Kyōgoku clan

The Kyōgoku clan (京極氏, Kyōgoku-shi) were a Japanese daimyo clan which rose to prominence during the Sengoku and Edo periods. The clan descend from the Uda Genji through the Sasaki clan.^[1] The name derives from the Kyōgoku quarter of Kyoto during the Heian period.^[2]

The Kyōgoku acted as shugo (governors) of Ōmi, Hida, Izumo and Oki Provinces in the period before the Ōnin War.^[2]

A period of decline in clan fortunes was mitigated with the rise of the Tokugawa clan. Members of the clan were daimyo of territories on the islands of Kyūshū and Shikoku during the Edo period.^[2] Under the Tokugawa shogunate, the Kyōgoku were identified as tozama or outsiders, in contrast with the fudai or insider daimyo clans which were hereditary vassals or allies of the Tokugawa.^[3]

At the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate, the Kyōgoku had been enfeoffed at Marugame and Tadotsu in Sanuki, Toyooka in Tajima, and Mineyama Domain in Tango Province. A branch of the Kyōgoku was ranked among the kōke.^[2]

Genealogy

The tozama Kyōgoku are descended directly from Emperor Uda (868-897) through his grandson Minamoto no Masanobu (920-993).^[4] They represent a branch of the Sasaki clan who were adopted by the Seiwa Genji.^[2]

The branches of the tozama Kyōgoku clan include the following:

• The senior branch of this clan are descendants of Kyōgoku Takatsugu (1560–1609). He allied himself with Oda Nobunaga, who arranged for his marriage to his niece. This marriage to the daughter of Asai Nagamasa made Toyotomi Hideyoshi his brother-in-law. Hideyoshi awarded him Ōtsu Castle (60,000 koku) in Omi Province. In 1600, he sided with the Tokugawa at the Siege of Ōtsu; and he received in the same year the fief of Obama (92,000 koku) in Wakasa Province.^[1]

Takatsugu's son, Kyōgoku Tadataka (1593–1637), married the fourth daughter of Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada in 1607. Tadataka's revenues were increased gradually over time. In 1634, he was granted Matsue Domain (260,000 koku) in Izumo Province; but he died three years later without leaving any heirs. His holdings reverted to the shogunate.^[5]

Kyōgoku Takatomo.

The bakufu designated Kyōgoku Takakazu, the son of Tadataka's brother Takamasa, to continue the line. Tadakazu was enfeoffed at Tatsuno (50,000 koku) in Harima Province. In 1658, the family was transferred to Marugame in Sanuki Province, where they remained daimyo until the abolition of the han system in 1871. The head of this clan line was ennobled as a viscount in the Meiji period.^[1]

• An offshoot of the senior branch was established in 1694 at Tadotsu (10,000 koku) in Sanuki Province, where they remained through the Meiji Restoration. The head of this clan line was given the title of viscount in the Meiji period.^[1]
• A cadet branch was created in 1592 when Hideyoshi awarded Kyōgoku Takatomo (1571–1621) the domain at Iida (80,000 koku) in Shinano Province. Takatomo took sides with the Tokugawa; and he was entrusted with the defense of Gifu Castle at Gifu in Mino Province. After the Battle of Sekigahara, he was transferred to Tanabe Castle (125,000 koku) in Tango Province.^[1] Shortly afterwards, Takatomo built a castle at Miyazu (78,000 koku) in Tamba Province; and he established himself there.^[6]

Kyōgoku Takahiro (1599–1677) was the adopted son and heir of Takatomo. When the administration of Miyazu became his responsibility after 1621, the revenues of the domain were reduced to 75,000 koku. The poor stewardship of Takahiro was exacerbated by that of his son Kyōgoku Takakuni (1616–1675). Shogun Tokugawa Ietsuna dispossessed the Kyōgoku of Miyazu in 1666, banishing both Takakuni and his son, Kyōgoku Takayori. In 1687, Takayori was permitted to return from banishment; and he was granted a pension of 2,000 koku and a position amongst the kōke. This Edo period bureaucratic position was responsible for official rituals and ceremonies.^[7]

The Kyōgoku residence in Toyooka.

• An offshoot of the cadet branch was created in 1604 when Kyōgoku Takatomo transferred his seat of authority to Miyasu Castle. This clan sub-branching comprised those descendants of the Kyōgoku who continued to hold Tanabe Castle in Tango Province. In 1668, this clan branch was transferred to Toyooka Domain (15,000 koku) in Tajima Province. The head of this clan line was created a viscount in the Meiji period.^[1]
• Another offshoot of the cadet branch was established in 1620 when Kyōgoku Takamichi (1603–1665) was enfeoffed at Mineyama Domain (10,000 koku) in Tango Province. Takamichi, who was the son of Kuchiki Tanetsuna, had been adopted by Takatomo. The descendants of Takamichi were daimyo in this han until 1871. The head of this clan line was recognized as a viscount in the Meiji period.

Modern times

The fall of the Tokugawa shogunate created ripple of unanticipated consequences amongst the daimyo closely associated with the bafuku. One results of these economic changes was that the residence in Edo belonging to the Kyōgoku daimyo of Tadotsu was sold. The clan's house and garden fell into the hands of Inoue Kaoru, the first foreign minister in the Meiji government.^[8] The home became a venue for entertaining foreign dignitaries and introducing them to the esthetics of Japanese gardens.^[9]

After World War II, the former Kyōgoku property was acquired by the International House of Japan. A new residence hall and cultural center was built on the site, but the garden was preserved as the unanticipated yet enduring legacy of the Kyōgoku clan.^[8] The garden survives and the clan continues, albeit with less public visibly.

Notable clan members

Ōishi Riku, wife of Ōishi Kuranosuke, leader of the Forty-seven Ronin, was a daughter of Ishizuka Tsuneyoshi, principal house elder of Toyooka domain. She later returned to Toyooka, and lived with her father at the time of the revenge of the ronin.

In 1925, the first election of the members of the House of Peers representing the Meiji-created nobility ( the kazoku) was held. As a result, Viscount Takanori Kyōgoku of Sanuki was amongst those who were seated in the upper house of the Imperial Diet.^[10]

In 2009, Takaharu Kyōgoku became the chief priest (kannushi) of the Yasukuni Shrine. He is the 15th head of the Kyogoku family that held power in Toyooka until the Meiji Restoration.^[11]

Clan heads

See also

• Sasaki clan
• Rokkaku clan
• Azai Sukemasa (1491–1546)
• Kyōgoku In (1245–1272), consort of Emperor Kameyama
• Fujiwara no Tamekane (1254–1352), also known as Kyōgoku no Tamekane
• Fujiwara no Morozane (1042–1101), sobriquet Kyōgoku Kampaku
• Kyōgoku, Hokkaidō

Notes

References

• Appert, Georges and H. Kinoshita. (1888). Ancien Japon. Tokyo: Imprimerie Kokubunsha.
• Iwao, Seiichi, Teizō Iyanaga, Susumu Ishii, Shōichirō Yoshida, et al. (2002). Dictionnaire historique du Japon. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. ISBN 978-2-7068-1632-1; OCLC 51096469
• Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
• Papinot, Jacques Edmund Joseph. (1906) Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha...Click link for digitized 1906 Nobiliaire du japon (2003)
• Plutschow, Herbert. (1995). "Japan's Name Culture: The Significance of Names in a Religious, Political and Social Context. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-873410-42-4 (cloth)

External links

• International House of Japan: photos of the garden of the former-Kyōgoku residence in Edo.
• National Archives of Japan: Sasaki Doyo Sojo (Letter by Sasaki Doyo aka Kyōgoku Takauji), 1338.