LGBT rights in Tasmania

LGBT rights in Tasmania

Same-sex sexual activity legal? Always legal for women; legal for men since 1997
Gender identity/expression Change of sex marker on birth certificate requires divorce if married and sexual reassignment surgery
Discrimination protections Yes, since 1999 under state law and since 2013 under federal law
Family rights
Recognition of
relationships		 Registered relationships since 2003; same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions recognised since 2010
Restrictions:
 Same-sex marriage prohibited under federal law since 2004; see History of same-sex marriage in Australia
Adoption Full LGBT adoption rights since 2013

The Australian state of Tasmania has a transformative history with respect to the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people. Initially dubbed "Bigots Island" by international media due to intense social and political hostility to LGBT rights up until the late 1990s,[1] the state has subsequently been recognised for LGBT law reforms that have been described by activists such as Rodney Croome as among the most extensive and noteworthy in the world.[2][3] Tasmania imposed the harshest penalties in the Western world for homosexual activity until 1997, when it was the last Australian jurisdiction to decriminalise homosexuality after a United Nations Human Rights Committee ruling, the passage of federal sexual privacy legislation and a High Court challenge to the state's anti-homosexuality laws.[4] Following decriminalisation, social and political attitudes in the state rapidly shifted in favour of LGBT rights ahead of national trends with strong anti-LGBT discrimination laws introduced in 1999[5] and Tasmania becoming the first Australian state to introduce a relationship registration scheme to include same-sex couples in 2003.[1][4]

Laws regarding sexual activity

History

Criminalisation and persecution

Sodomy was originally outlawed throughout the island from the time of British settlement. The law was retained post federation as in all other Australian jurisdictions. Tasmania was the last British Empire outpost to carry out the death penalty for sodomy in 1867.[4] In the subsequent hundred years Tasmania had the highest rate of imprisonment for private consenting male sex anywhere in the world.[6] In the late 1980s Premier Robin Gray stated that homosexuals were unwelcome in Tasmania and police recorded the vehicle registration plates of people attending gay community meetings.[5] A gay rights stall set up in Salamanca Market in 1988 was repeatedly shut down by Hobart City Council with organisers arrested by police.[3][4] By the early 1990s the state had the harshest penalty for gay sex in the Western world at 21 years imprisonment.[4] During the 1980s and early 1990s six attempts at decriminalisation were emphatically rejected by the Tasmanian Legislative Council,[3] with politician Robert Archer calling for homosexuals to be "tracked down and wiped out" by police.[4] Social and political opinion remained sharply against LGBT rights until the late 1990s.[5] Many LGBTI Tasmanians responded to the hostile sentiment by either relocating to the mainland Australian cities of Sydney or Melbourne, living in the closet or committing suicide.[4]

UNHRC complaint and federal response

The Tasmanian Parliament's repeated refusal to pass laws decriminalising private same-sex sexual acts[7] resulted in local resident Nicholas Toonen bringing a human rights complaint to the United Nations Human Rights Committee, which ruled in Toonen's favour. The Committee noted that "the criminalisation of homosexual practices cannot be considered a reasonable means or proportionate measure to achieve the aim of preventing the spread of AIDS/HIV," further noting that "The Australian Government observes that statutes criminalising homosexual activity tend to impede public health programmes by driving underground many of the people at the risk of infection."[8] Gay activists and Amnesty International also mounted a campaign in favour of reform including demonstrations in the state and elsewhere, holding meetings between LGBTI Tasmanians and community groups across the state and gay men self-reporting their then-illegal consensual activities to police to illustrate that the laws were unenforceable, given that police would not prosecute them on the basis that it was not in the public interest.[4][5]

Although the UNHRC decision effectively called on the federal Keating Government to overturn Tasmania's anti-homosexuality laws, Keating and his Attorney-General Michael Lavarch were initially slow to act, considering it a low-priority issue.[9] The continued criminalisation led to a petition signed by 12,000 people and a "Buy Right" boycott campaign targeting Tasmanian tourism and produce until the laws were repealed.[9][10]

Four months after the UNHRC decision and after failing to persuade the Tasmanian Government to repeal the offending laws, the Keating Government passed the Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994, with section 4 legalising sexual activity between consenting adults throughout Australia and prohibiting any laws that arbitrarily interfere with the sexual conduct of adults in private.[11] Lavarch stated the Tasmanian law was "an obnoxious criminal provision which doesn't exist anywhere else in Australia and is inconsistent with Australia's human-rights obligations".[10]

The Catholic Right members of the Australian Labor Party initially opposed the federal legislation but ultimately agreed to support its passage, while the issue split the opposition Coalition, with many members exercising their conscience vote against it and replacing their relatively progressive leader Alexander Downer with the more conservative John Howard.[9] This law did not directly invalidate the Tasmanian law, as the Keating Government preferred to avoid a challenge from conservative states about states rights and instead rely on the High Court to indirectly overturn the Tasmanian law.[12] This approach was criticised by activists and academics for abdicating the political responsibility of legislators for an uncomfortable issue to the courts.[12]

High Court case and decriminalisation

On 14 November 1995, Nick Toonen and his then-partner Rodney Croome applied to the High Court of Australia for a ruling that Tasmania's anti-gay laws were constitutionally overriden by the Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994 and therefore invalid.[4] [12] The case was taken by Alan Goldberg QC, who provided his services pro bono after Croome and Toonen were denied legal aid to mount the case despite fulfilling the criteria for funding as a public interest test case.[12]

In 1996 the state Liberal Party Government of Tony Rundle changed its position on gay law reform from opposition to allowing a conscience vote after failing in its attempts to have the High Court matter struck out and amid growing local support for reform.[13][14] The Tasmanian Greens under Christine Milne then began to push vigorously for law reform.[14]

As a result of these changes, on 1 May 1997 Tasmania became the final Australian jurisdiction to repeal its anti-homosexuality laws, passing the Tasmanian Legislative Council by one vote.[15][4][14] The age of consent in Tasmania is 17 years and is equal for all forms of sexual activity.[16]

Expungement scheme legislation

In December 2015, the Tasmanian Liberal Government announced it would introduce legislation in the Tasmanian Parliament which would expunge historic criminal records for consensual homosexual sexual activity.[17] This announcement followed a report released by the Tasmanian Anti-Discrimination Commissioner in April 2015 which recommended the establishment of such a scheme and how it should be modelled.[18] Individuals charged with offences pertaining to homosexual sexual conduct prior to its decriminalisation in 1997 will be able to submit an application with the state's Secretary of the Department of Justice to have such charges removed from their criminal records.[17] If passed by the Parliament, Tasmania would join four other Australian states and territories (New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory) in creating such an expungement scheme. A draft bill was released by the Department of Justice in June 2016.[19]

On 6 April 2017 the Expungement of Historical Offences Bill 2017 was introduced into the Tasmanian House of Assembly by the acting Attorney-General.[20] The bill allows those who have been convicted of homosexual sexual offences (prior to its decriminalisation in Tasmania in 1997) and cross-dressing (which was an offence under the Police Offences Act 1935, until being repealed in 2001) to apply to the Secretary for the Department of Justice, or have a person apply on their behalf if deceased, to have their conviction expunged.[21][22][23] The bill was debated in the Assembly on 13 April[24] and 2 May 2017,[25] passing the Assembly on the latter date.[20] It proceeded to the mostly independent Legislative Council for considation, where a first reading was held on 19 May 2017.[20]

Parliamentary apology for historical sexual offences

On 13 April 2017, the Tasmanian Government, represented by Liberal Party leader and Premier Will Hodgman, issued an official parliamentary apology to members of the LGBT community in Tasmania who had been historically affected by laws which criminalised homosexuality in the state until 1997. Hodgman stated that "it is [the government's] view that the broader Tasmanian community would believe that people should never have been charged or convicted in the first place, even if it was thought at the time it was the right thing to do, it was not".[26] Labor Party leader and Leader of the Opposition Rebecca White also issued an official apology, saying an apology was "long overdue" for the "terrible injustice done as a result of these laws". Cassy O'Connor, leader of the Greens, asked the LGBTI Tasmanian community "to forgive us for not holding you in our arms".[26][27]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Tasmania's Relationships Act 2003 provides for registration and recognition of a type of registered partnership in two distinct categories: Significant Relationships and Caring Relationships. The same Act also amended 73 pieces of legislation to provide registered partners with nearly all of the rights offered to married couples within the state. Furthermore, since July 2009, these relationships are recognised at federal level, providing couples with almost all of the federal rights and benefits of marriage. The legislation came into effect on 1 January 2004. In September 2010, the Parliament of Tasmania approved legislation to recognise same-sex unions performed outside Tasmania as significant relationships.[28][29][30][31]

Significant and caring relationships

Both same-sex and opposite-sex couples can register a Significant Relationship if both are unrelated, unmarried adults living in Tasmania. Tasmania introduced the scheme in 2003, becoming the first state in Australia to establish a relationship registration scheme that was open to all couples.[1]

Likewise, two adults residing in Tasmania, related or not, can register a Caring Relationship if one provides the other with domestic support and personal care. The parties cannot be married to each other, cannot be in an existing significant or caring relationship, and neither can be receiving payment for the care of the other either from employment or government departments.

Both types of relationships provide identical rights in the following areas:[32][33]

Couples entering into a significant or caring relationship sign a Deed of Relationship document. This is registered with the Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages. The registry then issues a certificate of registration, which is evidence of a personal relationship (significant or caring). Consequently the relationship will be legally recognised without having to satisfy any other criteria to prove its existence.[34] Upon entering into a Deed of Relationship, couples are allowed to have a state-sanctioned ceremony to celebrate their union.[35]

Recognition from other jurisdictions

Since being elected in 2007, the then current Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, had been encouraging all states to create relationship registers identical to Tasmania's model in order to create nationwide uniformity and consistent rights, while at the same time not supporting anything that appears too similar to marriage. The Australian Commonwealth Government also recognises a Tasmanian registered partnership as a "de facto relationship" under federal law. De facto couples, whether same-sex or opposite-sex, have been entitled to nearly all of the federal rights of marriage since 1 July 2009.

In September 2010, the Tasmanian parliament passed legislation to recognise out-of-state same-sex unions as a significant relationships.[28][29][30][31] In November 2014, New South Wales became the second state in Australia (after Tasmania) to recognise international same-sex marriages within the NSW relationship register.[36]

Attempts at legalising same-sex marriage

In August 2012 Tasmanian premier Lara Giddings announced that Tasmania would pass new laws allowing same-sex couples to marry.[37] However, although the same-sex marriage bill passed 13-11 in the lower house, the Legislative Council rejected the bill 6-8 on 27 September 2012.[38] In December 2013, the Australian Capital Territory's Same Sex Marriage legislation was declared unconstitutional by the High Court of Australia due to inconsistency with the federal Marriage Act 1961. This may mean that the state parliaments do not have the legal capacity to legislate for same-sex marriage even if they wanted to.[39] In November 2015, the lower house of Parliament passed a mostly bipartisan motion calling on the federal parliament to legalise same-sex marriage nationwide.[40]

Marriage equality motion conscience vote

On November 19, 2015, the lower house of the Parliament of Tasmania, passed a motion by a vote of 15-9, calling on the federal government, to pass the Marriage Equality Bill 2015, based on a conscience vote.[41][42][43][44] Both Western Australia and New South Wales also passed a similar motion. On August 9, 2016 the 15 member upper house of Tasmania (of mostly Independents) also passed a motion in favour of same-sex marriages.[45] The vote was 8-5.[46]

Motion wording:

1. Notes Members of the Tasmanian Legislative Assembly and community hold various views on the issue of marriage equality 2. Wishes our federal colleagues a respectful debate that is tolerant of all views 3. Notes the importance of MPs being free to express their own view and the views of their electorates on this issue

Adoption, surrogacy and parenting rights

Tasmanian law allows same-sex couples to adopt. The Adoption Act 1988 states that "an order for the adoption of a child may be made in favour of two persons who, for a period of not less than 3 years before the date on which the order is made, have been married to each other or have been the parties to a significant relationship which is the subject of a deed of relationship registered under Part 2 of the Relationships Act 2003."[47] The Adoption Act 1988 was amended by the Parliament in June 2013 to allow same-sex couples to adopt children not known to them.[48] This made Tasmania the fourth jurisdiction in Australia at the time to allow same-sex couples full joint adoption legal rights.

Under section 10C of the Status of Children Act 1974, same-sex partners of women who give birth to children conceived through sperm donation, IVF or other artificial reproductive technology (ART) are presumed to be the child's other parent or co-mother in the same way as male partners of heterosexual women.[49] Both mothers' can be placed on the birth cirtificate, allowing such couples to have access to the same rights of/for their children (such as medical or hospital forms, education processes, access to entitlements, etc.). The legislation on parentage from IVF is retrospective, meaning the law applied to co-mothers before it went into effect.[49] Section 29 of the Adoption Act allows the female partner of the birth mother to adopt the child born as a result of the ART process.[50]

In 2012, Tasmania passed two pieces of legislation to legally allow altruistic surrogacy. The two laws are called the Surrogacy Act No 34 and the Surrogacy (Consequential Amendments) Act No 31[51][52] Proposed altruistic surrogacy legislation was drafted and passed by both houses of the Tasmanian parliament - only after a review of the Surrogacy Contracts Act 1993 No 4[53][54] and after an ongoing community consultation process. Under the altruistic surrogacy legislation, the surrogate must be at least 25 years old and it cannot be her first pregnancy. The new altruistic surrogacy laws went into effect on 1 May 2013.[51]

Recognition of gender identity

Tasmania allows for a change of sex but requires the person to divorce if married and to undergo sexual reassignment surgery.[55] In February 2016 the Tasmanian Anti-Discrimination Commissioner proposed among other things that those two requirements be removed and that a "non-binary" sex descriptor be added.[56]

Intersex rights

In March 2017, representatives of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Group Australia and Organisation Intersex International Australia participated in an Australian and Aotearoa/New Zealand consensus "Darlington Statement" by intersex community organizations and others.[57] The statement calls for legal reform, including the criminalization of deferrable intersex medical interventions on children, an end to legal classification of sex, and improved access to peer support.[57][58][59][60][61]

Discrimination protections

The Anti-Discrimination Act 1998 (Tas) is a state law that prohibits ‘discrimination and other specified conduct’ (called ‘prohibited conduct’ in the Act) and provides ‘for the investigation and conciliation of, and inquiry into, complaints’ of discrimination and prohibited conduct.[62] The Act outlaws discrimination in Tasmania on a wide variety of attributes, including gender, lawful sexual activity, actual or perceived sexual orientation and/or gender identity.[63] In September 2013, the Act was amended to extend protections to transgender and intersex people, whilst also extending protections from offensive conduct to prohibit a person from offending, humiliating, intimidating, insulting or ridiculing another person on the basis of their actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation and/or gender identity.[64]

Federal law also protects LGBTI people in Tasmania in the form of the Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Act 2013.[65]

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity legal (since 1997 for men; always for women)
Equal age of consent (since 1997)
Anti-discrimination state laws for sexual orientation (since 1999)
Anti-discrimination state laws for gender identity or expression (since 1999)
Hate crime laws include sexual orientation
Hate crime laws include gender identity or expression
Gay sex criminal records expunged (bill pending within the Tasmania Legislative Council)
Gay panic defence abolished
Recognition in state law of same-sex couples as domestic partners (since 2003)
Step adoption by same-sex couples
Joint adoption by same-sex couples (since 2013)
Automatic IVF/artificial insemination parenthood for female partners
Access to IVF for lesbians
Conversion therapy on minors outlawed
Same-sex marriages (federal jurisdiction)
MSMs allowed to donate blood (one year deferral - Australia-wide)

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Kirk, Alexandra (29 August 2003). "Tasmania passes law that recognises same-sex relationships". Radio National PM. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 23 November 2016. Rodney Croome: In the mid to late nineties, Tasmania became a by-word around the world for homophobia, intolerance and bigotry. In fact, in newspapers in Britain and Europe, Tasmania was referred to as 'Bigot's Island'. Now Tasmania has become another word for tolerance, inclusion and social justice.
  2. ↑ Jahshan, Elias (5 June 2014). "Last but not least: when Tasmania decriminalised homosexuality". Star Observer. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 Marks, Kathy (9 June 2013). "Bigots' Island becomes gay rights central: Tasmania is undergoing a remarkable cultural conversion". The Independent. Retrieved 23 November 2016. Twenty years after being dubbed "Bigots' Island", Tasmania is shaking off its reputation as a bastion of conservatism so successfully that it now seems more like Progressive Central... The island state off mainland Australia was one of the last places in the Western world to decriminalise homosexuality. Mass rallies in the 1990s against repeal of the sodomy laws resounded to chants of "Kill them, kill them", and some politicians called for gay men to be whipped.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Croome, Rodney (12 April 2014). "Gay activists fought a public battle for private rights". The Mercury. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Croome, Rodney (January 2013). "Churning the mud - Griffith Review". Griffith Review. TASMANIA – The Tipping Point?. Griffirth University. 39. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  6. ↑ Homosexuality in Tasmania
  7. ↑ Homosexual law reform
  8. ↑ Toonen v. Australia University of Minnesota
  9. 1 2 3 Grieg, Brian (29 March 2016). "History repeats: 20 years of political homophobia from the religious right". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  10. 1 2 Milliken, Robert (23 August 1994). "Canberra to overrule Tasmania gay ban". The Independent. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  11. ↑ Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994 (Cth) s 4
  12. 1 2 3 4 Croome, Rodney (December 1995). "Sexual (mis)conduct" (PDF). Alternative Law Journal. 20 (6): 282–284. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  13. ↑ Gus Bernardi (2001). "From conflict to convergence: the evolution of Tasmanian anti-discrimination law". Australian Journal of Human Rights. Retrieved 2009-06-25. Once standing was given the Tasmanian PLP Government did not wait for a High Court challenge and passed the Criminal Code Amendment Act 1997 which repealed the anti-gay provisions within the Tasmanian Criminal Code.
  14. 1 2 3 Croome, Rodney (2006). "Gay Law Reform". In Alexander, Alison. The Companion to Tasmanian History. Hobart: Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies, University of Tasmania. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  15. ↑ Carbery, Graham (2010). "Towards Homosexual Equality in Australian Criminal Law: A Brief History" (PDF) (2nd ed.). Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives Inc.
  16. ↑ "Age of consent laws". Child Family Community Australia. Australian Institute of Family Studies. April 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  17. 1 2 "Premier of Tasmania - Expunging historic homosexual convictions". premier.tas.gov.au. 17 December 2015. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017.
  18. ↑ "Final Report: Treatment of historic criminal records for consensual homosexual sexual activity and related conduct" (PDF). Tasmanian Anti-Discrimination Commissioner. 30 April 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2017.
  19. ↑ "DRAFT: Historical Homosexual Convictions Bill 2016" (PDF). Tasmanian Department of Justice. 15 June 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2017.
  20. 1 2 3 "Passage of Bills: Expungement of Historical Offences 17 of 2017". Parliament of Tasmania. 13 April 2017.
  21. ↑ "Second Reading Speech: Expungement of Historical Offences Bill 2017" (PDF). Hon. Matthew Groom MP. 6 April 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2017.
  22. ↑ "Clause Notes: Expungement of Historical Offences Bill 2017" (PDF). Parliament of Tasmania. 6 April 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2017.
  23. ↑ "Fact Sheet: Expungement of Historical Offences Bill 2017" (PDF). Parliament of Tasmania. 6 April 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2017.
  24. ↑ "Hansard: Legislative Assembly" (PDF). Parliament of Tasmania. 13 April 2017. Refer to pp. 54-90
  25. ↑ "Hansard: Legislative Assembly" (PDF). Parliament of Tasmania. 2 May 2017. Refer to pp. 111-118
  26. 1 2 "Tasmanian Government apologises for criminalisation of gay sexual acts". ABC News. 13 April 2017.
  27. ↑ "Tasmania apologies for unjust anti-LGBT criminal laws". Human Rights Law Centre. 13 April 2017. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017.
  28. 1 2 RELATIONSHIPS AMENDMENT (RECOGNITION OF REGISTERED RELATIONSHIPS) BILL 2010
  29. 1 2 Tasmania votes to recognise foreign same-sex marriages
  30. 1 2 "Tasmania to recognise same-sex marriage". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
  31. 1 2 Tasmania moves on marriage
  32. ↑ ""Relationships Act: The Tasmanian Approach"</". Partners Task Force for Gay and Lesbian Couples. 2006-04-03. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
  33. ↑ "Relationships". Births, Deaths and Marriages. Tasmanian Government. 1 July 2003.
  34. ↑ "What is a Deed of Relationship?". Births, Deaths and Marriages. Tasmanian Government. 1 July 2003.
  35. ↑ "Ceremonies". Births, Deaths and Marriages. Tasmanian Government. 1 July 2003.
  36. ↑
  37. ↑ The Age Tasmania is the logical 'first mover' on marriage equality 6 August 2012 Retrieved on 7 August 2012
  38. ↑ Larkins, Damien. "Same-sex marriage voted down in Tasmania". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  39. ↑ "Commonwealth v Australian Capital Territory [2013] HCA 55". Humanrights.gov.au. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  40. ↑ Tas parliament supports marriage equality
  41. ↑
  42. ↑
  43. ↑
  44. ↑
  45. ↑
  46. ↑
  47. ↑ "Adoption Act 1988 - Sect. 20". austlii.edu.au. 1 July 2013.
  48. ↑ "Tasmanian Upper House passes gay adoption bill". ABC News. 28 June 2013.
  49. 1 2 "Status of Children Act 1974 - Sect. 10C". austlii.edu.au. 1 July 2013.
  50. ↑ "Adoption Act 1988 - Sect. 29". austlii.edu.au. 1 July 2013.
  51. 1 2 "Department of Premier and Cabinet - TASMANIA : Publications". Dpac.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
  52. ↑ "Lara Giddings - Premier of Tasmania". Premier.tas.gov.au. 2012-09-25. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
  53. ↑ "Surrogacy Contracts Act 1993". Thelaw.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
  54. ↑ "SURROGACY CONTRACTS ACT 1993". Austlii.edu.au. 1993-04-20. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
  55. ↑ "Sexual reassignment". Department of Justice. Tasmanian Government. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  56. ↑ "Legal recognition of sex and gender diversity in Tasmania: Options for amendments to the Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act 1999" (PDF). Equal Opportunity Tasmania. Anti-Discrimination Commissioner (Tasmania). Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  57. 1 2 Androgen Insensitivity Support Syndrome Support Group Australia; Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand; Organisation Intersex International Australia; Black, Eve; Bond, Kylie; Briffa, Tony; Carpenter, Morgan; Cody, Candice; David, Alex; Driver, Betsy; Hannaford, Carolyn; Harlow, Eileen; Hart, Bonnie; Hart, Phoebe; Leckey, Delia; Lum, Steph; Mitchell, Mani Bruce; Nyhuis, Elise; O'Callaghan, Bronwyn; Perrin, Sandra; Smith, Cody; Williams, Trace; Yang, Imogen; Yovanovic, Georgie (March 2017), Darlington Statement, archived from the original on 2017-03-21, retrieved March 21, 2017
  58. ↑ Copland, Simon (March 20, 2017). "Intersex people have called for action. It’s time to listen.". Special Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  59. ↑ Jones, Jess (March 10, 2017). "Intersex activists in Australia and New Zealand publish statement of priorities". Star Observer. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  60. ↑ Power, Shannon (March 13, 2017). "Intersex advocates pull no punches in historic statement". Gay Star News. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  61. ↑ Sainty, Lane (March 13, 2017). "These Groups Want Unnecessary Surgery On Intersex Infants To Be Made A Crime". BuzzFeed Australia. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  62. ↑ Office of the Anti-Discrimination Commissioner
  63. ↑ Text of the Act
  64. ↑ New anti-discrimination laws for Tasmania
  65. ↑ Australian Human Rights Commission
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