LGBT rights in the Post-Soviet states
LGBT rights in the former Soviet Union | |
---|---|
Former Soviet Union | |
Same-sex sexual activity legal? | Legal (illegal for males in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) |
Gender identity/expression | Legal in Estonia |
Military service | Legal in Armenia (varies), Belarus (varies), Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine (varies) |
Discrimination protections | Legal in Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova and Ukraine |
Family rights | |
Recognition of relationships | No (excluding Estonia) |
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in the former Soviet Union face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Since 1 January 2016, in Estonia, same-sex couples have recognition called a cohabitation agreement that gives the same legal protections available to opposite-sex couples (with the exemption of marriage and Joint adoption).
Summary table
LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity | Recognition of same-sex unions | Same-sex marriage | Adoption by same-sex couples | LGB allowed to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Russia | Male legal since 1993 Female always legal[1][2] |
(Constitutional ban proposed)[3] | (Requires sterilisation for change[4]) | ||||
Ukraine | Legal since 1991 + UN decl. sign.[2] |
Constitutionally banned since 1996[5] | LGBT individuals may adopt.[6] | / Policies depend on the regional commissioners.[7] | Bans some anti-gay discrimination[8] | (Requires sterilisation for change[4]) | |
Belarus | Legal since 1994[2] | Constitutionally banned since 1994 [9] | / Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able.[10] | LGBT activism/expression deemed terrorism[11] | |||
Uzbekistan | Male illegal Penalty: up to 3-year prison sentence Female always legal[2] |
||||||
Kazakhstan | Legal since 1998[2] | [12] | [13] | ||||
Georgia | Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[2] |
(Constitutional ban proposed)[14][15] | Bans all anti-gay discrimination[16] | (Requires sterilisation for change[4]) | |||
Azerbaijan | Legal since 2000[2] | [17] | (Requires sterilisation for change[4]) | ||||
Lithuania | Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign.[2] |
(Pending)[18] | Constitutionally banned since 1992[19] | Only married couples can adopt.[20] | Bans all anti-gay discriminationnn[21][22] | Gender change is legal since 2003.[23] | |
Moldova | Legal since 1995 + UN decl. sign.[2] |
Constitutionally banned since 1994[24] | Bans some anti-gay discrimination [21] | (Requires sterilisation for change[4]) | |||
Latvia | Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.[2] |
Constitutionally banned since 2006[25] | LGBT individuals may adopt.[26] | Bans some anti-gay discrimination[21] | Documents are amended accordingly, no medical intervention required.[27] | ||
Kyrgyzstan | Legal since 1998[2] | [13] | |||||
Tajikistan | Legal since 1998[2] | [13] | |||||
Armenia | Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign.[2] |
Constitutionally banned since 2015[28][29] | / No explicit ban. However, LGBT persons have been reportedly discharged because of their sexual orientation.[30] | ||||
Turkmenistan | Male illegal Penalty: up to 2-year prison sentence Female always legal[2] |
||||||
Estonia | Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.[2] |
Cohabitation agreement since 2016[31] | / Marriage performed abroad recognised since 2016[32] | / Step-child adoption since 2016. Couples where both partners are infertile may also jointly adopt non-biological children since 2016 | Bans all anti-gay discrimination[21] | Gender reassignment legal.[4] |
See also
References
- ↑ "Russian Gay History". middlebury.edu.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
- ↑ "Campaign started to declare gay marriage unconstitutional". RT. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Trans Rights Europe Map, 2016.
- ↑ Legal Report: Ukraine, COWI (2010)
- ↑ https://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/ukraine.html
- ↑ http://fortruss.blogspot.ch/2015/06/ukrainian-military-to-issue-draft.html
- ↑ http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-politics/1912891-ukraines-parliament-passes-anti-discrimination-law.html
- ↑ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL-M. "Belarus - Constitution". Servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
- ↑ "Belarus: Attitude towards homosexuals and lesbians in Belarus; state protection available to non-heterosexuals in Belarus with special attention to Minsk (2000-2005)". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 17 January 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
- ↑ "Comment: With all eyes on anti-gay Russia, there are three countries with a shocking need for coverage". pinknews.co.uk.
- ↑ "Kazakhstan Says No to Gays in Military". Eurasianet. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- 1 2 3 Masci, David (February 11, 2014). "Gay rights in Russia and the former Soviet republics". Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
- ↑ "Govt Offers Setting Constitutional Bar to Same-Sex Marriage". Civil.ge. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- ↑ "Georgia to Consider a Ban on Same-Sex Marriage". Eurasianet.org. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- ↑ "სსიპ ”საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე”". სსიპ ”საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე”.
- ↑ "File:Lgbt azerbaijan.jpg". wikimedia.org.
- ↑ Čachovskis, K. (March 25, 2015). "9 MPs register bill on same-sex partnership". DELFI. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
- ↑ "CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA".
- ↑ https://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/lithuania.html
- 1 2 3 4 "ILGA-Europe" (PDF). ilga-europe.org.
- ↑ (in Croatian)"Zakon o suzbijanju diskriminacije". Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 21 July 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- ↑ (in Lithuanian) Lietuvos Respublikos Civilinis kodeksas (Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania
- ↑ "The Constitution of Moldova" (PDF). The Government of Moldova. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- ↑ "President Signs Anti-Gay Constitutional Amendment". UK Gay News. December 21, 2005. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
- ↑ https://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/latvia.html
- ↑ (in Latvian) Cik viegli pārvērsties no Ievas par Ādamu?
- ↑ Referendum in Armenia brings constitutional reforms
- ↑ Armenia Central Electoral Commission announces constitutional referendum final results
- ↑ "Armenia: Gays live with threats of violence, abuse". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ↑ (in Estonian) "Kooseluseadus". Riigikogu. 9 October 2014.
- ↑
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