Lamborghini

Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.[1]
Private[1]
Industry Automotive
Founded 1963 (1963)
Founder Ferruccio Lamborghini
Headquarters Sant'Agata Bolognese, Italy
Key people
 Stefano Domenicali, CEO
Production output
 3,245 vehicles (2015)[2]
Revenue Increase €586 million (2014)[2]
Profit Increase €10.1 million (2014)[2]
Total equity Increase €1.832 billion (2014)[2]
Number of employees
 1,146 (2015)[2]
Parent Audi
Website www.lamborghini.com/en-en/

Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. (Italian: [lamborˈɡiːni]) is an Italian brand and manufacturer of luxury supercars, sports cars and SUVs based in Sant'Agata Bolognese, Italy. The company is owned by the Volkswagen Group through its subsidiary Audi.

Ferruccio Lamborghini, an Italian manufacturing magnate, founded Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S.p.A. in 1963 to compete with established marques, including Ferrari. The company gained wide acclaim in 1966 for the Miura sports coupé, which established rear mid-engine, rear wheel drive as the standard layout for high-performance cars of the era. Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first decade, but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis. The firm's ownership changed three times after 1973, including a bankruptcy in 1978. American Chrysler Corporation took control of Lamborghini in 1987 and sold it to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994. In 1998, Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the group's Audi division.

New products and model lines were introduced to the brand's portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand Lamborghini. In the late 2000s, during the worldwide financial crisis and the subsequent economic crisis, Lamborghini's sales saw a drop of nearly 50 percent.

Lamborghini produces sports cars and V12 engines for offshore powerboat racing. Lamborghini currently produces the V12-powered Aventador and the V10-powered Huracán.

History

Manufacturing magnate Italian Ferruccio Lamborghini founded the company in 1963 with the objective of producing a refined grand touring car to compete with offerings from established marques such as Ferrari. The company's first models, such as the 350 GT, were released in the mid-1960s and were noted for their refinement, power and comfort. Lamborghini gained wide acclaim in 1966 for the Miura sports coupé, which established rear mid-engine, rear wheel drive as the standard layout for high-performance cars of the era.

Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first ten years, but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis. Ferruccio Lamborghini sold ownership of the company to Georges-Henri Rossetti and René Leimer and retired in 1974. The company went bankrupt in 1978, and was placed in the receivership of brothers Jean-Claude and Patrick Mimran in 1980. The Mimrans purchased the company out of receivership by 1984 and invested heavily in the company's expansion. Under the Mimrans' management, Lamborghini's model line was expanded from the Countach to include the Jalpa sports car and the LM002 high performance off-road vehicle.

The Mimrans sold Lamborghini to the Chrysler Corporation in 1987. After replacing the Countach with the Diablo and discontinuing the Jalpa and the LM002, Chrysler sold Lamborghini to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994. In 1998, Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the group's Audi division. New products and model lines were introduced to the brand's portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand Lamborghini. In the late 2000s, during the worldwide financial crisis and the subsequent economic crisis, Lamborghini's sales saw a drop of nearly 50 percent.

Products

Automobiles

Aventador
Huracán

As of the 2017 model year, Lamborghini's automobile product range consists of two model lines, both of which are mid-engine two-seat sports cars.[3] The V12-powered Aventador line consists of the LP 700–4 coupé and roadster.[4] The V10-powered Huracán line currently includes the all-wheel-drive LP 610-4 coupé and roadster, as well as the less powerful rear-wheel-drive LP 580-2 coupé.[5] Lamborghini intends to double its car production by producing as many SUVs by 2018 as sports cars.[6]

Marine engines

L900 marine engine

Motori Marini Lamborghini produces a large V12 marine engine block for use in World Offshore Series Class 1 powerboats. A Lamborghini branded marine engine displaces approximately 8,171 cc (499 cu in) and outputs approximately 940 hp (700 kW).[7]

Lamborghini motorcycle

In the mid-1980s, Lamborghini produced a limited-production run of a 1,000 cc sports motorcycle. UK weekly newspaper Motor Cycle News reported in 1994 – when featuring an example available through an Essex motorcycle retailer – that 24 examples were produced with a Lamborghini alloy frame having adjustable steering head angle, Kawasaki GPz1000RX engine/transmission unit, Ceriani front forks and Marvic wheels. The bodywork was plastic and fully integrated with front fairing merged into fuel tank and seat cover ending in a rear tail-fairing. The motorcycles were designed by Lamborghini stylists and produced by French business Boxer Bikes.[8]

Branded merchandise

Lamborghini licenses its brand to manufacturers that produce a variety of Lamborghini-branded consumer goods including scale models, clothing, accessories, bags, electronics[9] and laptop computers.[10]

Motorsport

The Miura began as a clandestine prototype, a car that had racing pedigree in a company that was entirely against motorsport.

In contrast to his rival Enzo Ferrari, Ferruccio Lamborghini had decided early on that there would be no factory-supported racing of Lamborghinis, viewing motorsport as too expensive and too draining on company resources. This was unusual for the time, as many sports car manufacturers sought to demonstrate the speed, reliability, and technical superiority through motorsport participation. Enzo Ferrari in particular was known for considering his road car business mostly a source of funding for his participation in motor racing. Ferruccio's policy led to tensions between him and his engineers, many of whom were racing enthusiasts; some had previously worked at Ferrari. When Dallara, Stanzani, and Wallace began dedicating their spare time to the development of the P400 prototype, they designed it to be a road car with racing potential, one that could win on the track and also be driven on the road by enthusiasts.[11] When Ferruccio discovered the project, he allowed them to go ahead, seeing it as a potential marketing device for the company, while insisting that it would not be raced. The P400 went on to become the Miura. The closest the company came to building a true race car under Lamborghini's supervision were a few highly modified prototypes, including those built by factory test driver Bob Wallace, such as the Miura SV-based "Jota" and the Jarama S-based "Bob Wallace Special".

In the mid-1970s, while Lamborghini was under the management of Georges-Henri Rossetti, Lamborghini entered into an agreement with BMW to develop, then manufacture 400 cars for BMW in order to meet Group 4 homologation requirements. BMW lacked experience developing a mid-engined vehicle and believed that Lamborghini's experience in that area would make Lamborghini an ideal choice of partner. Due to Lamborghini's shaky finances, Lamborghini fell behind schedule developing the car's structure and running gear. When Lamborghini failed to deliver working prototypes on time, BMW took the program in house, finishing development without Lamborghini. BMW contracted with Baur to produce the car, which BMW named the M1, delivering the first vehicle in October 1978.[12][13]

The 1990 Lotus 102 featured a Lamborghini V12.

In 1985, Lamborghini's British importer developed the Countach QVX, in conjunction with Spice Engineering, for the 1986 Group C championship season. One car was built, but lack of sponsorship caused it to miss the season. The QVX competed in only one race, the non-championship 1986 Southern Suns 500 km race at Kyalami in South Africa, driven by Tiff Needell. Despite the car finishing better than it started, sponsorship could once again not be found and the programme was cancelled.[14]

Lamborghini was an engine supplier in Formula One for the 1989 through 1993 Formula One seasons. It supplied engines to Larrousse (1989–1990,1992–1993), Lotus (1990), Ligier (1991), Minardi (1992), and to the Modena team in 1991. While the latter is commonly referred to as a factory team, the company saw themselves as a supplier, not a backer. The 1992 Larrousse–Lamborghini was largely uncompetitive but noteworthy in its tendency to spew oil from its exhaust system. Cars following closely behind the Larrousse were commonly coloured yellowish-brown by the end of the race. Lamborghini's best result was achieved with Larrousse at the 1990 Japanese Grand Prix, when Aguri Suzuki finished third on home soil.[15]

In late 1991, a Lamborghini Formula One motor was used in the Konrad KM-011 Group C sports car, but the car only lasted a few races before the project was canceled. The same engine, re-badged a Chrysler, Lamborghini's then-parent company, was tested by McLaren towards the end of the 1993 season, with the intent of using it during the 1994 season. Although driver Ayrton Senna was reportedly impressed with the engine's performance, McLaren pulled out of negotiations, choosing a Peugeot engine instead, and Chrysler ended the project.

A Murcielago R-GT participating in the FIA GT Championship at Silverstone in 2006

Two racing versions of the Diablo were built for the Diablo Supertrophy, a single-model racing series held annually from 1996 to 1999. In the first year, the model used in the series was the Diablo SVR, while the Diablo 6.0 GTR was used for the remaining three years.[16][17] Lamborghini developed the Murciélago R-GT as a production racing car to compete in the FIA GT Championship, the Super GT Championship and the American Le Mans Series in 2004. The car's highest placing in any race that year was the opening round of the FIA GT Championship at Valencia, where the car entered by Reiter Engineering finished third from a fifth-place start.[18][19] In 2006, during the opening round of the Super GT championship at Suzuka, a car run by the Japan Lamborghini Owners Club garnered the first victory (in class) by an R-GT. A GT3 version of the Gallardo has been developed by Reiter Engineering.[20] A Murciélago R-GT entered by All-Inkl.com racing, driven by Christophe Bouchut and Stefan Mücke, won the opening round of the FIA GT Championship held at Zhuhai International Circuit, achieving the first major international race victory for Lamborghini.[21]

Complete Formula One results

(key) (results in bold indicate pole position)

Year Entrant Chassis Engine(s) Tyres Drivers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Points WCC
1989 Larrousse Calmels Lola LC88B
Lola LC89		 Lamborghini 3512 V12 G BRA SMR MON MEX USA CAN FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR ESP JPN AUS 1 15th
France Yannick Dalmas DNQ Ret DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ
France Éric Bernard 11 Ret
Italy Michele Alboreto Ret Ret Ret Ret 11 DNPQ DNQ DNPQ
France Philippe Alliot 12 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret DNPQ 16 Ret 9 6 Ret Ret
1990 ESPO Larrousse F1 Lola LC89B
Lola LC90		 Lamborghini 3512 V12 G USA BRA SMR MON CAN MEX FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR ESP JPN AUS 11 6th
France Éric Bernard 8 Ret 13 6 9 Ret 8 4 Ret 6 9 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret
Japan Aguri Suzuki Ret Ret Ret Ret 12 Ret 7 6 Ret Ret Ret Ret 14 6 3 Ret
Camel Team Lotus Lotus 102 Lamborghini V12 G
United Kingdom Derek Warwick Ret Ret 7 Ret 6 10 11 Ret 8 5 11 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 3 8th
United Kingdom Martin Donnelly DNS Ret 8 Ret Ret 8 12 Ret Ret 7 12 Ret Ret DNS
United Kingdom Johnny Herbert Ret Ret
1991 Equipe Ligier Gitanes Ligier JS35
Ligier JS35B		 Lamborghini 3512
V12		 G USA BRA SMR MON CAN MEX FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR ESP JPN AUS 0 NC
Belgium Thierry Boutsen Ret Ret 7 7 Ret 8 12 Ret 9 17 11 Ret 16 Ret 9 Ret
France Érik Comas DNQ Ret 10 10 8 DNQ 11 DNQ Ret 10 Ret 11 11 Ret Ret 18
Modena Team SpA Lambo 291 Lamborghini L3512 V12 G Italy Nicola Larini 7 DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ Ret 16 DNQ 16 DNQ DNQ DNQ Ret 0 NC
Belgium Eric van de Poele DNPQ DNPQ 9 DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ DNQ
1992 Central Park Venturi Larrousse Venturi LC92 Lamborghini 3512 V12 G RSA MEX BRA ESP SMR MON CAN FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR JPN AUS 1 11th
France Bertrand Gachot Ret 11 Ret Ret Ret 6 DSQ Ret Ret 14 Ret 18 Ret Ret Ret Ret
Japan Ukyo Katayama 12 12 9 DNQ Ret DNPQ Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 17 9 Ret 11 Ret
Minardi Team M191B
M191L
M192		 Lamborghini 3512 3.5 V12 G Brazil Christian Fittipaldi Ret Ret Ret 11 Ret 8 13 DNQ DNQ DNQ 12 6 9 1 12th
Italy Alessandro Zanardi DNQ Ret DNQ
Italy Gianni Morbidelli Ret Ret 7 Ret Ret Ret 11 8 17 12 DNQ 16 Ret 14 14 10
1993 Larrousse F1 Larrousse LH93 Lamborghini 3512 V12 G RSA BRA EUR SMR ESP MON CAN FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR JPN AUS 3 10th
France Philippe Alliot Ret 7 Ret 5 Ret 12 Ret 9 11 12 8 12 9 10
Japan Toshio Suzuki 12 14
France Érik Comas Ret 10 9 Ret 9 Ret 8 16 Ret Ret Ret Ret 6 11 Ret 12

Marketing

Brand identity

The Lamborghini wordmark, as displayed on the back of its cars

The world of bullfighting is a key part of Lamborghini's identity.[22][23][24] In 1962, Ferruccio Lamborghini visited the Seville ranch of Don Eduardo Miura, a renowned breeder of Spanish fighting bulls. Lamborghini, a Taurus himself, was so impressed by the majestic Miura animals that he decided to adopt a raging bull as the emblem for the automaker he would open shortly.[25]

Vehicle nomenclature

After producing two cars with alphanumeric designations, Lamborghini once again turned to the bull breeder for inspiration. Don Eduardo was filled with pride when he learned that Ferruccio had named a car for his family and their line of bulls; the fourth Miura to be produced was unveiled to him at his ranch in Seville.[25][26]

The automaker would continue to draw upon the bullfighting connection in future years. The Islero was named for the Miura bull that killed the famed bullfighter Manolete in 1947. Espada is the Spanish word for sword, sometimes used to refer to the bullfighter himself. The Jarama's name carried a special double meaning; though it was intended to refer only to the historic bullfighting region in Spain, Ferruccio was concerned about confusion with the also historic Jarama motor racing track.[27]

The Diablo (background) was named for a legendary bull, while the Countach (foreground) broke from the bullfighting tradition.

After christening the Urraco after a bull breed, in 1974, Lamborghini broke from tradition, naming the Countach not for a bull,[28] but for contacc (pronounced [kunˈtɑtʃ]), a Piedmontese expletive.[28] Legend has it that stylist Nuccio Bertone uttered the word in surprise when he first saw the Countach prototype, "Project 112".[29] The LM002 (LM for Lamborghini Militaire) sport utility vehicle and the Silhouette (named after the popular racing category of the time) were other exceptions to the tradition.

The Jalpa of 1982 was named for a bull breed; Diablo, for the Duke of Veragua's ferocious bull famous for fighting an epic battle against El Chicorro in Madrid in 1869;[30][31][32] Murciélago, the legendary bull whose life was spared by El Lagartijo for his performance in 1879; Gallardo, named for one of the five ancestral castes of the Spanish fighting bull breed;[33] and Reventón, the bull that defeated young Mexican torero Félix Guzmán in 1943. The Estoque concept of 2008 was named for the estoc, the sword traditionally used by matadors during bullfights.[34]

Concept vehicles

The Concept S, a Gallardo derivative

Throughout its history, Lamborghini has envisioned and presented a variety of concept cars, beginning in 1963 with the very first Lamborghini prototype, the 350GTV. Other famous models include Bertone's 1967 Marzal, 1974 Bravo, and 1980 Athon, Chrysler's 1987 Portofino, the Italdesign-styled Cala from 1995, the Zagato-built Raptor from 1996.

A retro-styled Lamborghini Miura concept car, the first creation of chief designer Walter de'Silva, was presented in 2006. President and CEO Stephan Winkelmann denied that the concept would be put into production, saying that the Miura concept was "a celebration of our history, but Lamborghini is about the future. Retro design is not what we are here for. So we won’t do the [new] Miura.”[35]

At the 2008 Paris Motor Show, Lamborghini revealed the Estoque, a four-door sedan concept. Although there had been much speculation regarding the Estoque's eventual production,[36][37] Lamborghini management has not made a decision regarding production of what might be the first four-door car to roll out of the Sant'Agata factory.[38]

The Estoque, a 2008 sedan concept

At the 2010 Paris Motor Show, Lamborghini unveiled the Sesto Elemento. The concept car is made almost entirely of carbon fibre making it extremely light, weighing only 999 kg. The Sesto Elemento shares the same V10 engine found in the Lamborghini Gallardo. Lamborghini hopes to signal a shift in the company's direction from making super cars focused on top speed to producing more agile, track focused cars with the Sesto Elemento. The concept car can reach 0–62 in 2.5 seconds and can reach a top speed of over 180 mph.[39]

At the 2012 Geneva Motor Show, Lamborghini unveiled the Aventador J – a roofless, windowless version of the Lamborghini Aventador. The Aventador J uses the same 700 hp engine and seven-speed transmission as the standard Aventador.[40]

At the 2012 Beijing Motor Show, Lamborghini unveiled the Urus SUV. This is the first SUV built by Lamborghini since the LM002.

As part of the celebration of 50 years of Lamborghini, the company created the Egoista. Egoista is for one person's driving and only one Egoista is to be made.[41]

At the 2014 Paris Motor Show, Lamborghini unveiled the Asterion LPI910-4 hybrid concept car. Named after the half-man, half-bull hybrid (Minotaur) of Greek legend, it is the first hybrid Lamborghini in the history of the company ("Asterion" was the traditional proper name of another hybrid – namely, . Utilizing the Huracán's 5.2 litre V10 producing 607 horsepower, along with one electric motor mounted on the transaxle and an additional two on the front axle, developing an additional 300 horsepower. This puts the power at a combined figure of 907 horsepower. The 0–100 km/h time is claimed to be just above three seconds, with a claimed top speed of 185 mph.[42]

Corporate affairs

Structure

As of 2011, Lamborghini is structured as a wholly owned subsidiary of AUDI AG named Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.[Notes 1][43]

Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. controls five principal subsidiaries: Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A., a manufacturer of motorcycles; Italdesign Giugiaro S.p.A., a 90.1%-owned design and prototyping firm that provides services to the entire Volkswagen Group; MML S.p.A. (Motori Marini Lamborghini), a manufacturer of marine engine blocks; and Volkswagen Group Italia S.p.A. (formerly Autogerma S.p.A.), which sells Audi and other Volkswagen Group vehicles in Italy.[43][44]

Sales results

Lamborghini Gallardo coupe (Japan)

By sales, the most important markets in 2004 for Lamborghini's sports cars were the U.S. (41%), Germany (13%), Great Britain (9%) and Japan (8%). Prior to the launch of the Gallardo in 2003, Lamborghini produced approximately 400 vehicles per year; in 2011 Lamborghini produced 1,711 vehicles.[45]

Year Units sold
500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500
Ferruccio Lamborghini (1963–1972)
1968[46] 353  
Georges-Henri Rossetti and René Leimer (1972–1977)
Receivership (1977–1984)
Patrick Mimran (1984–1987)
Chrysler Corporation (1987–1994)
1991[47] 673  
1992[47] 166  
1993[47] 215  
MegaTech (1994–1995)
V'Power and Mycom Sedtco (1995–1998)
1996[48] 211  
1997[47] 209  
Audi AG (1999–)
1999[49] 265  
2000[50] 296  
2001[51] 297  
2002[52] 424  
2003[53] 1,305  
2004[53] 1,592  
2005[54] 1,600  
2006[55] 2,087  
2007[56] 2,406  
2008[57] 2,430  
2009[58] 1,515  
2010[59] 1,302  
2011[60] 1,602  
2012[61] 2,083  
2013[62] 2,121  
2014[63] 2,530  
2015[64] 3,245  

Licensing

Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica

Lamborghini Prototype (exterior) by Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica

Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica S.A. de C.V. (Lamborghini Automobiles of Latin America Public Limited Company) is an authorized distributor and manufacturer of Lamborghini-branded vehicles and merchandise in Latin America and South America.[65]

Lamborghini Prototype (interior) by Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica

In 1995, Indonesian corporation MegaTech, Lamborghini's owner at the time, entered into distribution and license agreements with Mexican businessman Jorge Antonio Fernandez Garcia. The agreements give Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica S.A. de C.V. the exclusive distributorship of Lamborghini vehicles and branded merchandise in Latin America and South America. Under the agreements, Automóviles Lamborghini is also allowed to manufacture Lamborghini vehicles and market them worldwide under the Lamborghini brand.[65]

Automóviles Lamborghini has produced two rebodied versions of the Diablo called the Eros and the Coatl. In 2015, Automóviles Lamborghini transferred the IP-rights to the Coatl foundation (chamber of commerce no. 63393700) in The Netherlands in order to secure these rights and to make them more marketable.[66] The company has announced the production of a speedboat called the Lamborghini Glamour.[67]

Museo Lamborghini

Museo Lamborghini

This two story museum is attached to the headquarters, and covers the history of Lamborghini cars and sport utility vehicles, showcasing a variety of modern and vintage models. The museum uses displays of cars, engines and photos to provide a history and review important milestones of Lamborghini.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ According to AUDI AG's 2011 Annual Financial Report, on 1 July 2011, Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A., Lamborghini AntiMarca S.p.A. and STAR Design S.R.L. were merged into Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., which was renamed Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. (S.p.A. stands for Società per Azioni, the Italian designation for a joint stock company. S.R.L. stands for Società a Responsabilità Limitata, the Italian designation for a private limited company).

Citations

  1. 1 2 Volkswagen AG 2012, p. 151.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "2015 Annual Financial Report" (PDF). Audi.
  3. ↑ "New Lamborghini Cars". Yahoo Autos. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  4. ↑ "2013 Lamborghini Aventador". Yahoo Autos. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  5. ↑ "Huracán LP 580-2". Lamborghini. Retrieved 2016-07-07.
  6. ↑ "Lamborghini sees worldwide sales doubling by 2019 after SUV launch". Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  7. ↑ "Introducing the Class 1 Championship — The Engines".
  8. ↑ Motor Cycle News 23 March 1994 p.5 Car-vaceous Lamborghini up for sale. Accessed and added 7 October 2014
  9. ↑ "Terms and Conditions". Lamborghini Store. EPI srl. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012. EPI srl is an official licensee of Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.
  10. ↑ ASUS-Automobili Lamborghini VX7SX
  11. ↑ Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 29.
  12. ↑ Lewin 2004, pp. 119–120.
  13. ↑ Mitchel 2005, p. 219.
  14. ↑ "Lamborghini QVX Car Guide". Qv500.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  15. ↑ Alan Henry (12 June 2004). "Sato shapes as the rising son". The Guardian.
  16. ↑ "Lamborghini Diablo SVR". Qv500.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  17. ↑ "Lamborghini Diablo 6.0 GTR Car Guide". Qv500.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  18. ↑ "Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT Car Guide". Qv500.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  19. ↑ "Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT 2004 Season". Qv500.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  20. ↑ "Lamborghini Gallardo GT3 Car Guide". Qv500.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  21. ↑ "FIA GT Championship Results: 2007 Round 1 – Zhuhai". Fiagt.com. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  22. ↑ Cockerham, Paul W. Lamborghini: the spirit of the bull Tiger Books, 1997
  23. ↑ Schleifer, Jay. Lamborghini: Italy's raging bull Crestwood House, 1993
  24. ↑ Lieberman, Jonny (12 September 2007). "The Baddest Bull: Lamborghini Miura Vs Countach Vs Murcielago LP640". Jalopnik. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  25. 1 2 Sackey 2008, p. 15.
  26. ↑ Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 31.
  27. ↑ Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 43.
  28. 1 2 "Countach LP500". Lamborghiniregistry.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2004. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  29. ↑ Lawrence 1996, p. 183.
  30. ↑ Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 90.
  31. ↑ Mark Smeyers (2006). "Diablo" (PDF). lambocars.com. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
  32. ↑ "Lamborghini Diablo 6.0VT". Classicandperformancecar.com. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
  33. ↑ "Gallardo – The Name". Lamborghiniregistry.com. 22 November 2003. Archived from the original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  34. ↑ Stahl, Andreas (1 October 2008). "Edmunds Inside Line – Lamborghini Estoque Concept First Look". Edmunds. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009.
  35. ↑ "Lambo plans: Espada, Miura out, SUV in". AutoWeek. 19 October 2006.
  36. ↑ "Secret new Lambo revealed". Top Gear. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  37. ↑ "Edmunds Inside Line – The Radical Lamborghini Sedan From the Paris Auto Show". Edmunds.com. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  38. ↑ "Edmunds Inside Line – IL Exclusive: No Green Light – Yet – for Lamborghini Estoque". Edmunds.com. 23 March 2009. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  39. ↑ "Paris 2010: Lamborghini Sesto Elemento". Top Gear. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  40. ↑ "Lamborghini Aventador J Blends Exotic, Superbike". Automoblog.net. 6 March 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  41. ↑ "Lamborghini Egoista Concept". thecarwallpapers.com. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  42. ↑ Barlow, Jason (1 October 2014). "It's the 907bhp Lambo Asterion Hybrid". topgear.com. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  43. 1 2 AUDI AG 2011a, p. 62.
  44. ↑ AUDI AG 2012a, p. 24.
  45. ↑ AUDI AG 2012, p. 152.
  46. ↑ Jolliffe & Willard 2004, p. 40.
  47. 1 2 3 4 "Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A. Company History". Retrieved 13 August 2009.
  48. ↑ "Lamborghini Reports Record Figures". carpages.co.uk. 21 February 2004. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012. In 1996, Automobili Lamborghini sold a total of 211 cars worldwide.
  49. ↑ Volkswagen AG 2000, p. 50.
  50. ↑ Volkswagen AG 2001, p. 23.
  51. ↑ Volkswagen AG 2002, p. 24.
  52. ↑ Audi AG 2003, p. 3.
  53. 1 2 Audi AG 2004, p. 5.
  54. ↑ Audi AG 2006, p. 3.
  55. ↑ Audi AG 2007, p. 4.
  56. ↑ Audi AG 2008, p. 4.
  57. ↑ Audi AG 2009, p. 4.
  58. ↑ Audi AG 2010, p. 4.
  59. ↑ Audi AG 2011, p. 151.
  60. ↑ Audi AG 2012, p. 154.
  61. ↑ "fy2012".
  62. ↑ "Lamborghini increases worldwide sales for the third year in a row to 2,121 cars delivered to customers". Volkswagen AG. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  63. ↑ "Record Year for Automobili Lamborghini: Deliveries increased to 2,530 units in 2014". Lamborghini. 12 January 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  64. ↑ "Record Year for Automobili Lamborghini: Deliveries increased to 2,530 units in 2014". Lamborghini. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  65. 1 2 Automóviles Lamborghini Latinoamérica S.A. de C.V 1995.
  66. ↑ "Sitio Oficial". Lamborghini Latinoamerica. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
  67. ↑ "Sitio Oficial". Lamborghini Latinoamerica. Retrieved 2017-03-03.

References

Corporate documents

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.