LGBT rights in the Americas

LGBT rights in Americas

Americas
Same-sex sexual activity legal? Legal in 25 out of 35 states
Legal in all 20 territories
Gender identity/expression Legal in 15 out of 35 states
Legal in 9 out of 20 territories
Military service Allowed to serve openly in 16 out of 29 states that have an army
Legal in all 20 territories
Discrimination protections Legal in 17 out of 35 states
Legal in 15 out of 20 territories
Family rights
Recognition of
relationships
Legal in 10 out of 35 states
Legal in 10 out of 20 territories
Restrictions:
Same-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 7 out of 35 states
Adoption Legal in 7 out of 35 states
Legal in 10 out of 20 territories

Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex in the Americas, and acceptance of LGBT persons varies widely. Same-sex marriages have been legal in Canada nationwide since 2005, in Argentina since 2010, in Brazil nationwide and Uruguay since 2013, in the United States nationwide since 2015 and in Colombia since 2016. In Mexico, same-sex marriages are performed in Mexico City and the states of Quintana Roo, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Nayarit, Jalisco, Campeche, Colima, Chiapas, Morelos, and Michoacán, and in some jurisdictions in Guerrero, Puebla, Querétaro and Tamaulipas. Those unions are recognized nationwide.

Among non-independenet states, same-sex marriage is also legal in Greenland, Bermuda, all French territories (GuadeloupeMartiniqueSaint BarthélemySaint Martin, and Saint Pierre & Miquelon), and in the Caribbean Netherlands, while marriages performed in the Netherlands are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. More than 700 million people live in nations or sub-national entities in the Americas where same-sex marriages are available.

Furthermore, some other nations have laws recognizing other types of same-sex unions (Ecuador and Chile), as well as LGBT adoption and military service by LGBT people.

However, ten other nations, all of them in the former British West Indies, still have criminal punishment for “buggery” on their statute books.[1] These ten countries include Jamaica, Dominica, Barbados, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Lucia, Antigua & Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada and Saint Kitts and Nevis.


Religion and LGBT acceptance

The British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonists, who settled most of the Americas, brought Christianity from Europe. In particular, the Roman Catholic Church and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, both of which oppose legal recognition of homosexual relationships followed by Eastern Orthodox church,[2] the Methodist Church,[3][4] and some other Mainline (Protestant) denominations, such as the Reformed Church in America[5] and the American Baptist Church,[6] as well as Conservative Evangelical organizations and churches, such as the Evangelical Alliance. The Southern Baptist Convention.[7][8][9] Pentecostal churches such as the Assemblies of God,[10] as well as Restorationist churches, like Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons, also take the position that homosexual sexual activity is sinful.[11][12]

However, other denominations have become more accepting of LGBT people in recent decades, including the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada, the United Church of Canada, the United Church of Christ, the Unitarian Universalist Association, and the Society of Friends (Quakers), and some congregations of the Presbyterian Church (U. S. A.). Most of these denominations now perform same-sex weddings or blessings. Furthermore, many churches in the United Methodist Church in the US are choosing to officiate and bless same-sex marriage despite denomination-wide restrictions. [13] In addition, in the United States Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism, and Reconstructionist Judaism now welcome LGBT worshippers and perform same-sex weddings.

State recognition of same-sex relationships in North America & Hawaii.1
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Same-sex marriages recognized, but not performed
  Binding judicial ruling against a ban on same-sex marriage2
1May include recent laws or court decisions which have created legal recognition of same-sex relationships, but which have not entered into effect yet.
2Some states in these categories also have a ban unions similar to marriage and binding judicial rulings against bans unions similar to marriage.
Homosexuality laws in Central America and the Caribbean Islands.
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Foreign same-sex marriages recognized
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but not enforced
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal only for males
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal for males and females
Homosexuality legislation in Lesser Antilles.
  Same-sex marriage
  Same-sex marriage only recognized
  Other type of partnership
  Unrecognized or unknown
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but not enforced
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal
Recognition of same-sex unions in South America
  Marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Unrecognized
  Same-sex marriage banned
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal
----


Legislation by country or territory

Tables:

North America

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bermuda Bermuda
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 1994 (age of consent discrepancy)
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Legal since 2017[14] Legal since 2015[15] UK responsible for defence. Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[16]
Canada Canada Legal since 1969 (age of consent discrepancy and prohibition of anal intercourse in some cases)
+ UN decl. sign.[1][17]
Domestic partnership in Nova Scotia (2001)[18];
Civil union in Quebec (2002)[19];
Adult interdependent relationship in Alberta (2003)[20];
Common-law relationship in Manitoba (2004)[21]
Legal in some provinces and territories since 2003,
nationwide since 2005
.[22]
Legal in some provinces and territories since 1996, nationwide since 2010.[23] Since 1992[24] Bans all anti-gay discrimination, and hate speech. Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Manitoba and Ontario since 2015 (proposed in other jurisdictions). Transgender persons can change their gender identity or expression and name without completion of medical intervention and human rights protections explicitly includes gender identity or expression protections within all of Canada since 2017.[25][26][27][28]
Greenland Greenland
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark)
Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Registered partnership since 1996[29] Legal since 2016 Step-child adoption since 2009.[30] Joint adoption since 2016.[31] Since 1978 (Denmark responsible for defence) / Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[1]
Mexico Mexico Legal since 1871
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
/ Civil union in Mexico City (2007), Coahuila (2007),[32] Colima (2013),[33] Campeche (2013),[34] Jalisco (2014)[35] / Legal in Mexico City (2010),[36] Quintana Roo (2012),[37] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Guerrero (2015), Nayarit (2015), Jalisco (2016), Campeche (2016), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016).
All states are obliged to honour same-sex marriages performed in states where it is legal.[36]
(Proposed nationwide).[38][39]

The Supreme Court has declared that it is unconstitutional to deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples in all states,[40] but as state constitutions were not invalidated, individual injunctions must still be obtained from the court.[41][42]

/ Explicitly legal in Mexico City (2010)[43], Coahuila (2014), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016). [44]
Nationwide, married same-sex couples may adopt.[45]
Constitutional ban on all anti-gay discrimination.[46] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name in Mexico City since 2008.[47] Mexico adopted a legal protocol for gender identity and sexual orientation in 2014 based upon constitutional provisions to equally protect the rights of all citizens.[48]
Saint Pierre et Miquelon
(Overseas collectivity of France)
Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999[49] Legal since 2013[50] Legal since 2013[51] Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[52] Under French law since 2017, sterilization was abolished for gender transitioning.[53]
United States United States Legal in some states since 1962, nationwide since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Domestic partnership in California (1999),[54] the District of Columbia (2002),[55] Maine (2004),[56] Oregon (2008),[57] Maryland (2008),[58] Wisconsin (2009)[59] and Nevada (2009)[60];
Civil union in New Jersey (2007),[61] Illinois (2011),[62] Hawaii (2012),[63] and Colorado (2013)[64]
Legal in some states since 2004.
Nationwide since 2015
, except American Samoa and some tribal jurisdictions.[65][66]
Legal in some states since 1993.
Nationwide since 2015, except American Samoa.[66]
/ Since 2011[67][68] / Federal executive order prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation for employees in the federal civilian workforce, along with the government employment in the District of Columbia, and the United States Postal Service, since 1998 (see Executive Order 12968 and Executive Order 13087). Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation with minors by mental health professionals illegal in some states. (Banned in California, Connecticut, Illinois, New Mexico, Vermont, New York, Nevada, New Jersey, Oregon, Rhode Island, the District of Columbia and some cities such as Miami Beach, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh and Seattle). Included in the federal hate crimes law since 2009.
(Sexual orientation discrimination in public and private employment)
/ Gender identity discrimination in employment and healthcare insurance banned since 2012.[69][70] Included in the federal hate crimes law since 2009. Employment discrimination based on sexual orientation banned since 2015.[71]
(Gender identity discrimination in public and private employment)

Central America

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belize Belize Legal since 2016[72] Section 16(3) of the constitution bans discrimination on the basis of sex, race, place of origin, political opinions, colour or creed[73] The ruling overturning Section 53 of the criminal code specifically stated "sex" as mentioned in Section 16(3) of the constitution, includes sexual orientation.[74][75] Transgender persons can change their legal name without surgeries.

Gender change is not allowed.[76]

Costa Rica Costa Rica Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Unregistered cohabitation since 2014;
(De facto union pending)[77][78]
(Court decision pending) (Court decision pending) LGBT individuals may adopt.[79] Has no military. Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[1] Transgender persons can change their legal name without surgeries. Judicial permission required.

Gender change is not allowed.

El Salvador El Salvador Legal since the 1800s
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
(Court decision pending) (Constitutional ban pending) (Court decision pending)[80] (Court decision pending) [81] Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[81] Bans hate crimes based on gender identity.[82][83]

Transgender persons can change their legal name. Judicial permission required.

Gender change is not allowed.[84]

Guatemala Guatemala Legal since 1800's
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
(Proposed) (Proposed) (Proposed) Bans some anti-gay discrimination. Transgender persons can change their legal name without surgeries. Judicial permission required.[85]

Gender change is not allowed.

Honduras Honduras Legal since 1899
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Constitutional ban since 2005.[86][87] Bans all anti-gay discrimination, including hate speech.[88] Bans hate crimes based on gender identity.[1]
Nicaragua Nicaragua Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[1]
Panama Panama Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
(Court decision pending) (Court decision pending) (Court decision pending) Has no military. Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[89]

(Anti-discrimination law proposed).[90]

Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2006.[91] Legal name change, without surgeries, is allowed since 2016.[92]

Caribbean

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Anguilla Anguilla
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
UK responsible for defence.
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda Illegal
Penalty: 15-year prison sentence.[1]
Aruba Aruba
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Civil Unions since 2016[93] (Proposed)/
Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized.[94]
(Proposed) The Netherlands responsible for defence.
The Bahamas Bahamas Legal since 1991 (age of consent discrepancy)
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
[1]
Barbados Barbados Illegal
Penalty: Life imprisonment (not enforced) (Proposed) .[1]
British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
UK responsible for defence. Constitutional ban on all anti-gay discrimination.[95]
Caribbean Netherlands Caribbean Netherlands
(Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba; Special municipalities of the Netherlands)
Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Registered partnership since 2012[96] Legal since 2012[97] [98] The Netherlands responsible for defence. Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[99] [100]
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 2001 (age of consent discrepancy)[1]
+ UN decl. sign.
/ Same-sex marriage not expressly prohibited under Cayman Islands law, but Constitutional right of a man and a woman to marry a person of the opposite sex since 2009.[101] Same-sex marriages performed in a foreign country are now recognized for immigration purposes. [102] UK responsible for defence.
Cuba Cuba Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
(Proposed) Constitutional ban since 1976. [1] Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[103][104] [105]
Curaçao Curaçao
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
(Proposed) (Proposed)/ Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized.[94] (Proposed) The Netherlands responsible for defence.
Dominica Dominica Illegal
Penalty: 10-year prison sentence or incarceration in a psychiatric institution (Not enforced)
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Legal since 1822
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Constitutional ban since 2010.[106] [107]
Grenada Grenada Male illegal
Penalty: 10-year prison sentence
Female always legal.[1]
Has no military.
Guadeloupe Guadeloupe
(Overseas department of France)
Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999[49] Legal since 2013[50] Legal since 2013[51] Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[52] Under French law since 2017, sterilization was abolished for gender transitioning.[53]
United States Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
(Extraterritorial jurisdiction of the United States)
Legal since 1903 Legal Legal USA responsible for defense. [108] [109]
Haiti Haiti Legal since 1986[1] Has no military.
Jamaica Jamaica Male illegal
Penalty: 10 years hard labor (not enforced)
Female always legal.[1]
Martinique Martinique
(Overseas department of France)
Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999[49] Legal since 2013[50] Legal since 2013[51] Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[52] Under French law since 2017, sterilization was abolished for gender transitioning.[53]
Montserrat Montserrat
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Constitutional ban since 2010.[110] UK responsible for defence. Constitutional ban on all anti-gay discrimination.[111]
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico
(Commonwealth of the United States)
Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Since 2015 Legal since 2015[112] Legal since 2015 Since 2011[67] Bans hate crimes since 2002 and anti–employment discrimination since 2013. US hate crime laws also apply. Bans hate crimes since 2002 and anti–employment discrimination since 2013. US hate crime laws also apply.
Saint Barthélemy
(Overseas collectivity of France since 2007)
Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999[49] Legal since 2013[50] Legal since 2013[51] Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[52] Under French law since 2017, sterilization was abolished for gender transitioning.[53]
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis Male illegal
Penalty: 10 years
Female always legal.[1]
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia Male illegal
Penalty: fine and/or 10-year prison sentence
Female always legal.[1]
Has no military.
Saint Martin
(Overseas collectivity of France since 2007)
Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999[49] Legal since 2013[50] Legal since 2013[51] Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[52] Under French law since 2017, sterilization was abolished for gender transitioning.[53]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Illegal
Penalty: fine and/or 10-year prison sentence.[1]
Has no military.
Sint Maarten Sint Maarten
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
(Proposed) (Proposed)/ Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized.[94] (Proposed) The Netherlands responsible for defence.
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Illegal
Penalty: 25-year prison sentence (not enforced).[1]
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Constitutional ban since 2011.[113] UK responsible for defence. Constitutional ban on all anti-gay discrimination.[1]
United States United States Minor Outlying Islands
(Unincorporated organized territory of the United States)
Legal Legal Legal USA responsible for defense.
United States Virgin Islands United States Virgin Islands
(Insular area of the United States)
Legal since 1985
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Since 2015[66] Legal since 2015[66] Legal since 2015[66] Since 2011[67] The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well. The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well.

South America

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Argentina Argentina Legal since 1887
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Civil union in Buenos Aires (2003)[114] and Rio Negro (2003)[115]
Cohabitation union nationwide since 2015[116]
Legal since 2010.[117] Legal since 2010 Since 2009[118] / Legal protection in some provinces (federal law pending).[119] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal. Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial permission since 2012.[120]
Bolivia Bolivia Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Constitutional ban on free unions.[121]
(Family life agreement pending)[122]
Constitutional ban since 2009.[123] LGBT individuals may adopt.[124] [125][126][127] Bans all anti-gay discrimination, including hate speech.[1] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial permission since 2016.[128][129][130][131]
Brazil Brazil Legal since 1831
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
"Stable unions" legal in some states since 2004. All rights as recognized family entities available nationwide since 2011.[132][133] Legal in some states since 2012, nationwide since 2013.[134][135] Legal since 2010[136] Since 1969[137] / All state-sanctioned social discrimination of citizens since 1988. Legal protection for sexual orientation in many jurisdictions (expansion of anti-discrimination (all) national Constitutional amendment discussed in the Senate).[138] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 1999.[139][140] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2009.[141][142][143]
Chile Chile Legal since 1999 (age of consent discrepancy)
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Civil union agreement since 2015.[144] (Pending).[145] / (Pending) Same-sex couples may adopt, although only one is recognized as legal parent.

LGBT individuals may adopt (Joint and step-child adoption pending).[146]

Since 2012.[147] Bans all anti-gay discrimination since 2012.[148] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2007. Judicial permission required.[149] Currently, a broader gender identity law (which would not require any surgeries or judicial permission) is being discussed by the congress.[150][151]
Colombia Colombia Legal since 1981
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
De facto marital union since 2007.[152] Legal since 2016.[153] Step-child adoption since 2014.[154] Joint adoption since 2015.[155] Since 1999. Since 2009 the military special social security system can be used by same sex couples in the army.[1] Bans all anti-gay discrimination including hate speech since 2011.[156] Since 2015, transgender persons can change their legal gender and name manifesting their solemn will before a notar, no surgeries or judicial order required.[157]
Ecuador Ecuador Legal since 1997
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
De facto union since 2009.[158][159] Constitutional ban since 2009.[160] LGBT individuals may adopt.[161] [162] Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[163] Since 2016, transgender persons are allowed to change their birth name and gender identity (instead of the sex assigned at birth) on legal documents. No surgeries or judicial order required.[164][165][166]
Falkland Islands Falkland Islands
(Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Legal since 1989
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Legal since 2017.[167] Legal since 2017.[167] Legal since 2017. UK responsible for defence. Constitutional ban on all anti-gay discrimination.[168]
French Guiana French Guiana
(Overseas department of France)
Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Civil solidarity pact since 1999.[49] Legal since 2013.[50] Legal since 2013.[51] Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[52] Under French law since 2017, sterilization was abolished for gender transitioning.[53]
Guyana Guyana Illegal
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (not enforced).[1]
[169] [170]
Paraguay Paraguay Legal since 1880 (age of consent discrepancy)
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Constitutional ban since 1992.[171] Constitutional ban since 1992.[172] (Proposed).[173]
Peru Peru Legal since 1836-1837
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
(Pending)[174] Since 2009.[175] [176][177][178][179] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2016. Judicial permission required.[180][181]
Suriname Suriname Legal since 1869 (age of consent discrepancy)
+ UN decl.
Bans some anti-gay discrimination, including hate speech since 2015.[182] (Court decision pending).[183][184]
Uruguay Uruguay Legal since 1934
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Concubinage union since 2008.[185] Legal since 2013[186] Legal since 2009[187] Since 2009.[188] Bans all anti-gay discrimination since 2004.[189] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name since 2009.[190]
Venezuela Venezuela Legal since 1997
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
(Proposed) (Proposed).[191] (Proposed) Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[1]

See also

References

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