LGBT student movement

The origin of the LGBT student movement can be linked to other activist movements from the mid-20th century in the United States. The Civil Rights Movement and Second-wave feminist movement were working towards equal rights for other minority groups in the United States. Though the student movement began a few years before the Stonewall riots, the riots helped to spur the student movement to take more action in the US. Despite this, the overall view of these gay liberation student organizations received minimal attention from contemporary LGBT historians.[1] This oversight stems from the idea that the organizations were founded with haste as a result of the riots. Others historians argue that this group gives too much credit to groups that disagree with some of the basic principles of activist LGBT organizations.[1]

Though the times and places of the student movement vary, the goals are often similar including: abolishing sodomy laws, equality on campuses for LGBT students,[2] increasing money for HIV/AIDS research,[3] the legalization of same-sex marriage,[4] to prevent the bullying and suicide of LGBT youth, and gain visibility for LGBT peoples. LGBT student organizations today have started to involve research to improve the understanding of basic activism ideas. Using historical research as a source to identify and differentiate successful approaches. The identities of student activists and their involvement tends to shape the different organizations across campuses.[5] The student movements have not always been successful in their goals, but they have been able to bring visibility to the LGBT community in their area as well as working to promote equality for a better future for their community.[6]

Australia

Many colleges in Australia have a Students' union that helps support LGBT student activism financially and otherwise. Often the right to have a safe space and LGBT officers is written into the student union policy. The LGBT student activists use media to help spread the word about issues in Australia that they deem important to the community such as Same-sex marriage.[4] This means that LGBT students in Australia's colleges and universities have good visibility on their campuses. The students are using this visibility to try to get same-sex marriage legalized in their country.

The topic of same-sex marriage being legalized in Australia was brought to the forefront of LGBT students when it became legal in Canada. Two same-sex couples traveled to Canada in order to be able to get married to their partners, and then attempted to get their marriage recognized when they came back to Australia. The government then used the Marriage Act 1961 (Australia) in order to deny the recognition of the legality of their marriages.[4] The students want to change the definition of marriage so that it is a less fascist convention and is closer to their own views of what marriage should be.[4]

China

Groups of student activists are attempting to change teaching material in Chinese schools they believe may cause discrimination towards LGBT students.[2] The move for this is due to the Guangzhou-based Gay and Lesbian Campus Association report that shows that 40% of the mentions within the Chinese textbooks refer to homosexuality as a mental illness.[2] Along with changes to the textbooks, the groups want universities to allow LGBT student organizations and groups on campuses which are not accepted well on campuses either.[2] Another thing the group wants to promote is better protection for LGBT students from bullies since 3/4 of students mention having been bullied because of their sexuality.[2] The groups hope to change this or eliminate it by changing regulations and rules within the schools.[2]

Mexico

In 2004, a private American school in Mexico City, Mexico was the first school in Mexico to create a Gay–straight alliance.

The GSA has succeeded in bringing attention to issues of discrimination towards the LGBT students and opened up a school-wide discussion about what the LGBT students deal with at school.[7] The GSA is working to provide support and safe space for LGBT students, providing information about and for LGBT, and raise awareness for LGBT issues.[7]

United States of America

History

In the US the student movement began in secret in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1966, Stephen Donaldson and a few other students at Columbia University used the structure of the Mattachine Society to form an underground society called the Student Homophile League. That year, the group could not get university recognition due to the group not giving a list of names of the members to the school to protect them. This led to no funding or space for the group. This made it difficult to gain new members. Although, Donaldson found a way to get recognition by the university, and the group became the first recognized student gay rights group.[8]

After hearing about the SHL at Columbia students at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY began inquiring about starting their own branch on campus. The Cornell Daily Sun reported that the administration would not stop a group from forming on campus, following a tradition of acknowledging contested groups on campus. Jearld Moldenhauer founded the group in 1968 and similar to the experience Donaldson faced at Columbia, students were hesitant to join, and membership remained low.[9]

Students at Cornell who joined SHL did so under pseudonyms. At the beginning there were more heterosexual students than homosexual students, partially to attract members but at the same time was used as a protection strategy. By spring 1969 group tensions were high and a split began to occur, as some members wanted to keep focus on civil liberties and others wanted the group to only focus on gay and lesbian issues. By 1971 the group became known as the Gay Liberation Front, which was associated with such groups on the Cornell campus as the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS).[10]

Gay Straight Alliance Sign

K-12

In 1989 there were no known GSAs in any high school or junior high within the United States even though 97% of high school students[11] admitted to hearing anti-gay remarks in school and many LGBT students felt unsafe enough that they would skip classes. Then LGBT and straight students at private schools in Massachusetts joined together to create the first Gay–straight alliances. Even though the groups received much opposition, the groups popped up in more and more schools across the country. As of 2011, there are more than 4,000 GSAs in Middle schools and High schools across the United States.[12]

College and University

Arizona

The University of Arizona's LGBT student group, "Pride Alliance," has been active since the 1990s in providing visibility to LGBT students and faculty at the University.[13] Some of the students' activism also works to provide a safe and welcoming environment for LGBT students. This goal stems from studies showing that LGBT college students have higher levels of depression, bullying, and suicide. Campus-wide activism, at the University of Arizona and at many colleges, has focused on dealing with these issues with respect for the LGBT community.[14]

Florida

A renewed interest in LGBT rights brought about the formation of the Florida Collegiate Pride Coalition in 2003 with chapter from Florida Gulf Coast University, University of Central Florida, University of Miami, and University of South Florida. The group holds an annual conference where multiple LGBT Social groups meet up, including people from out of state. In 2011, the group agreed to expand to help the LGBT members and allies network with college organizations to develop growth in its members personal and professional lives.[15] This forum of LGBT college and university students in Florida is known to work with Equality Florida.

Louisiana

Louisiana State University, the flagship University of Louisiana, has progressively increased the awareness of LGBT organizations throughout campus. Spectrum was an organization that began in 1977 by and for LSU students as the Gay and Lesbian Student Association. Originally students involved did not feel particularly accepted so, in turn, held their meetings at off-campus locations.[16] In 1999 a group of students felt unhappy with the mainly private nature of the LGBT movement so they formed the Spectrum Alliance. This became the public activism group that now holds over 100 members on LSU's campus.[17]

In the fall of 2014 LSU also added a program that allows students to minor in LGBT studies. It consists of an 18-hour curriculum pinpointing social sciences created by Dr. Elaine M. Maccio who teaches in social work - where the minor is also housed. The new found program allows students who desire to obtain a better understanding of LGBT ideals and activism now have the opportunity to do so for course credit.[18]

Maryland

In 2012, the students at University of Notre Dame were able to get an official LGBT organization after requesting the addition of one 15 times. Notre Dame was the last of the top 20 universities in the United States to add an LGBT organization. The students at Notre Dame were able to get the group by assessing the environment on campus for the LGBT students and writing a review that was submitted to the president of the school. After five months of review, the president decided that allowing the organization went along with the school's policies to embrace inclusivity.[19]

Penn State LGBT Student Activists

Pennsylvania

In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, The Pennsylvania Student Equality Coalition was founded as an independent and youth-led statewide LGBT organization by Pennsylvania students in April 2011. As of 2012, PSEC is connected with over 70 student LGBT organizations across Pennsylvania. The coalition is focused on campus-community organizing for LGBT equality in Pennsylvania and resource development for educational institutions.[20]

Interactions and Inclusiveness on College Campuses

Over the last several years a number of studies have been done on interventions and interactions among students and LGBT groups on college campuses. Numerous studies have concluded that the more interactions undergraduates have with the LGBT community on campus, the more accepting attitudes are in the following ways "1.Same-sex, consensual sex. 2. Same-sex relations between adults is not unnatural. 3. Vote for a gay presidential candidate. 4. Friends with a feminine man. 5. Friends with a masculine woman. 6. Knowledge of [gay and lesbian] issues important for a future career. 7. Comfortable with a [gay, lesbian] roommate."[21] Students who frequently interact and involve themselves with campus activities are likely to be more open to views different from their own.

Students who are present when an LGBT student is being harassed frequently will depend on the relation between the two. Meaning, that if the bystander knows the bullying victim or is known around campus themselves, it is more likely that they will intervene. However, intervention is less likely to occur when passive bystanders are present. Studies show that it is important for universities to foster initiatives that increase LGBT bystander interventions.[22]

Over the past decade, academic institutions have been making strides in aiding LGBT students on campus. These inclusive resources include the creation of gender- neutral housing and bathrooms, educational programming, and creating other initiatives to help foster equality. However, according to a 2010 study done at multiple institutions indicated from responses by LGBT students, that LGBT students were more likely to receive harassment and discrimination that heterosexuals. Therefore, resulting in lower education outcomes, low self- esteem, and wakened emotional, mental, and physical health.[23]

LGBTQ Inclusion

One of the ways that heterosexism is enabled on college campuses was through heterosexist language and communicated anti-gay sentiments towards LGBTQ people. One factor that effects the college climate they experience is how they choose or if they choose to disclose their identities. Resources have been created to help promote non-hostile environments are initiatives like The Transgender On-Campus NonDiscrimination Project (TONI). TONI is an online resource center for students, faculty, and staff alike to learn about and gather general information on transgender students in higher education.[24]

LGBTQ Resource Centers have been created on campus to help students have a welcoming space on campus. However, many argue that LGBTQ rights in the United States primarily focus on as gay and lesbian people. This leaves out those who identify as transgender and queer. According to a study on transgender centers on campuses, there are many events that relate to trans issues, but instead of being with these communities, the programming created is about the transgender community. Including and fostering the "practice and process" of inclusion should remain the primary focus rather than a "singular point of 'liberation'".[25]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/sex/summary/v012/12.2beemyn.html
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "LGBT Groups Call For Change in China's Schools, Colleges". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 2015-11-21.
  3. ↑ http://actup.org/news/
  4. 1 2 3 4 Rodgers, Jessica (2010-08-01). "‘Live your liberation – don't lobby for it’: Australian queer student activists' perspectives of same-sex marriage". Continuum. 24 (4): 601–617. ISSN 1030-4312. doi:10.1080/10304312.2010.489722.
  5. ↑ http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/csd/summary/v048/48.3renn.html
  6. ↑ Bernstein, Mary (2002). Identities and Politics: Toward a Historical Understanding of the Lesbian and Gay Movement. Social Science History 26:3 (fall 2002).
  7. 1 2 Macgillivray, Ian K. (2005-11-01). "Shaping Democratic Identities and Building Citizenship Skills Through Student Activism: México's First Gay-Straight Alliance". Equity & Excellence in Education. 38 (4): 320–330. ISSN 1066-5684. doi:10.1080/10665680500299783.
  8. ↑ Beemyn, Brett (2003). "The Silence Is Broken: A History of the First Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual College Student Groups". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 12 (2): 205–223.
  9. ↑ Beemyn, Brett (April 2003). "The Silence is Broken: A History of the First Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual College Student Groups". Journal of the History of sexuality. JSTOR 3704612.
  10. ↑ Beemyn, Brett (2003-01-01). "The Silence Is Broken: A History of the First Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual College Student Groups". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 12 (2): 205–223. JSTOR 3704612.
  11. ↑ Beemyn, Brett (2015) [2004]. "Student Organizations". Archived from the original on 2005-03-17.
  12. ↑ Hartinger, Jeffery (August 1, 2011). "Triumphs and Setbacks of Gay Straight Alliances". The Advocate. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
  13. ↑ http://pride.asua.arizona.edu/pride/Welcome.html
  14. ↑ Oswalt, Sara, and Tammy Wyatt. "Sexual Orientation and Differences in Mental Health, Stress, and Academic Performance in a National Sample of U.S. College Students." Journal of Homosexuality. 58.9 (2011): 1255-1280. JSTOR. Web. 20 Mar. 2012
  15. ↑ "About". Florida Collegiate Pride Coalition.
  16. ↑ http://www.spectrumlsu.com/about-us
  17. ↑ http://www.spectrumlsu.com
  18. ↑ http://college.usatoday.com/2014/10/01/louisiana-state-university-introduces-new-lgbt-minor/
  19. ↑ Garcia, Michelle (December 7, 2012). "Notre Dame Finally Approves LGBT Organization". The Advocate. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
  20. ↑
  21. ↑ Sevecke, Jessica R.; Rhymer, Katrina N.; Almazan, Elbert P.; Jacob, Susan. "Effects of Interaction Experiences and Undergraduate Coursework on Attitudes Toward Gay and Lesbian Issues". Journal of Homosexuality. 62 (6): 821–840. doi:10.1080/00918369.2014.999493.
  22. ↑ Dessel, Adrienne B.; Goodman, Kevin D.; Woodford, Michael R. "LGBT Discrimination on Campus and Heterosexual Bystanders: Understanding Intentions to Intervene.". Journal of Diversity in Higher Education. doi:10.1037/dhe0000015.
  23. ↑ http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bsu/detail.action?docID=10734308
  24. ↑ Garvey, Jason C.; Rankin, Susan R. (2015-04-03). "Making the Grade? Classroom Climate for LGBTQ Students Across Gender Conformity". Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice. 52 (2): 190–203. ISSN 1949-6591. doi:10.1080/19496591.2015.1019764.
  25. ↑ Marine, Susan B.; Nicolazzo, Z. "Names that matter: Exploring the tensions of campus LGBTQ centers and trans* inclusion.". Journal of Diversity in Higher Education. 7 (4): 265–281. doi:10.1037/a0037990.
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