LGBT rights in Bangladesh

LGBT rights in Bangladesh Bangladesh
Same-sex sexual activity legal? Illegal (not enforced)[1]
Penalty:
 According to Section 377 of the Bangladeshi Penal Code (law of the British colonial reign), "Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description that is, hard labor or simple for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine".
Gender identity/expression No
Discrimination protections No
Family rights
Recognition of
relationships		 No
Adoption No

Same-sex romantic or sexual activities are not supported in Bangladesh as most of the people of this country are conservative-minded who supports romantic and sexual activities only in the form of marriage arranged by parents and guardians, although love marriage is also supported by some societies. Homosexuality is illegal in Bangladeshi law, punishment for homosexuals is up to life imprisonment (a law dating back to the British colonial reign), though this law is not enforced but it is still very dangerous for Homosexuals to openly "come out" in societies due to communal rejection, shame and assault.[1]

Human Rights Watch states that "Discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people is pervasive in Bangladesh".[2][3]

Constitutional and criminal code

The constitution has several provisions that could apply to LGBT citizens:[4]

377. Unnatural offenses: Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.

Explanation: Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offense described in this section.[5][6]

The ambit of Section 377, extends to any sexual union involving penile insertion. Thus, even consensual heterosexual acts such as fellatio and anal penetration may be punishable under this law. [7][8]

Research on this issue

In 2003, Dr. Gary Dowsett, an Australian professor, Jeffrey Grierson and Stephen McNally published a report titled A Review of Knowledge About the Sexual Networks and Behaviors of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Asia as part of a study on how the AIDS pandemic is impacting the nation.[9] The bulk of the report focused on male prostitution.[10][11]

A research-based engagement with a school of public health at a university in Bangladesh recently aimed to raise public debate on sexuality and rights in a very sensitive political context. By bringing together stakeholders, including members of sexual minorities, academics, service providers, media, policy makers and advocacy organisations, the research engagement worked to bring visibility to hidden and stigmatised sexuality and rights issues. Critical steps towards visibility for sexual minorities include creating safe spaces for meeting, developing learning materials for university students and engaging with legal rights groups.[12]

Another initiative towards promoting LGBT rights in the country is an online blog Mukto-Mona (মুক্তমনা), described by its management as a "secular site for Bengali humanists and freethinkers".[13] In 2010, Dr. Avijit Roy, an independent researcher and a science writer associated with Mukto-mona, published a book titled Homosexuality – A Scientific and Socio-Psychological Investigation (Bengali: সমকামিতা : একটি বৈজ্ঞানিক এবং সমাজ-মনস্তাত্ত্বিক অনুসন্ধান).[14] The publication attempted to provide a scientific view and accessible account of homosexuality on several grounds. It was the first book in Bengali language to deal with LGBT people and their human rights.[15]

In 2013 the Dhaka Tribune wrote and editorial against section 377 of the criminal code stating their belief that while most people in Bangladesh were against homosexuality, they did not want to see people put in jail for it or for the government to waste resources treating it as a crime.[16]

Bangladeshi LGBT organisations

A rainbow flag for Bangladeshi LGBT people designed by John Ashley

The first attempt to create an LGBT community in Bangladesh came as late as in 1999, when a man called Rengyu, described as a "middle aged foreign educated guy from an indigenous tribe", opened first online group for Bangladeshi gay people, called Gay Bangladesh.[17] It drew a number of over 1000 members, however, after Rengyu's death, its activity slowed down and the group itself became neglected.[17] In 2002, two other online groups were appeared on the Yahoo! portal, Teen Gay Bangladesh, moderated by Prakash and Abrar, and Boys Only Bangladesh, created by Quazi Haque. Both groups were deleted by Yahoo! authorities in December 2002, and after several re-appear attempts and name changes, the only surviving group remains Boys Only Bangladesh, now called Boys of Bangladesh (BoB). The group, whose current moderator is Tanvir Alim, is the largest network for Bangladeshi gay men, organising numerous LGBT rights-related events in Dhaka since 2009. Boys of Bangladesh aims at building a gay community in the country and repealing Section 377.[18]

LGBT rights rally during the Pohela Boishakh (2015) in Dhaka.

In January 2014, Bangladesh's first LGBT magazine was published. The magazine's name is Roopbaan, a Bengali folk character who represents the power of love.[19]

Since 2014, every year at the beginning of the Bengali new year on 14 April a Pride event called Rainbow Rally was organised in Dhaka. After threats, the 2016 event had to be cancelled. On 25 April 2016 Xulhaz Mannan, one of the founders of Roopbaan and organiser of the Rainbow Rally, was killed in his apartment together with a friend.[20]

Many people have turned to Boys of Bangladesh, an online gay forum to discuss their feelings and connect with similar individuals who face the same problems they do. The forum has not registered as an organisation because they do not want to associate themselves with the MSM label. They do not wish to fall under the umbrella of being MSMs because they believe it is a degrading term. The group's coordinator has stated that the MSM label is only about men having sex with other men. It is considered more than that.[21] The online forum arranges events for gay men to meet and socialise. Not all people have access to their group because they do not have access to Internet. Nonetheless, BoB has more than 2,000 registered members and they include PhD holders and doctors.[21]

The UN Population Fund and Non-Government Organizations have put pressure on Bangladesh to address issues such as gay rights and sexuality education (Zaman). These issues were discussed at the Sixth Asian and Pacific Population Conference which began on 16 September 2013. Bangladesh altogether opposed the UNFPA's idea to support LGBT rights. Bangladesh's Permanent Representative to the UN AK Abdul Momen said that adopting such policies would go against the country's social norms.[22]

In September 2014, At the International Conference on Population Development, Bangladesh, Bangladesh refused the idea of providing rights to the lesbian and gay community. Abdul Momen had similar comments in regards to the situation as he did last year at the Sixth Asian and Pacific Population conference. He was quoted in saying that like other Muslim or even Christian countries, Bangladesh does not support it because it does not support their values.[23]

LGBT Rights and the Bangladeshi Government

Bangladesh has a law against any kind of intercourse between homosexuals. It criminalises any intercourse that is seen as going against nature (Powell). In 2009 as well as in 2013, the Bangladeshi parliament has refused to overturn section 377. In a statement released by Mohammed Abdul Hannan, the representative of Bangladesh in the United Nations office, it was said that activities that concern the law are not considered the social norm of the country.[24]

On 23 July 2013, a lesbian couple was arrested for marrying in secret. Shibronty Roy Puja, a 16-year-old Hindu, and Sanjida Akter, 21-year-old Muslim fled their town and went to Dhaka, the capital, and got married in a Hindu ceremony. They were then arrested and threatened with life imprisonment.[25] Similarly, another lesbian couple was arrested in October 2013 for their relationship. One half of the couple was described as having short hair and identified as the husband. The police had them take sex identification tests, and the doctors stated they were both female. The case was filed under section 209, which is about unsocial activities.[26]

On 11 November 2013, hijras, who do not consider themselves male or female, were recognised as a separate gender by the Bangladeshi government in a cabinet meeting. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina that along with males and females, hijras will also be identified as a separate gender on official documents. A survey done by the Ministry of Social Welfare showed that as of 2013, there are 10,000 hijras in the country.[27]

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity
Equal age of consent
Anti-discrimination laws in employment
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)
Same-sex marriage
Recognition of same-sex couples
Step-child adoption by same-sex couples
Joint adoption by same-sex couples
Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military
Right to change legal gender
Access to IVF for lesbians
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples
MSMs allowed to donate blood

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. "Bangladesh 2016 Human Rights Report" (PDF). www.state.gov. United States Department of State. p. 45. Retrieved 28 March 2017. Consensual same-sex sexual activity is illegal under Section 377 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, but the law was not enforced.
  2. ↑ "World Report 2015 – Malaysia". Human Rights Watch.
  3. ↑ "Nowhere to turn for Bangladesh′s LGBT | Asia | DW | 17.05.2016". DW. 2017-05-15. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  4. ↑ "Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh". bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  5. ↑ "Sodomy Laws Around the World". 24 April 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
  6. ↑ "Indian Penal Code" (PDF). District Court Allahabad. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  7. ↑ "Bangladesh: Treatment of homosexuals including legislation, availability of state protection and support services". www.unhcr.org. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  8. ↑ "Bangladesh_Penal_Code_1860_Full_text.pdf (application/pdf Object)" (PDF). www.unodc.org. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  9. ↑ "A Review of Knowledge About the Sexual Networks and Behaviours of Men Who Have Sex With Men in Asia". Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society (ARCSHS), Melbourne, May 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  10. ↑ "Why gay men flee Bangladesh". www.ect.org. 16 April 2003. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  11. ↑ Buncombe, Andrew (2008-12-30). "Independent Appeal: Sex workers dicing with death in Bangladesh". The Independent. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  12. ↑ Farah Ahmed; Hilary Standing; Mahrukh Mohiuddin; Sabina Rashid. "Publications – Creating a public space and dialogue on sexuality and rights: a case study from Bangladesh". www.futurehealthsystems.org. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  13. ↑ "Mukto-mona (মুক্তমনা ) : A Secular site for Bengali humanists & freethinkers" (in Bengali). www.mukto-mona.com. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  14. ↑ "Samakamita: The first Bengali book on homosexuality". lgbtbangladesh.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  15. ↑ "সমকামিতা : একটি বৈজ্ঞানিক এবং সমাজ-মনস্তাত্ত্বিক অনুসন্ধান" (in Bengali). www.mukto-mona.com. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  16. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  17. 1 2 "The Boys of Bangladesh". pink-pages.co.in. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  18. ↑ "Bangladesh: Treatment of homosexuals including legislation, availability of state protection and support services". www.unhcr.org. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  19. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  20. ↑ "Founder of Bangladesh's first and only LGBT magazine killed". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  21. 1 2 Ebert, Rainer, and Mahmudul Hoque Moni. "In Bangladesh, Dies a Vestige of Colonialism." Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide 18.3 (2011): 45-. Print
  22. ↑ Zaman, Sheikh Shahariar. "UNFPA for Gay Rights in Bangladesh." UNFPA for Gay Rights in Bangladesh | Dhaka Tribune. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 October 2014.
  23. ↑ Zaman, Sheikh Shahriar. "Bangladesh Opposes ICPD's LGBT Rights Move | Dhaka Tribune." Bangladesh Opposes ICPD's LGBT Rights Move | Dhaka Tribune. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 October 2014.. The IPCD proposed to provide rights to the LGBT community
  24. ↑ Pawar, Yogesh. Bangladesh Refuses to Abolish Criminalisation of Same-Sex Ties; in Denial about its 4.5 Million-Strong LGBT Community, Dhaka Shoots Down the United Nations Human Rights Commission Recommendations., 2013. Print
  25. ↑ Kuddus, Omar. "Bangladesh Lesbian Couple Threatened with Life in Jail for Getting Married." Gay Star News. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 October 2014.
  26. ↑ Kuddus, Omar, and Tris Reid-Smith. "Bangladesh Jails 'married' Lesbian Couple." Gay Star News. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 October 2014.
  27. ↑ Karim, Mohosinul. "Hijras Now a Separate Gender." Dhaka Tribune. 25 October 2014.
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