Capability Brown

Lancelot "Capability" Brown
A portrait painting of Brown painted by Nathaniel Dance, c. 1773
Born	Lancelot Brown Kirkharle, England
Baptised	30 August 1716
Died	6 February 1783(1783-02-06) (aged 67–68) London, England
Occupation	Gardener Landscape architect
Spouse(s)	Bridget Wayet (m. 1744–83)
Children	7
Parent(s)	William Brown Ursula Hall

Lancelot Brown (born c. 1715–16, baptised 30 August 1716 – 6 February 1783),^[1] more commonly known with the byname Capability Brown, was an English landscape architect. He is remembered as "the last of the great English 18th century artists to be accorded his due" and "England's greatest gardener". He designed over 170 parks, many of which still endure. He was nicknamed "Capability" because he would tell his clients that their property had "capability" for improvement.^[2] His influence was so great that the contributions to the English garden made by his predecessors Charles Bridgeman and William Kent are often overlooked; even Kent's apologist Horace Walpole allowed that Kent had been followed by "a very able master".^[3]

Early life and Stowe

Lancelot Brown was born as a land agent's and chambermaid's fifth child in the village of Kirkharle, Northumberland, and educated at a school in Cambo until he was 16. Brown’s father had been Sir William Loraine’s land agent and his mother in service at Kirkharle Hall. His eldest brother John became the estate surveyor and later married Sir William's daughter. Elder brother George became a mason-architect. After school Lancelot worked as the head gardener's apprentice at Sir William Loraine's kitchen garden at Kirkharle Hall till he was 23. In 1739 he journeyed south arriving at the port of Boston, Lincolnshire.^[4] Then he moved further inland where his first landscape commission was for a new lake in the park at Kiddington Hall, Oxfordshire.^[5] He moved to Wotton Underwood House, Buckinghamshire, seat of Sir Richard Grenville.^[6] In 1741,^[7] Brown joined Lord Cobham's gardening staff as undergardener at Stowe, Buckinghamshire,^[1] where he worked under William Kent, one of the founders of the new English style of landscape garden. At the age of 26 he was officially appointed as the Head Gardener in 1742, earning £25 (equivalent to £3,500 in 2015) a year and residing at the western Boycott Pavilion. Brown was the head gardener at Stowe 1742-1750. He made the Grecian Valley at Stowe which, despite its name, is an abstract composition of landform and woodland. Lord Cobham let Brown take freelance commission work from his aristocratic friends, thus making him well known as a landscape gardener. As a proponent of the new English style, Brown became immensely sought after by the landed families. By 1751, when Brown was beginning to be widely known, Horace Walpole wrote somewhat slightingly of Brown's work at Warwick Castle:

The castle is enchanting; the view pleased me more than I can express, the River Avon tumbles down a cascade at the foot of it. It is well laid out by one Brown who has set up on a few ideas of Kent and Mr. Southcote.

By the 1760s, he was earning on average £6,000 (equivalent to £740,000 in 2015) a year, usually £500 (equivalent to £61,600 in 2015) for one commission. As an accomplished rider he was able to work fast, taking only an hour or so on horseback to survey an estate and rough out an entire design. In 1764, Brown was appointed King George III's Master Gardener at Hampton Court Palace, succeeding John Greening and residing at the Wilderness House.^[6] In 1767 he bought an estate for himself at Fenstanton in Huntingdonshire from the Earl of Northampton and was appointed High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire for 1770, although his son Lance carried out most of the duties.^[8]

Landscape gardens

It is estimated that Brown was responsible for over 170 gardens surrounding the finest country houses and estates in Britain. His work still endures at Croome Court (where he also designed the house), Blenheim Palace, Warwick Castle, Harewood House, Appuldurcombe House, Milton Abbey (and nearby Milton Abbas village), in traces at Kew Gardens and many other locations.^[9]

Badminton House: features of the Brownian landscape at full maturity in the 19th century

His style of smooth undulating grass, which would run straight to the house, clumps, belts and scattering of trees and his serpentine lakes formed by invisibly damming small rivers, were a new style within the English landscape, a "gardenless" form of landscape gardening, which swept away almost all the remnants of previous formally patterned styles.

Brown's Pond at Sandleford, Berkshire. One of a string of former priory fish ponds adapted by Brown who was at Sandleford on behalf of Mrs Montagu from 1781.

His landscapes were at the forefront of fashion. They were fundamentally different from what they replaced, the well-known formal gardens of England which were criticised by Alexander Pope and others from the 1710s. Starting in 1719, William Kent replaced these with more naturalistic compositions, which reached their greatest refinement in Brown's landscapes.

At Hampton Court, Brown encountered Hannah More in 1782 and she described his "grammatical" manner in her literary terms: "'Now there' said he, pointing his finger, 'I make a comma, and there' pointing to another spot, 'where a more decided turn is proper, I make a colon; at another part, where an interruption is desirable to break the view, a parenthesis; now a full stop, and then I begin another subject'".^[10] Brown's patrons saw the idealised landscapes he was creating for them in terms of the Italian landscape painters they admired and collected, as Kenneth Woodbridge first observed in the landscape at Stourhead, a "Brownian" landscape (with an un-Brownian circuit walk) in which Brown himself was not involved.

At Blenheim Brown dammed the paltry stream flowing under Vanbrugh's Grand Bridge, drowning half the structure with improved results

Criticism

'Success breeds enmity', and perhaps Brown's sternest critic was his contemporary Uvedale Price, who likened Brown's clumped trees as resembling "regimental soldiers on parade, or so many pudding turned out of a mould". ^[11] Russell Page, who began his career in the Brownian landscape of Longleat but whose own designs have formal structure, accused Brown of "encouraging his wealthy clients to tear out their splendid formal gardens and replace them with his facile compositions of grass, tree clumps and rather shapeless pools and lakes".^[12] Richard Owen Cambridge, the English poet and satirical author, declared that he hoped to die before Brown so that he could "see heaven before it was 'improved'". This was a typical statement reflecting the controversy about Brown's work, which has continued over the last 200 years. By contrast, a recent historian and author, Richard Bisgrove, described Brown's process as perfecting nature by :"judicious manipulation of its components, adding a tree here or a concealed head of water there. His art attended to the formal potential of ground, water, trees and so gave to English landscape its ideal forms. The difficulty was that less capable imitators and less sophisticated spectators did not see nature perfected... they saw simply what they took to be nature".

This deftness of touch was recognised in his own day; one anonymous obituary writer opined: "Such, however, was the effect of his genius that when he was the happiest man, he will be least remembered; so closely did he copy nature that his works will be mistaken". Sir William Chambers, who considered himself a garden authority as well, complained that Brown's grounds "differ very little from common fields, so closely is nature copied in most of them".^[13]

Architecture

Capability Brown's essays in the field of architecture were a natural outgrowth of his unified picture of the English country house in its setting:

"In Brown's hands the house, which before had dominated the estate, became an integral part of a carefully composed landscape intended to be seen through the eye of a painter, and its design could not be divorced from that of the garden"^[5]

Humphry Repton observed that Brown "fancied himself an architect",^[14] but Brown's work as an architect is overshadowed by his great reputation as a designer of landscapes. Repton was bound to add: "he was inferior to none in what related to the comfort, convenience, taste and propriety of design, in the several mansions and other buildings which he planned". Brown's first country house project was the remodelling of Croome Court, Worcestershire, (1751–52) for the 6th Earl of Coventry, in which instance he was likely following sketches by the gentleman amateur Sanderson Miller.^[5] Fisherwick, Staffordshire, Redgrave Hall, Suffolk, and Claremont, Surrey, were classical, while at Corsham his outbuildings are in a Gothic vein. Gothick stable blocks and decorative outbuildings, arches and garden features constituted many of his designs. From 1771 he was assisted in the technical aspects by the master builder Henry Holland, and by Henry's son Henry Holland the architect, whose initial career Brown supported; the younger Holland was increasingly Brown's full collaborator and became Brown's son-in-law in 1773.

Subsequent reputation

Brown's reputation declined rapidly after his death, because the English Landscape style did not convey the dramatic conflict and awesome power of wild nature. A reaction against the harmony and calmness of Brown's landscapes was inevitable; the landscapes lacked the sublime thrill which members of the Romantic generation (such as Richard Payne Knight and Uvedale Price) looked for in their ideal landscape, where the painterly inspiration would come from Salvator Rosa rather than Claude Lorrain. During the 19th century he was widely criticised,^[15] but during the twentieth century his reputation rose again. Tom Turner has suggested that the latter resulted from a favourable account of his talent in Marie-Luise Gothein's History of Garden Art which predated Christopher Hussey's positive account of Brown in The Picturesque (1927). Dorothy Stroud wrote the first full monograph on Capability Brown, fleshing out the generic attributions with documentation from country house estate offices. Later landscape architects like William Gilpin would opine that Brown's 'natural curves' were as artificial as the straight lines that were common in French gardens.^[16] Brown's portrait by Nathaniel Dance, c. 1773, is conserved in the National Portrait Gallery, London. His work has often been favourably compared and contrasted ("the antithesis") to the œuvre of André Le Nôtre, the French jardin à la française landscape architect.^[1][17] He became both "rich and honoured and had 'improved' a greater acreage of ground than any landscape architect" who preceded him.^[1][16]

Personal life

On 22 November 1744 he married in the Stowe parish church, Bridget Wayet (affectionately called Biddy) from Boston, Lincolnshire.^[18] Her father was an alderman and landowner while her family had surveyors and engineers among its members. They had seven children: Bridget in 1746, Lancelot (known as Lance), William (who died young), John in 1751, a son in 1754 who died shortly afterwards, Anne who was born and died in 1756, Margaret (known as Peggy) in 1758 and Thomas in 1761.^[19] In 1768 he purchased the manor of Fenstanton in Huntingdonshire in East Anglia for ₤13,000 from Lord Northampton. This came with two manor houses, two villages and 2,668 acres of land.^[20] The property stayed in the family until it was sold in lots in 1870s and 1880s. Ownership of the property allowed him to stand for and serve as High Sheriff of Huntingdonshire from 1770 to 1771. He continued to work and travel until his sudden collapse and death on 6 February 1783, on the doorstep of his daughter Bridget Holland's house in Hertford Street, London while returning after a night out at Lord Coventry's.^[21] Horace Walpole wrote to Lady Ossory: "Your dryads must go into black gloves, Madam, their father-in-law, Lady Nature’s second husband, is dead!".^[22] Brown was buried in the churchyard of St. Peter and St. Paul, the parish church of Brown's small estate at Fenstanton Manor.^[23] He left an estate of approximately ₤40,000, which included property in Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire and Lincolnshire.^[24] His daughter Bridget married the architect Henry Holland. Brown sent two of his sons to Eton. One of them, Lancelot Brown the younger, became the MP for Huntingdon. His son John joined the Royal Navy and rose to become an admiral.

Memorial to Capability Brown in the church of St Peter and St Paul, Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire

The grave of Capability Brown in the churchyard of St Peter and St Paul, Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire

Gardens and parks

Many of Capability Brown's parks and gardens may still be visited today. A partial list of the landscapes he designed or worked on:

More than 30 of the gardens are open to the public.^[29]

See also

• Ha-ha
• Landscape architecture

Notes

References

• Brown, Jane (2011), The Omnipotent Magician: Lancelot "Capability" Brown, 1716–1783, London: Chatto & Windus, ISBN 0-7011-8212-1  ISBN 978-0-7011-8212-0.
• Colvin, Howard (1995) [1954], A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600–1840 (3rd ed.), New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 1264, ISBN 978-0-300-06091-1 
• Colvin, Howard (2008) [1954], A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840 (4th ed.), New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12508-5 
• Hinde, Thomas (1987), Capability Brown: The Story of a Master Gardener, New York: W. W. Norton, ISBN 0-393-02421-0  ISBN 0-09-163740-6.
• Stroud, Dorothy (1975) [1950], Capability Brown (2nd revised ed.), London: Faber and Faber, ISBN 0-571-10267-0  ISBN 0-571-13405-X.
• Rutherford, Sarah (2016). Capability Brown and His Landscape Gardens (Hardback). London: National Trust Books. ISBN 978-1-909-88154-9. 
• Turner, Roger (1985), Capability Brown and the Eighteenth Century English Landscape, New York: Rizzoli, ISBN 0-8478-0643-X  2nd edition, Phillimore, Chichester (1999) ISBN 0-297-78734-9, ISBN 1-86077-114-9.

Further reading

External links

Media related to Capability Brown at Wikimedia Commons

• "Lancelot Brown". Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2012. 
• "Capability Brown — 300 years". capabilitybrown.org.uk. Retrieved 27 November 2014. 
• Britten, Nick (19 February 2009). "Capability Brown's first garden plan to be brought to life after 250 years". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 March 2012. 
• Capability Brown at Find a Grave
• "Archival material relating to Capability Brown". UK National Archives. 
• Portraits of Capability Brown at the National Portrait Gallery, London
  
• FT review of Compton Verney 2011 exhibition
• Capability Brown's unfinished garden