Voiceless dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants
| Voiceless postalveolar lateral approximant |
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| l̠̊ |
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| Voiceless dental lateral approximant |
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| l̪̊ |
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Features
Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- There are four specific variants of [l̥]:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
Occurrence
Dental or denti-alveolar
Alveolar
| Language |
Word |
IPA |
Meaning |
Notes |
|---|
| Danish |
Standard[5] |
plads |
[ˈpl̥æs] |
'square' |
Before /l/, aspiration of /p, t, k/ is realized as devoicing of /l/.[5] See Danish phonology |
| Estonian[6] |
mahl |
[mɑ̝hːl̥] |
'juice' |
Word-final allophone of /l/ after /t, s, h/.[6] See Estonian phonology |
| Moksha |
калхне |
[ˈkal̥nʲæ] |
'these fishes' |
Contrasts plain voiceless, plain voiced, palatalized voiceless and palatalized voiced versions. |
| Tibetan |
ལྷ |
[l̥a] |
'deity' |
Contrasts voiceless and voiced lateral approximants |
| Ukrainian[7] |
смисл |
[s̪mɪs̪l̥] |
'sense' |
Word-final allophone of /l/ after voiceless consonants.[7] See Ukrainian phonology |
| Washo |
madukwáwLu |
[maduˈkwawl̥u] |
'sunflower' |
|
| Xumi |
Lower |
[RPʁul̥o] |
'head' |
Contrasts with the voiced /l/. |
| Upper |
[EPbəl̥ɐ] |
'to open a lock' |
Postalveolar
See also
Notes
References
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
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| — These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] |
| — Where symbols appear in pairs, left–right represent the voiceless–voiced consonants. |
| — Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible or not distinctive. |
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