Body-on-frame

Body-on-frame is an automobile construction method by which a separate body is mounted on a relatively rigid frame or chassis that carries the engine and drivetrain. It was the original method of building automobiles and continues to this day. In the late 19th century frames might be made of wood reinforced by steel flitch plates but in the early 20th century steel ladder frames or chassis rapidly became standard.

Mass production of all-metal bodies began with the Budd Company and the Dodge Brothers but prior to that bodies, like those of the carriages they replaced, were made of metal panels fastened to wooden (commonly ash) (body)-frames.

Mass production of all-metal bodies became general in the 1920s but Europe, with exceptions, followed almost a decade later. Europe's custom-made or "coachbuilt" cars usually contained some wood framing or used aluminium alloy castings.

Unibody designs where panels within the body supported the car on its suspension were developed by European manufacturers in the late 1920s with Budd USA (which had a number of large factories in Europe) and its technical knowhow but not in USA until the 1950s and generally later. Because of the high cost of designing and developing these structures and the high cost of specialised machinery to make the large pressings required by this style of construction it is not used by low-volume manufacturers who might construct an equivalent by welding steel tube to form a suitable space frame.

Today some new vehicles still have a separate chassis, most commonly pickup trucks and their relatively low volume variants like SUVs.

A ladder frame

A Model T chassis ready for its body

All steel chassis and all steel body
Body by Edward G Budd Manufacturing Company of Philadelphia for John and Horace Dodge^[1]

The BMW i3 electric car is one of the rare modern cars with a separate body and frame design (2013).

2007 Toyota Tundra chassis holding the vehicle's engine, drivetrain, suspension and wheels.

History

The Ford Model T carried the tradition of body-on-frame over from horse-drawn buggies, helping to facilitate high volume manufacturing on a moving assembly line.^[2] In the USA the frequent changes in automotive design made it necessary to use a ladder frame rather than unibody construction to make it possible to change the design without having to change the chassis, allowing frequent changes and improvements to the car's bodywork and interior (where they were most noticeable to customers) while leaving the chassis and driveline unchanged, and thus keeping costs down and design times short. It was also easy to use the same chassis and driveline for several very different cars. Especially in the days before computer-aided design, this was a big advantage.^[3]

Most small passenger vehicles switched to unibody construction by the end of the 1930s. The trend had started with cars like the Citroen Traction Avant (1934) and Opel Olympia (a General Motors design) introduced in 1935. Trucks, bus manufacturers and large low volume cars or those made in USA continued to use separate bodies on "conventional" frames. Body-on-frame remains the preferred construction method for heavy-duty commercial vehicles (especially those intended to carry or pull heavy loads, such as trucks and some sport utility vehicles (SUVs)) but as production volumes rise increasing numbers of SUVs and crossover SUVs are switching to unibody frames. Mass-market manufacturers Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are abandoning true body-on-frame SUVs, opting, when sales volume permits, for more efficient unibody construction.^[4] Toyota currently manufactures the most body-on-frame SUVs with the 4Runner, FJ Cruiser, Land Cruiser, Sequoia, Lexus GX and LX followed by Nissan with the Armada, Patrol, Xterra and Infiniti QX56/80.^[5] The Ford Panther platform, which was discontinued in 2011, was the last series of traditional passenger cars to be built in this manner.

One variant used by Chevrolet for its Corvette incorporates the inner skeleton to the frame.

An intermediate to full monocoque construction was the 'semi-monocoque' used by the Volkswagen Beetle and Renault 4. These used a lightweight separate chassis made from pressed sheet steel panels forming a 'platform chassis', to give the benefits of a traditional chassis, but with lower weight and greater stiffness. Both of these chassis were used for several different models. The mid-1930s designed Volkswagen made use of the bodyshell for structural strength as well as the chassis — hence 'semi-monocoque'. Traditionally chassis had "compliance", they were designed to allow some twisting. As suspensions improved they could not perform correctly unless supporting a rigid structure like that intended to be provided by unibody or monocoque construction.

The Lincoln Town Car once dominated the American limousine market because it was the last American luxury car made on the body-on-frame system and it was easily lengthened for livery work. With the Town Car discontinued since 2011, the de facto replacement is the Lincoln Navigator SUV.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages

• Easier to design, build and modify. (partly due to today's computer-aided design(CAD) for coach-built vehicles in particular.
• Less noise whilst travelling, because the groans squeaks and rattles normally associated with bodywork movement due to stresses and strains are not heard so much, and road noise from tyres is more 'distant', all due to the bodywork being isolated from the chassis by rubber pads around the attachment bolts, or by suspending the body on the chassis.
• Easier to repair after accidents. This is crucial for first responders (police, fire, EMS) and anyone who needs their vehicle to earn a living. Damaged bolt-on wings, bumpers etc: can be replaced easily, and in the case of a 'working vehicle' they can be returned to earning status almost immediately. A monocoque (one piece) vehicle shell would need specialist repairs, which could mean long delays till the vehicle is 'useable' again.
• Bodywork which is detachable from the chassis can allow easier quicker repairs. Restoring a vehicle to road-going condition can be contracted-out to more than one repair shop, meaning no long 'down-times'.
• Can allow more torsional flexing before yielding (trucks, truck-base SUVs, off roading) ^[6]
• Vehicles mounted HIGH on a separate chassis are less likely to suffer damage from rust caused by dampness, mud, stones, road grit, water, snow, and other more serious damage like the transmission or engine oil sump damage often caused by rocks.

Austin A40 Sports, ca 1951. The aluminium on ash bodies were built under contract by Jensen Motors (of West Bromwich) and transported to Austin's Longbridge plant for final assembly.^[7]

Disadvantages

• The complete vehicle will often be heavier than a monocoque shell, which in turn means performance figures will be low and fuel consumption will be high.
• Being higher than a one-piece monocoque shell means they often can't be driven quickly on the roads. (Custom chassis' can be constructed using a more lightweight material, but is often very expensive).
• Less resistance to torsional flexing (flexing of the whole vehicle during cornering.) can compromise the handling and road grip.
• Many "Body on chassis" vehicles have no 'inbuilt'crumple zones like one-piece monocoque vehicles, meaning there's can be a higher chance of injury in a bad accident when the vehicle stops instantly without the impact being absorbed .. (These chassis'are often built so solidly they sustain little or no damage in accidents).

Examples

The following is a list of production cars, SUVs, and light-duty pickup trucks available in the United States that currently have a body-on-frame construction.

See also

• Vehicle frame
• Coachwork
• Spaceframe
• Subframe
• Superleggera
• Backbone chassis
• Exoskeleton car

References

External links

• Ford assembly line featuring body-on-frame car (historic)