 on 10 April and moved out to oppose the invading German forces they left both the tank and the armoured cars behind.^[11] The tank and the armoured cars were captured by the advancing Germans and disappeared from records,^[1] after having been a popular object for souvenir photos for German troops at Gardermoen in May 1940.^[12]

References and notes

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Stridsvagn L-120". Landskrona Museum (in Swedish). Landskrona Municipality Culture Department. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
1 2 3 4 5 Jensen 1995: 509
1 2 Dag Sundkvist; Daniella Carlsson; Thorleif Olsson (13 February 2003). "Norway". Tanks! Armoured warfare prior to 1946. Florida State University. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
↑ "1890-1905: I selvstendighetens navn". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (in Norwegian). 5 May 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
↑ "kongstanke". ordnett.no (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
↑ Kristiansen 2008: 271 Norwegian: Feltmanøveren på Jæren i 1938 var den rene forferdelse av primitivt materiel. Signal-, sambands- og sappørmateriell var det lite og ingenting av, heller ikke motoriserte avdelinger, bortsett fra manøverens eneste skrekk, den gamle tank som ristet, gikk og stod, alt etter som den fant det for godt... En forstemmende matrialmangel i forhold til til et herlig menneskematriell.
1 2 Jensen 1995: 510
↑ Broch 1950: 88
↑ Wig 1977: 147
↑ Jensen 1995: 512
↑ Jensen 1995: 527
↑ Mølmen 1998: 19

Bibliography

Broch, Ole Jacob (1950). Oslo militære samfund gjennom 25 år: 1925-50 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk militært tidsskrift.
Jensen, Åke F. (1995). Kavaleriet i Norge 1200-1994: Utvikling og innsats gjennom 800 år (in Norwegian). Oslo: Elanders forlag. ISBN 82-90545-43-6.
Kristiansen, Tom (2008). Tysk trussel mot Norge? Forsvarsledelse, trusselvurderinger og militære tiltak før 1940 (in Norwegian). Bergen: Fagbokforlaget. ISBN 978-82-450-0674-2.
Mølmen, Øystein (1998). Raumabanen/Romsdalen, Lesja og Dovre: kamphandlingene i april 1940 (in Norwegian). Raumabanens kulturlag. ISBN 82-994722-0-2.
Wig, Kjell Arnljot (1977). Kongen ser tilbake (in Norwegian). Oslo: J. W. Cappelens Forlag. ISBN 82-02-03914-2.

Weapons and military equipment designed in Sweden 1914–1945

Firearms

Rifles	Carl Gustaf Model 1942
Submachine guns	Carl Gustaf Model 1945
Machine guns	Svenska Automatvapen Model 1940 Carl Gustaf Model 1942

Artillery

Tank and Anti-tank guns	Bofors 37 mm Gun Model 1934
Mountain guns	Bofors 75 mm Model 1934
Field, Medium and Heavy guns	Bofors 105 mm Howitzer Model 1924 Bofors 105 mm Howitzer Model 1935 Bofors 105 mm Howitzer Model 1937 Bofors 105 mm Gun Model 1927 Bofors 105 mm Gun Model 1931 Bofors 105 mm Gun Model 1934 Bofors 120 mm Howitzer Model 1914 Bofors 150 mm Howitzer Model 1931
Anti-aircraft guns	Bofors 20 mm Automatic Gun Model 40 Bofors 25 mm Automatic Gun Model 1932 Bofors 40 mm Gun Model 1936 Bofors 75 mm Gun Model 1929
Coastal guns	Bofors 105 mm Gun Model 1927 Bofors 105 mm Gun Model 1934
Naval guns	Bofors 120 mm Gun Bofors 152 mm Gun Bofors 283 mm Gun

Armored
Fighting
Vehicles

Light tanks	Strv m/21-29 Landsverk L-10 Landsverk L-60 Landsverk L-120
Medium tanks	Landsverk Lago
Self-propelled guns	Stormartillerivagn m/43
Self-propelled anti-aircraft guns	Landsverk L-62
Armoured cars	Pansarbil M/31 Landsverk Lynx Landsverk L-180/L-181/L-182 Landsverk L-185
Armoured personnel carrier	Tgbil m/42
Artillery tractors	Landsverk L-131 Landsverk L-132 Landsverk L-135
Prototypes	Landsverk L-5 Landsverk L-100 Landsverk L-101

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