LGBT history in the United States

LGBT history in the United States

The Stonewall Inn in the gay village of Greenwich Village, Manhattan, site of the June 28, 1969 Stonewall riots, the cradle of the modern LGBT rights movement, is adorned with flags depicting the colors of the rainbow.[1][2][3]

This article concerns LGBT history in the United States.

18th - 19th century

With the establishment of the United States following the American Revolution, such crimes as "sodomy" and "buggery" were considered capital offenses in some states, while cross-dressing was considered a felony punishable by imprisonment or other forms of corporal punishment.[4]

Noah Webster published the original Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language (Webster's Dictionary) in 1828. He included several LGBT terms in his book. Webster, however, focused on terms for gay sexual practices and ignored lesbian sexual practices: bugger, [5] buggery, [6] pathic, [7] pederast, [8] pederastic, [9] pederasty, [10] sodomy, [11] and sodomite, [12] He occasionally cited the King James Version. For example, Webster cited First Epistle to the Corinthians VI to define the homosexual context of the term, abuser. [13] Another citation is the Book of Genesis 18 to associate the term, cry to the Sodom and Gomorrah.[14] Webster also focused on transgender people: androgynous, [15] castrate, [16] castrated, [17] eunuch, [18] eunuchate, [19] eunuchism, [20] hermaphrodite, [21] hermaphroditically, [22] and scrat. [23]

Both American Presidents James Buchanan and his successor Abraham Lincoln were speculated to be homosexual. The sexuality of Abraham Lincoln has been considered for over a century. Perhaps the greatest proof to connect Lincoln and homosexuality is a poem that he wrote in his youth that reads: "But Billy has married a boy."[24]

LGBT persons were present throughout the post-independence history of the country, with gay men having served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The United States saw the rise of its own Uranian poetry after the Uranian ("Urnings") movement began to rise in the Western world. Walt Whitman denied his homosexuality in a letter after asked outright about his sexual orientation by John Addington Symonds.[25][26] Horatio Alger, another Civil War-era writer, became a disgraced minister in 1866 after it was discovered that he was guilt of pederasty.[27] Bayard Taylor wrote Joseph and His Friend: A Story of Pennsylvania in 1870. Archibald Clavering Gunter wrote a lesbian story in 1896 that would serve for the 1914 film, "A Florida Enchantment."

Restrictions against loitering and solicitation of sex in public places were installed in the late 19th century by many states (namely to target, among other things, solicitation for same-sex sexual favors), and increasingly tighter restrictions upon "perverts" were common by the turn of the century. Sodomy laws in the United States were enacted separately over the course of four centuries and varied state by state.

Several examples of same-sex couples living in relationships that functioned as marriages, even if they could not be legally sanctified as such, have been located by historians.[28] Rachel Hope Cleves documents the relationship of 19th-century Vermont residents Charity Bryant and Sylvia Drake in her 2014 book Charity and Sylvia: A Same-Sex Marriage in Early America,[28] and Susan Lee Johnson included the story of Jason Chamberlain and John Chaffee, a California couple who were together for over 50 years until Chaffee's death in 1903, in her 2000 book Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush.[29]

Ganymede by Henry Oliver Walker, ca. 1898, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Henry Oliver Walker was permitted in 1898 to paint a mural in the Library of Congress. What the eccentric artist painted was shocking to pious sympathies: a mural of the catamite Ganymede with Zeus in the depiction of an eagle, which was derived from Greek mythology

1900-1965

In the United States, as early as the turn of the 20th century several groups worked in hiding to avoid persecution and to advance the rights of homosexuals, but little is known about them.[30] Edward Irenaeus Prime-Stevenson published Imre: A Memorandum in 1906 and The Intersexes in 1908.[31] A better documented group is Henry Gerber's Society for Human Rights (formed in Chicago in 1924), which was quickly suppressed within months of its establishment.[32] Serving as an enlisted man in occupied Germany after World War I, Gerber had learned of Magnus Hirschfeld's pioneering work. Upon returning to the U.S. and settling in Chicago, Gerber organized the first documented public homosexual organization in America and published two issues of the first gay publication, entitled Friendship and Freedom. Meanwhile, during the 1920s, LGBT persons found employment as entertainers or entertainment assistants for various urban venues in cities such as New York City.[33]

Homosexuals were occasionally seen in LGBT films of Pre-Code Hollywood. Buster Keaton's "Seven Chances" offered a rare joke about the female impersonator, Julian Eltinge. The Pansy Craze offered actors, such as Gene Malin, Ray Bourbon, Billy De Wolfe, Joe Besser, and Karyl Norman. In 1927, Mae West was jailed for The Drag. The craze found itself in a wide variety of American films from gangster films like The Public Enemy, to musicals like Wonder Bar, and animated cartoons like "Dizzy Red Riding Hood." Homosexuals even managed to find themselves in the then-illegal pornographic film industry.

Around 1929, "The Surprise of a Knight" became the first American gay pornographic film. "A Stiff Game" would be the second American gay pornographic film.

"We Men Must Grow A Mustache" by Speed Langworthy, 1922.

Homosexuality was also present in the music industry. In 1922, Norval Bertrand Langworthy (better known as Speed Langworthy) ((b. May 15, 1901, Seward, Nebraska - d. March 22, 1999, Arizona)[34] wrote the song, "We Men Must Grow a Mustache"; Abe Lyman appeared on the sheet music. Edgar Leslie and James V. Monaco wrote "Masculine Women, Feminine Men."[35] Edgar Leslie and James V. Monaco wrote "Masculine Women, Feminine Men" in Hugh J. Ward's 1926 production of the musical Lady Be Good.[35] Homosexuality even found its way into African-American music. Ma Rainey, whom was likely a lesbian, recorded the song, "Prove it on Me Blues." According to pbs.org, the song is about her arrest for group sex, in which alleged lesbianism took place.[36] George Hannah decided in 1930 to record the song, "The Boy in the Boat." [37] Kokomo Arnold recorded the song, "Sissy Man Blues" in 1935. [38] Pinewood Tom (Josh White), George Noble (singer), and Connie McClean's Rhythm Kings followed with their own records.[39]

While it seems that homosexuals enjoyed greater recognition in the media after World War I, many were still arrested and convicted for their deeds through state sodomy laws. For example, Eva Kochever headed a lesbian sex club called "Eve Addam's Tearoom" in Greenwich Village. It was stated about her business that "men are admitted but not welcome." Kochever's discretion had been so reckless, she wrote about lesbianism in her book, Lesbian Love. The New York City Police Department learned about the lesbianism in 1926 and led them to raid her club. Kochever was arrested on an obscenity charge and deported to her native Poland.[40]

In 1948, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male was published by Alfred Kinsey, a work which was one of the first to look scientifically at the subject of sexuality. Kinsey claimed that approximately 10% of the adult male population (and about half that number among females) were predominantly or exclusively homosexual for at least three years of their lives.[41]

During the late 1940s – 1960s, a handful of radio and television news programs aired episodes that focused on homosexuality, with some television movies and network series episodes featuring gay characters or themes.[42] The homophile movement began in the 1950s and 60s with the creation of several organizations, including the Mattachine Society, the Daughters of Bilitis and the Society for Individual Rights.

In 1958, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the gay publication ONE, Inc., was not obscene and thus protected by the First Amendment.[43] The California Supreme Court extended similar protection to Kenneth Anger's homoerotic film, Fireworks and Illinois became the first state to decriminalize sodomy between consenting adults in private.[44]

Little change in the laws or mores of society was seen until the mid-1960s, the time the sexual revolution began. Gay pulp fiction and Lesbian pulp fiction ushered in a new era. The beefcake movement also emerged with Mr. America. Athletic Model Guild produced much of the homoerotic content that proceeded the gay pornography business. This was a time of major social upheaval in many social areas, including views of gender roles and human sexuality.

1965-1999

Gay Liberation

In the late 1960s, the more socialistic "liberation" philosophy that had started to create different factions within the Civil Rights Movement, Black Power movement, anti-war movement, and Feminist movement, also engulfed the homophile movement. A new generation of young gay and lesbian Americans saw their struggle within a broader movement to dismantle racism, sexism, western imperialism, and traditional mores regarding drugs and sexuality. This new perspective on Gay Liberation had a major turning point with the Stonewall riots in 1969.

Stonewall Inn 1969

In the early hours of June 28, 1969, the police raided a gay/transgender bar known as the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, a common police practice at the time. This type of raid, which was often conducted during city elections, witnessed a new development as some of the patrons in the bar began actively resisting the police arrests. Some of what followed is in dispute, but what is not in dispute is that for the first time a large group of LGBT Americans who had previously had little or no involvement with the organized gay rights movement rioted for three days against police harassment and brutality. These new activists were not polite or respectful but rather angry activists who confronted the police and distributed flyers attacking the Mafia control of the gay bars and the various anti-vice laws that allowed the police to harass gay men and gay drinking establishments. This second wave of the gay rights movement is often referred to as the Gay Liberation movement to draw a distinction with the previous homophile movement.

New gay liberation organizations were created such as the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) in New York City and the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA). In keeping with the mass frustration of LGBT people, and the adoption of the socialistic philosophies that were being propagated in the late 1960s–1970s, these new organizations engaged in colorful and outrageous street theater (Gallagher & Bull 1996). The GLF published "A Gay Manifesto" that was influenced by Paul Goodman's work titled "The Politics of Being Queer" (1969).

The gay liberation movement spread to countries throughout the world and heavily influenced many of the modern gay rights organizations. Out of this vein, a number of modern-day advocacy organizations were established with differing approaches: the Human Rights Campaign, formed in 1980, follows a more middle class-oriented and reformist tradition, while other organizations such as the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF), formed in 1973, tries to be grassroots-oriented and support local and state groups to create change from the ground up.

The group Dyketactics was the first LGBTIQ group in the U.S. to take the police to court for police brutality in the case Dyketactics vs. The City of Philadelphia. Members of Dyketactics who took the police to court, now known as "The Dyketactics Six," were beaten by the Philadlephia Civil Defence Squad in a demonstration for LGBT rights on December 4, 1975.[45]

Gay migration

In the 1970s many gay people moved to cities such as San Francisco.[46] Harvey Milk, a gay man, was elected to the city's Board of Supervisors, a legislative chamber often known as a city council in other municipalities.[47] Milk was assassinated in 1978 along with the city's mayor, George Moscone.[48] The White Night Riot on May 21, 1979 was a reaction to the manslaughter conviction and sentence given to the assassin, Dan White, which were thought to be too lenient. Milk played an important role in the gay migration and in the gay rights movement in general.[49][50]

The first national gay rights march in the United States took place on October 14, 1979 in Washington, D.C., involving perhaps as many as 100,000 people.[51][52]

Historian William A. Percy considers that a third epoch of the gay rights movement began in the early 1980s, when AIDS received the highest priority and decimated its leaders, and lasted until 1998, when advanced antiretroviral therapy greatly extended the life expectancy of those with AIDS in developed countries.[53] It was during this era that direct action groups such as ACT UP were formed.[54]

Decriminalization of relations

In 1962, consensual sexual relations between same-sex couples was decriminalized in Illinois, the first time that a state legislature took such an action. Over the next several decades, such relations were gradually decriminalized on a state-by-state basis. Connecticut was the next state to decriminalize homosexuality. [55] Colorado,[56] Oregon,[57] Delaware[58] all had decriminalized homosexuality by 1973. Ohio,[59] Massachusetts,[60] North Dakota,[61] New Mexico,[62] New Hampshire,[63] California,[64] West Virginia,[65] Iowa,[66] Maine,[67] Indiana,[68] South Dakota,[69] Wyoming,[70] Nebraska,[71] Washington,[72] New York[73] all decriminalized homosexuality in the 1970's.

In the 1980's, Pennsylvania[74] and Wisconsin.[75]

In the 1990's, Kentucky,[76] Nevada,[77] Tennessee,[78] Montana,[79] Rhode Island.[80]

In 2003, the Supreme Court decriminalized homosexuality in the decision with Lawrence v. Texas, in Alabama, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri (statewide), North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, and Virginia.

Don't ask, don't tell and DOMA

The long-standing prohibition on open homosexuals serving in the United States military was reinforced under "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT), a 1996 Congressional policy which allowed for homosexual people to serve in the military provided that they did not disclose their sexual orientation. The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) of 1996 also barred the federal government from recognizing same-sex couples in any legal manner.

21st century

The tipping point of activism in favor of same-sex marriage came in 2008, when the California State Supreme Court ruled that the previous proposition which barred the legalization of same-sex marriage in California was unconstitutional under the United States Constitution. Over 18,000 couples then obtained legal licenses from May until November of the same year, when another statewide proposition reinstated the ban on same-sex marriage. This was received by nationwide protests against the ban and a number of legal battles which were projected to end up in the Supreme Court of the United States.

In the late 2000s and early 2010s, attention was also paid to the rise of suicides and the lack of self-esteem by LGBT children and teenagers due to homophobic bullying. The "It Gets Better Project", founded and promoted by Dan Savage, was launched in order to counter the phenomenon, and various initiatives were taken by both activists and politicians to impose better conditions for LGBT students in public schools.

On June 12, 2016, 49 people, mostly of Latino descent, where shot and killed by Omar Mateen during Latin Night at the Pulse gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida. The shooting was the deadliest mass shooting and worst act of violence against the LGBT community in American history.


President Barack Obama greets Louvon Harris, left, Betty Byrd Boatner, right, both sisters of James Byrd Jr., and Judy Shepard at a reception commemorating the enactment of the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act.

Presidency of Barack Obama

The election of Barack Obama as the first African-American president of the United States (on the same day as the California ban on same-sex marriage was enacted) signified the beginning of a more nuanced federal policy to LGBT citizens. Obama advocated for the repeal of DADT, which was passed in December 2010, and also withdrew legal defense of DOMA in 2011, despite Republican opposition. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2010 was also the first major hate crimes legislation in federal legislation history to recognize gender identity as a protected class.

2009

President Barack Obama has taken many definitive pro-LGBT rights stances. In 2009, his administration reversed Bush administration policy and signed the U.N. declaration that calls for the decriminalization of homosexuality.[81] In June 2009, Obama became the first president to declare the month of June to be LGBT pride month; President Clinton had declared June Gay and Lesbian Pride Month.[82][83] Obama did so again in June 2010,[84] June 2011,[85] June 2012,[86] June 2013,[87] June 2014,[88] and June 2015.[89]

On June 17, 2009, President Obama signed a presidential memorandum allowing same-sex partners of federal employees to receive certain benefits. The memorandum does not cover full health coverage.[90] On October 28, 2009, Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, which added gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, and disability to the federal hate crimes law.[91]

In October 2009, he nominated Sharon Lubinski to become the first openly gay U.S. marshal to serve the Minnesota district.[92]

2010

Obama signs the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010.

On January 4, 2010, he appointed Amanda Simpson the Senior Technical Advisor to the Department of Commerce, making her the first openly transgender person appointed to a government post by a U.S. President.[93][94][95] He has appointed the most U.S. gay and lesbian officials of any U.S. president.[96]

At the start of 2010, the Obama administration included gender identity among the classes protected against discrimination under the authority of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). On April 15, 2010, Obama issued an executive order to the Department of Health and Human Services that required medical facilities to grant visitation and medical decision-making rights to same-sex couples.[97] In June 2010, he expanded the Family Medical Leave Act to cover employees taking unpaid leave to care for the children of same-sex partners.[98] On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 into law.[99]

2011

On February 23, 2011, President Obama instructed the Justice Department to stop defending the Defense of Marriage Act in court.[100]

In March 2011, the U.S. issued a nonbinding declaration in favor of gay rights that gained the support of more than 80 countries at the U.N.[101] In June 2011, the U.N. endorsed the rights of gay, lesbian, and transgender people for the first time, by passing a resolution that was backed by the U.S., among other countries.[101]

On August 18, 2011, the Obama administration announced that it would suspend deportation proceedings against many illegal immigrants who pose no threat to national security or public safety, with the White House interpreting the term "family" to include partners of lesbian, gay and bisexual people.[102]

On September 30, 2011, the Defense Department issued new guidelines that allow military chaplains to officiate at same-sex weddings, on or off military installations, in states where such weddings are allowed.[103]

On December 5, 2011, the Obama administration announced the United States would use all the tools of American diplomacy, including the potent enticement of foreign aid, to promote LGBT rights around the world.[104]

2012

In March and April 2012, Obama expressed his opposition to state constitutional bans on same-sex marriage in North Carolina, and Minnesota.[105]

On May 3, 2012, the Federal Bureau of Prisons has agreed to add an LGBT representative to the diversity program at each of the 120 prisons it operates in the United States.[106]

On May 9, 2012, Obama publicly supported same-sex marriage, the first sitting U.S. President to do so. Obama told an interviewer that:[107]

over the course of several years as I have talked to friends and family and neighbors when I think about members of my own staff who are in incredibly committed monogamous relationships, same-sex relationships, who are raising kids together, when I think about those soldiers or airmen or Marines or sailors who are out there fighting on my behalf and yet feel constrained, even now that Don't Ask Don't Tell is gone, because they are not able to commit themselves in a marriage, at a certain point I've just concluded that for me personally it is important for me to go ahead and affirm that I think same sex couples should be able to get married.

In the 2012 election, Obama received the endorsement of the following gay rights organizations: Equal Rights Washington, Fair Wisconsin, Gay-Straight Alliance,[108][109] Human Rights Campaign,[110] and the National Stonewall Democrats. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) gave Obama a score of 100% on the issue of gays and lesbians in the US military and a score of 75% on the issue of freedom to marry for gay people.[111]

2013

On January 7, 2013, the Pentagon agreed to pay full separation pay to service members discharged under "Don't Ask, Don't Tell."[112]

Obama also called for full equality during his second inaugural address on January 21, 2013: "Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law—for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well." It was the first mention of rights for gays and lesbians or use of the word gay in an inaugural address.[113][114]

On March 1, 2013, Obama, speaking about Hollingsworth v. Perry, the U.S. Supreme Court case about Proposition 8, said "When the Supreme Court asks do you think that the California law, which doesn't provide any rationale for discriminating against same-sex couples other than just the notion that, well, they're same-sex couples—if the Supreme Court asks me or my attorney general or solicitor general, 'Do we think that meets constitutional muster?' I felt it was important for us to answer that question honestly. And the answer is no." The administration took the position that the Supreme Court should apply "heightened scrutiny" to California's ban—a standard under which legal experts say no state ban could survive.[115]

On August 8, 2013, Obama criticized Russia's anti-gay law.[116]

On December 26, 2013, President Obama signed the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 into law, which repealed the ban on consensual sodomy in the UCMJ.[117]

2014

On February 16, 2014, Obama criticized Uganda's anti-gay law.[118]

On February 28, 2014, Obama agreed with Governor Jan Brewer's veto of SB 1062.[119]

Obama included openly gay athletes in the February 2014 Olympic delegation, namely Brian Boitano and Billie Jean King (who was replaced by Caitlin Cahow, who was also openly gay.) [120][121] This was done in criticism of Russia's anti-gay law.[121]

On July 21, 2014, President Obama signed Executive Order 13672, adding "gender identity" to the categories protected against discrimination in hiring in the federal civilian workforce and both "sexual orientation" and gender identity" to the categories protected against discrimination in hiring and employment on the part of federal government contractors and sub-contractors.[122]

Obama was also criticized for meeting with the anti-gay Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni at a dinner with African heads of state in August 2014.[123]

Later in August 2014 Obama made a surprise video appearance at the opening ceremony of the 2014 Gay Games.[124][125]

2015

The White House after the ruling in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges on the night of June 26, 2016.

On February 10, 2015, David Axelrod's Believer: My Forty Years in Politics was published. In the book, Axelrod revealed that President Barack Obama lied about his opposition to same-sex marriage for religious reasons in 2008 United States presidential election. "I'm just not very good at bullshitting," Obama told Axelrod, after an event where he stated his opposition to same-sex marriage, according to the book.[126]

In 2015 the United States appointed Randy Berry as its first Special Envoy for the Human Rights of LGBT Persons.[127]

Also in 2015 the Obama administration announced it had opened a gender-neutral bathroom within the White House complex; the bathroom is in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, next door to the West Wing.[128]

Also in 2015, President Obama responded to a petition seeking to ban conversion therapy (inspired by the death of Leelah Alcorn) with a pledge to advocate for such a ban.[129]

Also in 2015, when President Obama declared May to be National Foster Care Month, he included words never before included in a White House proclamation about adoption, stating in part, "With so many children waiting for loving homes, it is important to ensure all qualified caregivers have the opportunity to serve as foster or adoptive parents, regardless of race, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, or marital status. That is why we are working to break down the barriers that exist and investing in efforts to recruit more qualified parents for children in foster care." Thus it appears he is the first president to explicitly say gender identity should not prevent anyone from adopting or becoming a foster parent.[130]

On October 29, 2015, President Barack Obama endorsed Proposition 1.[131]

On November 10, 2015, President Barack Obama officially announced his support for the Equality Act of 2015.[132]

2016

In June 2016, President Obama dedicated the new Stonewall National Monument in Greenwich Village, Lower Manhattan, as the first U.S. National Monument to honor the LGBT rights movement.[133]

The Stonewall Inn at 53 Christopher Street in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, a designated U.S. National Historic Landmark and National Monument, as the site of the 1969 Stonewall Riots.[133][134]

On October 20, President Obama endorsed Kate Brown as Governor of Oregon.[135] On November 8, Kate Brown became the United States' first openly LGBT person elected Governor. Kate Brown is a bisexual woman and has come out as a sexual assault survivor.[136] She assumed office in 2015 due to a resignation.[137] During her tenure as Governor before her election, she signed legislation to ban conversion therapy on minors.[138]

Presidential transition of Donald Trump

On November 11, 2016, Trump appointed Peter Theil to the executive committee of his presidential transition team.[139] While campaigning on October 29, 2016 in Colorado, Donald Trump held a Rainbow Flag on stage marked with "LGBTs for Trump".[140] November 13, 2016, during an interview with Lesley Stahl on 60 Minutes, Trump stated that he was fine with Obergefell v. Hodges and stated it was irrelevant whether he supported same-sex marriage or not because the law was settled.[141] During the 2016 Republican National Convention Donald Trump stated "As your president, I will do everything in my power to protect our LGBTQ citizens, from the violence and oppression of hateful foreign ideologies". Following the crowd cheering for his remark, Trump stated "As a Republican, it is so nice to hear your cheering for what I just said".[142] On January 20, 2017, Donald Trump became the first incoming president in US history to support marriage equality.[143]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Eli Rosenberg (June 24, 2016). "Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement". The New York Times. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
  2. ↑ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
  3. ↑ Hayasaki, Erika (May 18, 2007). "A new generation in the West Village". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
  4. ↑ http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/sensibilities/introduction.htm
  5. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  6. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  7. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  8. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  9. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  10. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  11. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  12. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  13. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  14. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  15. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  16. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  17. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  18. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  19. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  20. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  21. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  22. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  23. ↑ Webster, Noah (1828). Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. Webster.
  24. ↑ Herndon, William H., Herndon's Lincoln: The True Story of a Great Life. Chicago: Clarke, Belford. 1889.
  25. ↑ Walt Whitman: A Study. 1893. New York: Dutton, 1906.
  26. ↑ Whitman, Walt. Selected Letters of Walt Whitman. Ed. Edwin Haviland Miller. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1990.
  27. ↑ Hoyt, Edwin P. (1974). Horatio's Boys. Chilton Book Company. ISBN 0-8019-5966-7.
  28. 1 2 "The improbable, 200-year-old story of one of America's first same-sex ‘marriages’". Washington Post, March 20, 2015.
  29. ↑ "Gold Rush Gays". The Bay Area Reporter, November 20, 2014.
  30. ↑ Norton, Rictor (12 February 2005). "The Suppression of Lesbian and Gay History".
  31. ↑ Prime-Stevenson, Edward 'Xavier Mayne.' The Intersexes. Privately printed. 1908. <https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Intersexes:_A_History_of_Similisexualism_as_a_Problem_in_Social_Life>
  32. ↑ Bullough, Vern (17 April 2005). "Because the Past is the Present, and the Future too.". History News Network.
  33. ↑ Julian Eltinge. Billy Rose Theatre Division. New York Public Library. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/9d0c6e52-c763-e146-e040-e00a18064043
  34. ↑ October 1, 1972 "The Billings Gazette." from Billings, Montana · Page 46
  35. 1 2 "Masculine Women, Feminine Men." Queer Music Heritage. Retrieved 16 July. 2017. <http://queermusicheritage.com/MWFM.html>
  36. ↑ http://www.pbs.org/outofthepast/past/p3/1925_1.html
  37. ↑ "George Hannah - 'The Boy in the Boat.'" The Pop-Up Museum of Queer History. Retrieved 16 July. 2017. <http://queermuseum.tumblr.com/post/33891283624/queer-history-month-day-19-george-hannah-the>
  38. ↑ Arnold, Kokomo. "Sissy Man Blues". Decca 7050. January 15, 1935. Retrieved 16 July. 2017.
  39. ↑ " Sissy Man Blues." Queer Music Heritage. Retrieved 16 July. 2017
  40. ↑ George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
  41. ↑ Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, (1948) ISBN 978-0-253-33412-1.
  42. ↑ Tropiano, Stephen (2002). The Prime Time Closet: A History of Gays and Lesbians on TV. New York, Applause Theatre and Cinema Books. ISBN 1-55783-557-8.
  43. ↑ One, Inc. v. Olesen, 335 U.S. 371 (1958), reversing the Ninth Circuit's decision per curiam, citing Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476; full-text of opinion.
  44. ↑ "Laws of Illinois." 1961, page 1983, enacted July 28, 1961, effective Jan. 1, 1962.
  45. ↑ Paola Bacchetta. "Dyketactics! Notes Towards an Un-silencing." In Smash the Church, Smash the State: The Early Years of Gay Liberation, edited by Tommi Avicolli Mecca, 218-231. San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2009.
  46. ↑ http://gsaday.org/featured/lgbt-straight-allied-history/
  47. ↑ Cone, Russ (January 8, 1978). "Feinstein Board President", The San Francisco Examiner, p. 1.
  48. ↑ Turner, Wallace (November 28, 1978). "Suspect Sought Job", The New York Times, p. 1.
  49. ↑ Cloud, John (June 14, 1999). "Harvey Milk", Time. Retrieved on August 4, 2013.
  50. ↑ 40 Heroes Archived 2009-01-25 at the Wayback Machine., The Advocate (September 25, 2007), Issue 993. Retrieved on August 4, 2013.
  51. ↑ Ghaziani, Amin. 2008. "The Dividends of Dissent: How Conflict and Culture Work in Lesbian and Gay Marches on Washington". The University of Chicago Press.
  52. ↑ Thomas, Jo (October 15, 1979), "Estimated 75,000 persons parade through Washington, DC, in homosexual rights march. Urge passage of legislation to protect rights of homosexuals", New York Times Abstracts, p. 14
  53. ↑ Percy & Glover 2005 Archived 2008-06-21 at the Wayback Machine.
  54. ↑ Crimp, Douglas. AIDS Demographics. Bay Press, 1990. (Comprehensive early history of ACT UP, discussion of the various signs and symbols used by ACT UP).
  55. ↑ Connecticut Public Acts 1969, page 1554, Public Act No. 828, enacted July 8, 1969, effective Oct. 1, 1971.
  56. ↑ Colorado Laws 1971, page 388, ch. 121, enacted June 2, 1971, effective July 1, 1972.
  57. ↑ General Laws of Oregon 1971, page 1873, ch. 743, enacted July 2, 1971, effective Jan. 1, 1972.
  58. ↑ Laws of Delaware, Vol. 58, ch. 497, enacted July 6, 1972, effective Apr. 1, 1973
  59. ↑ 134 Laws of Ohio, page 1866, enacted Dec. 22, 1972, effective Jan. 1, 1974.
  60. ↑ 318 N.E.2d 478, decided Nov. 1, 1974.
  61. ↑ Laws of North Dakota 1973, ch. 117, adopted Mar. 28, 1973, effective July 1, 1975.
  62. ↑ New Mexico Laws of 1975, ch. 109, enacted Apr. 3, 1975, effective June 20, 1975.
  63. ↑ New Hampshire Laws 1975, page 273, ch. 302, enacted June 7, 1975, effective Aug. 6, 1975.
  64. ↑ Statutes and Amendments to the Codes of California 1975, page 131, ch. 71, enacted May 12, 1975.
  65. ↑ Laws of West Virginia 1976, page 241, ch. 43, enacted Mar. 11, 1976, effective June 11, 1976.
  66. ↑ 242 N.W.2d 348, decided May 19, 1976.
  67. ↑ Maine Public Laws 1975, page 1273, ch. 499, enacted June 3, 1975, effective May 1, 1976.
  68. ↑ Acts 1976 Indiana, page 718, Public Law No. 148, enacted Feb. 25,1976, effective July 1, 1977.
  69. ↑ Laws of South Dakota 1976, page 227, ch. 158, enacted Feb. 27, 1976, effective Apr. 1, 1977.
  70. ↑ Laws of Wyoming 1977, page 228, ch. 70, enacted Feb. 24, 1977, effective May 27, 1977.
  71. ↑ Laws of Nebraska 1977, page 88, enacted June 1, 1977, effective July 1, 1978. The law was enacted by overriding the veto of the Governor. The override vote in the state’s unicameral legislature was 32-15, with not a single vote to spare, two-thirds being necessary.
  72. ↑ Laws of Washington 1975 1st Ex. Sess., page 817, ch. 260, enacted June 27, 1975, effective July 1, 1976.
  73. ↑ 400 N.Y.S.2d 455, decided Dec. 5, 1977.
  74. ↑ 400 N.Y.S.2d 455, decided Dec. 5, 1977.
  75. ↑ Laws of Wisconsin 1983, Vol. 1, page 37, ch. 17, enacted May 5, 1983, published May 11, 1983.
  76. ↑ 842 S.W.2d 487, decided Sep. 24, 1992. Rehearing denied Jan. 21, 1993. The case dragged on for some six years because of a dispute as to whether Kentucky could appeal the dismissal of charges against Wasson. An appellate court decided that it could, which sent the case back to the second level of court for a decision. See Commonwealth v. Wasson, 785 S.W.2d 67, decided Jan. 12, 1990. The Kentucky Supreme Court’s Wasson decision was the lead story in the Winter 1992-1993 issue of Civil Liberties.
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  78. ↑ 926 S.W. 2d 250, decided Jan. 26, 1996.
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  80. ↑ Public Laws of Rhode Island 1998, ch. 24, enacted June 5, 1998.
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  136. ↑ https://www.autostraddle.com/bisexual-governor-kate-brown-talks-openly-about-surviving-domestic-violence-shuts-down-opponents-ignorance-354190/
  137. ↑ http://www.washingtonblade.com/2016/11/08/kate-brown-becomes-first-openly-lgbt-person-elected-governor/
  138. ↑ http://www.advocate.com/ex-gay-therapy/2015/05/19/oregon-s-bisexual-gov-bans-conversion-therapy
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  141. ↑ Donald Trump says the law is settled on gay marriage but not on abortion
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