Kuwait City

Kuwait City
مدينة الكويت
Madinat Al-Kuwayt

The skyline of Kuwait City
Nickname(s): مدينة الكويت [Ad-Dirah]
Kuwait City

Location of Kuwait City in Kuwait

Coordinates: 29°22′11″N 47°58′42″E / 29.36972°N 47.97833°E / 29.36972; 47.97833Coordinates: 29°22′11″N 47°58′42″E / 29.36972°N 47.97833°E / 29.36972; 47.97833
Country Kuwait
Governorate Al Asimah
Area
 • Metro 200 km2 (80 sq mi)
Population
 • Urban 2.4 million
Time zone AST (UTC+3)

Kuwait City (Arabic: مدينة الكويت‎‎) is the capital and largest city of Kuwait. Kuwait City is the political, cultural and economic center of Kuwait. Kuwait City is considered a global city. Kuwait City's trade and transportation needs are served by Kuwait International Airport, Mina Al-Shuwaik (Shuwaik Port) and Mina Al Ahmadi (Ahmadi Port).

History

Early history

In 1613, the town of Kuwait was founded in modern-day Kuwait City. In 1716, the Bani Utubs settled in Kuwait. At the time of the arrival of the Utubs, Kuwait was inhabited by a few fishermen and primarily functioned as a fishing village.[1] In the eighteenth century, Kuwait prospered and rapidly became the principal commercial center for the transit of goods between India, Muscat, Baghdad and Arabia.[2][3] By the mid 1700s, Kuwait had already established itself as the major trading route from the Persian Gulf to Aleppo.[4]

During the Persian siege of Basra in 1775–1779, Iraqi merchants took refuge in Kuwait and were partly instrumental in the expansion of Kuwait's boat-building and trading activities.[5] As a result, Kuwait's maritime commerce boomed.[5] Between the years 1775 and 1779, the Indian trade routes with Baghdad, Aleppo, Smyrna and Constantinople were diverted to Kuwait.[4][6] The East India Company was diverted to Kuwait in 1792.[7] The East India Company secured the sea routes between Kuwait, India and the east coasts of Africa.[7] After the Persians withdrew from Basra in 1779, Kuwait continued to attract trade away from Basra.[8]

Kuwait was the center of boat building in the Persian Gulf region.[9][10] During the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, ship vessels made in Kuwait carried the bulk of trade between the ports of India, East Africa and the Red Sea.[11][12][13] Kuwaiti ship vessels were renowned throughout the Indian Ocean.[14] Regional geopolitical turbulence helped foster economic prosperity in Kuwait in the second half of the 18th century.[15] Kuwait became prosperous due to Basra's instability in the late 18th century.[16] In the late 18th century, Kuwait partly functioned as a haven for Basra's merchants fleeing Ottoman government persecution.[17] According to Palgrave, Kuwaitis developed a reputation as the best sailors in the Persian Gulf.[14][18][19]

During the reign of Mubarak Al-Sabah, Kuwait was dubbed the "Marseilles of the Gulf" because its economic vitality attracted a large variety of people.[20] In the first decades of the twentieth century, Kuwait had a well-established elite: wealthy trading families who were linked by marriage and shared economic interests.[21] The elite were long-settled, urban, Sunni families, the majority of which claim descent from the original 30 Bani Utubi families.[21] The wealthiest families were trade merchants who acquired their wealth from long-distance commerce, shipbuilding and pearling.[21] They were a cosmopolitan elite, they traveled extensively to India, Africa and Europe.[21] The elite educated their sons abroad more than other Gulf Arab elite.[21] Western visitors noted that the Kuwaiti elite used European office systems, typewriters and followed European culture with curiosity.[21] The richest families were involved in general trade.[21] The merchant families of Al-Ghanim and Al-Hamad were estimated to be worth millions before the 1940s.[21]

In 1937, Freya Stark wrote about the extent of poverty in Kuwait at the time:

Poverty has settled in Kuwait more heavily since my last visit five years ago, both by sea, where the pearl trade continues to decline, and by land, where the blockade established by Saudi Arabia now harms the merchants.

Some prominent merchant families left Kuwait in the early 1930s due to the prevalence of economic hardship. At the time of the discovery of oil in 1937, most of Kuwait's inhabitants were impoverished.

Golden Era (1946–1982)

From 1946 to 1982, Kuwait experienced a period of prosperity driven by oil and its liberal atmosphere.[22][23][24] In popular discourse, the years between 1946 and 1982 are referred to as the "Golden Era".[22][23][24][25] In 1950, a major public-work programme began to enable Kuwaitis to enjoy a modern standard of living. By 1952, the country became the largest oil exporter in the Persian Gulf region. This massive growth attracted many foreign workers, especially from Palestine, Egypt and India. In June 1961, Kuwait became independent with the end of the British protectorate and the sheikh Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah became an Emir. Under the terms of the newly drafted constitution, Kuwait held its first parliamentary elections in 1963. Kuwait was the first Arab Persian Gulf country to establish a constitution and parliament.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Kuwait was the most developed country in the region.[26][27][28] Kuwait was the pioneer in the Middle East in diversifying its earnings away from oil exports.[29] The Kuwait Investment Authority is the world's first sovereign wealth fund. From the 1970s onward, Kuwait scored highest of all Arab countries on the Human Development Index.[28] Kuwait University was established in 1966.[28] Kuwait's theatre industry was well-known throughout the Arab world.[22][28]

In the 1960s and 1970s, Kuwait's press was described as one of the freest in the world.[30] Kuwait was the pioneer in the literary renaissance in the Arab region.[31] In 1958, Al Arabi magazine was first published, the magazine went on to become the most popular magazine in the Arab world.[31] Many Arab writers moved to Kuwait for freedom of expression because Kuwait had greater freedom of expression than elsewhere in the Arab world.[32][33] Kuwait was a haven for writers and journalists from all parts of the Middle East. The Iraqi poet Ahmed Matar left Iraq in the 1970s to take refuge in the more liberal environment of Kuwait.

1980s and later

In the early 1980s, Kuwait experienced a major economic crisis after the Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash and decrease in oil price.[34]

During the Iran–Iraq War, Kuwait supported Iraq. Throughout the 1980s, there were several terror attacks in Kuwait, including the 1983 Kuwait bombings, hijacking of several Kuwait Airways planes and attempted assassination of Emir Jaber in 1985.[35] Kuwait was a leading regional hub of science and technology in the 1960s and 1970s up until the early 1980s, the scientific research sector significantly suffered due to the terror attacks.

The Kuwaiti government strongly advocated Islamism throughout the 1980s.[36] At that time, the most serious threat to the continuity of Al Sabah came from home-grown secular democrats.[36] The secular Kuwaiti opposition were protesting the 1976 suspension of the parliament.[36] Al Sabah were attracted to Islamists preaching the virtues of a hierarchical order that included loyalty to the Kuwaiti monarchy.[36] In 1981, the Kuwaiti government gerrymandered electoral districts in favor of the Islamists.[36] Islamists were the government's main allies, hence Islamists were able to colonize state agencies, such as the government ministries.[36] In 1983, the parliament banned alcohol consumption. By the mid 1980s, Kuwait was described as an autocracy.[36] In 1986, Emir Jaber suspended the parliament.

Oil fires in Kuwait in 1990, which were a result of the scorched earth policy of Iraqi military forces retreating from Kuwait.

After the Iran–Iraq War ended, Kuwait declined an Iraqi request to forgive its US$65 billion debt.[37] An economic rivalry between the two countries ensued after Kuwait increased its oil production by 40 percent.[38] Tensions between the two countries increased further in July 1990, after Iraq complained to OPEC claiming that Kuwait was stealing its oil from a field near the border by slant drilling of the Rumaila field.[38]

In August 1990, Iraqi forces invaded and annexed Kuwait. After a series of failed diplomatic negotiations, the United States led a coalition to remove the Iraqi forces from Kuwait, in what became known as the Gulf War. On 26 February 1991, the coalition succeeded in driving out the Iraqi forces. As they retreated, Iraqi forces carried out a scorched earth policy by setting oil wells on fire.[39] During the Iraqi occupation, more than 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed.[40] In addition, more than 600 Kuwaitis went missing during Iraq's occupation,[41] approximately 375 remains were found in mass graves in Iraq.

In March 2003, Kuwait became the springboard for the US-led invasion of Iraq. Upon the death of the Emir Jaber, in January 2006, Saad Al-Sabah succeeded him but was removed nine days later by the Kuwaiti parliament due to his ailing health. Sabah Al-Sabah was sworn in as Emir. In 2011–2012, there were protests inspired by the Arab Spring. The parliament was dissolved in December 2011 due to protests against the parliament. The prime minister stepped down following protests and allegations of corruption.

Politics

Kuwait National Assembly Building

Kuwait is a constitutional monarchy and has the oldest directly elected parliament among the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The Al Sabah is Kuwait's ruling family. Legislative power is vested in the National Assembly parliament and Emir in accordance with the Constitution of Kuwait. The appointment of a new Emir needs the approval of the Kuwaiti parliament (per article 4 of the Constitution). The parliament effectively removed Saad al-Sabah from his post in 2006 due to his illness. The Constitutional Court and the Emir both have the authority to dissolve the National Assembly but must subsequently call a national election. A cabinet of ministers aid the Prime Minister.

The National Assembly consists of fifty elected members, who are chosen in elections held every four years. Government ministers are also granted membership in the parliament and can number up to sixteen excluding the fifty elected members. According to the Constitution of Kuwait, nomination of a new Emir or Crown Prince by the Al-Sabah family has to be approved by the National Assembly. Any amendment to the Constitution can be proposed by the Emir but it needs to be approved by more than two-thirds of the elected members of the National Assembly before being implemented.[42]

Human rights in Kuwait has been the subject of criticism, particularly regarding migrant workers rights and the Bedoon. 60% of Kuwait's population is Arab (including Arab expats), the remaining 40% consists of non-Arab expatriates, mainly South Asian migrant workers. The kafala system leaves migrant workers prone to exploitation. Many human rights organizations have criticized Kuwait for failing to protect migrant workers from exploitation.

Law

Kuwait follows the "civil law system" modeled after the French legal system,[43][44][45] Kuwait's legal system is largely secular.[46][47][48] Sharia law governs only family law for Muslim residents,[47][49] non-Muslims in Kuwait have a secular family law. For the application of family law, there are three separate court sections: Sunni, Shia and non-Muslim.[50] According to the United Nations, Kuwait's legal system is a mix of British common law, French civil law, Egyptian civil law and Islamic law.[51]

The court system in Kuwait is secular.[52][53] Unlike other Gulf states, Kuwait does not have Sharia courts. Sections of the civil court system administer family law.[53] Kuwait has the most secular commercial law in the Persian Gulf.[54]

Foreign relations

Location of diplomatic missions of Kuwait:
  Kuwait
  Embassy

Foreign affairs relations of Kuwait is handled at the level of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The first foreign affairs department bureau was established in 1961. Kuwait became the 111th member state of the United Nations in May 1963. It is a long-standing member of the Arab League and Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf.

Before the Gulf War, Kuwait was the only "pro-Soviet" state in the Persian Gulf.[55] Kuwait acted as a conduit for the Soviets to the other Persian Gulf states and Kuwait was used to demonstrate the benefits of a pro-Soviet stance.[55] Between 1961 and 1991, Kuwait had an uneasy relationship with the United States characterized by mistrust and hostility.[56] In July 1987, Kuwait refused to allow U.S. military bases in its territory.[57] As a result of the Gulf War, Kuwait currently hosts thousands of US military personnel and contractors within active U.S. facilities.

Military

The Military of Kuwait traces its original roots to the Kuwaiti cavalrymen and infantrymen that used to protect Kuwait and its wall since the early 1900s. These cavalrymen and infantrymen formed the defense and security sources in metropolitan areas; charged with protecting outposts outside the wall of Kuwait.

The Military of Kuwait consists of several joint defense forces. The governing bodies are the Kuwait Ministry of Defense, the Kuwait Ministry of Interior, the Kuwait National Guard and the Kuwait Fire Service Directorate. The Emir of Kuwait is the commander-in-chief of all defense forces.

Geography

Satellite image of Kuwait

Kuwait City is located on Kuwait Bay, a natural deep-water harbor. 90% of Kuwait's population live within the Kuwait Bay coast. The country is generally low lying, with the highest point being 306 m (1,004 ft) above sea level.[58] It has nine islands, all of which, with the exception of Failaka Island, are uninhabited.[59] With an area of 860 km2 (330 sq mi), the Bubiyan is the largest island in Kuwait and is connected to the rest of the country by a 2,380-metre-long (7,808 ft) bridge.[60] The land area is considered arable[58] and sparse vegetation is found along its 499-kilometre-long (310 mi) coastline.[58]

Kuwait's Burgan field has a total capacity of approximately 70 billion barrels (1.1×1010 m3) of proven oil reserves. During the 1991 Kuwaiti oil fires, more than 500 oil lakes were created covering a combined surface area of about 35.7 km2 (13.8 sq mi).[61] The resulting soil contamination due to oil and soot accumulation had made eastern and south-eastern parts of Kuwait uninhabitable. Sand and oil residue had reduced large parts of the Kuwaiti desert to semi-asphalt surfaces.[62] The oil spills during the Gulf War also drastically affected Kuwait's marine resources.[63]

Climate

Astronaut View of Kuwait

Kuwait City has a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh) and is one of the hottest cities in the summer on earth.[64] Summer temperatures regularly exceed 45 °C (113 °F), and temperatures over 52 °C (126 °F)[64] are not uncommon in the summer, especially in heat waves; nighttime lows often remain above 30 °C (86 °F). In winter, nighttime temperatures frequently drop below 8 °C (46 °F). Considering its coastal position and relative distance to the equator in comparison with the hot desert climates in Africa and Saudi Arabia, the heat in the city is rather extreme - being surrounded in almost every direction by the hot desert.

Sand storms occur at times during summer from the shamal wind. Sand storms can occur any time of year but occur mostly during summer, and less frequently during autumn.

Climate data for Kuwait City
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6)		 35.8
(96.4)		 41.2
(106.2)		 44.2
(111.6)		 49.0
(120.2)		 49.8
(121.6)		 52.1
(125.8)		 50.7
(123.3)		 47.7
(117.9)		 43.7
(110.7)		 37.9
(100.2)		 30.5
(86.9)		 52.1
(125.8)
Average high °C (°F) 19.5
(67.1)		 21.8
(71.2)		 26.9
(80.4)		 33.9
(93)		 40.9
(105.6)		 45.5
(113.9)		 46.7
(116.1)		 46.9
(116.4)		 43.7
(110.7)		 36.6
(97.9)		 27.8
(82)		 21.9
(71.4)		 34.3
(93.7)
Average low °C (°F) 8.5
(47.3)		 10.0
(50)		 14.0
(57.2)		 19.5
(67.1)		 25.4
(77.7)		 28.9
(84)		 30.7
(87.3)		 29.5
(85.1)		 26.2
(79.2)		 21.5
(70.7)		 14.5
(58.1)		 9.9
(49.8)		 19.9
(67.8)
Record low °C (°F) −4.0
(24.8)		 −1.6
(29.1)		 −0.1
(31.8)		 6.9
(44.4)		 14.7
(58.5)		 20.4
(68.7)		 22.4
(72.3)		 21.7
(71.1)		 16.0
(60.8)		 9.4
(48.9)		 2.0
(35.6)		 −1.5
(29.3)		 −4.0
(24.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 30.2
(1.189)		 10.5
(0.413)		 18.2
(0.717)		 11.5
(0.453)		 0.4
(0.016)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 1.4
(0.055)		 18.5
(0.728)		 25.5
(1.004)		 116.2
(4.575)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 5 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 19
Mean monthly sunshine hours 198.1 222.5 217.6 229.3 272.5 304.5 307.1 301.6 285.1 252.2 216.5 193.5 3,000.5
Mean daily sunshine hours 7.1 7.7 7.5 7.9 9.4 10.5 10.6 10.8 10.2 9.0 7.7 6.9 8.8
Percent possible sunshine 68 69 63 62 69 77 76 78 77 79 72 67 72
Source #1: World Meteorological Organization (temperature and rainfall 1994–2008)[65]
Source #2: NOAA (sunshine and records, 1961–1990)[66]

source 3 = Wundergound (2012 records)[67]

Economy

Kuwait International Airport
Kuwait Towers

Kuwait has a petroleum-based economy, petroleum and fertilizers are the main export products. The Kuwaiti dinar is the highest-valued currency unit in the world.[68] Petroleum accounts for nearly half of GDP and 90% of export revenues and government income.[69] The Kuwait Stock Exchange is the second-largest stock exchange in the Arab world.

Culture

Kuwaiti popular culture, in the form of theatre, radio, music, and television soap opera, flourishes and is even exported to neighboring states.[70][71] Within the Gulf Arab states, the culture of Kuwait is the closest to the culture of Bahrain; this is evident in the close association between the two states in theatrical productions and soap operas.[72]

Kuwait Towers, the country's most famous landmark

In the Arab world, Kuwait is frequently dubbed the "Hollywood of the Gulf" due to the popularity of its television soap operas and theatre.[73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92]

Society

Kuwaiti society is markedly more open than other Gulf Arab societies.[93] Kuwait stands out in the region as the most liberal in empowering women in the public sphere.[94][95][96] Kuwaiti women outnumber men in the workforce.[97] Kuwaiti political scientist Ghanim Alnajjar sees these qualities as a manifestation of Kuwaiti society as a whole, whereby in the Gulf region it is “the least strict about traditions”.[98]

Soap operas

Kuwait's drama industry tops other Gulf drama industries and produces a minimum of fifteen serials annually.[99][100] Most Gulf television dramas are filmed in Kuwait.[101][102] Kuwaiti soap operas are the most-watched soap operas in the Gulf region.[99][103] Soap operas are most popular during the time of Ramadan, when families gather to break their fast.[104] Although usually performed in the Kuwaiti dialect, they have been shown with success as far away as Tunisia.[105]

Theatre

Kuwait is known for its home-grown tradition of theatre.[106] Kuwait is the only country in the Gulf with a theatrical tradition.[107] The theatrical movement in Kuwait constitutes a major part of the country's cultural life.[108] Theatrical activities in Kuwait began in the 1920s when the first spoken dramas were released.[109] Theatre activities are still popular today.[108] Abdulhussain Abdulredha is the most prominent actor.

Kuwait is the main centre of scenographic and theatrical training in the Gulf region.[110][111] In 1973, the Higher Institute of Theatrical Arts was founded by the government to provide higher education in theatrical arts.[111] The institute has several divisions. Many actors have graduated from the institute, such as Souad Abdullah, Mohammed Khalifa, Mansour Al-Mansour, along with a number of prominent critics such as Ismail Fahd Ismail.

Theatre in Kuwait is subsidized by the government, previously by the Ministry of Social Affairs and now by the National Council for Culture, Arts, and Letters (NCCAL).[112] Every urban district has a public theatre.[113] The public theatre in Salmiya is named after Abdulhussain Abdulredha.

Arts

Kuwait has the oldest modern arts movement in the Arabian Peninsula.[114] Beginning in 1936, Kuwait was the first Gulf country to grant scholarships in the arts.[114] The Kuwaiti artist Mojeb al-Dousari was the earliest recognized visual artist in the Gulf region.[115] He is regarded as the founder of portrait art in the region.[116] The Sultan Gallery was the first professional Arab art gallery in the Gulf.[117][118]

Kuwait is home to more than 20 art galleries.[119][120] In recent years, Kuwait's contemporary art scene has boomed.[121][122][123][124] Khalifa Al-Qattan was the first artist to hold a solo exhibition in Kuwait. He founded a new art theory in the early 1960s known as "circulism".[125][126] Other notable Kuwaiti artists include Sami Mohammad, Thuraya Al-Baqsami and Suzan Bushnaq.

The government organizes various arts festivals, including the Al Qurain Cultural Festival and Formative Arts Festival.[127][128][129] The Kuwait International Biennial was inaugurated in 1967,[130] more than 20 Arab and foreign countries have participated in the biennial.[130] Prominent participants include Layla Al-Attar. In 2004, the Al Kharafi Biennial for Contemporary Arab Art was inaugurated.

In 1958, Al Arabi magazine was first published, the magazine went on to become the most popular magazine in the Arab world.[131] Ismail Fahd Ismail was one of the first Kuwaiti writers to achieve success in the Arab world. Taleb al-Refai, Laila al-Othman, A. H. Almaas, Taibah Al-Ibrahim, Najma Idrees, and Fatimah Yousif al-Ali are also among the pioneer writers.

Music

Traditional Kuwaiti music is a reflection of the country's seafaring heritage,[132][133] which is known for genres such as "fijiri" and "sawt".[134][135] Kuwait pioneered contemporary music in the Gulf,[136][137][138] Kuwaitis were the first commercial recording artists in the Gulf region.[136][137][138] The first known Kuwaiti recordings were made between 1912 and 1915.[139] Saleh and Daoud Al-Kuwaity were pioneer musicians who wrote over 650 songs, many of which are considered traditional and still played daily on radio stations both in Kuwait and the rest of the Arab world.[140][141]

Kuwaiti music has considerably influenced the music culture in other GCC countries.[142] Nawal El Kuwaitia, Abdallah Al Rowaished, Abdul Kareem Abdul-Qader, and Nabeel Shoail are the most popular contemporary artists. Kuwait has several academic institutions specializing in music education. In 1972, the Higher Institute of Musical Arts was founded by the government to provide higher education in music. In addition, the College of Basic Education offers a bachelor's degree in music education.

The Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre is the largest opera house in the Middle East.[143] Kuwait is home to various music festivals, including the International Music Festival hosted by the National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters (NCCAL).[144][145] The annual Gulf Music Festival features internationally renowned jazz musicians and local musicians.[146][147]

Museums

Sadu House.

Sadu House is one of Kuwait's most important cultural institutions. Bait Al-Othman is the largest museum specializing in Kuwait's history. The National Museum, established in 1983, has been described as "underused and overlooked".[148] The Scientific Center is one of the largest science museums in the Middle East.

The Museum of Modern Art, established in 2003, showcases the history of modern art in Kuwait and the region. Several Kuwaiti museums are devoted to Islamic art, most notably the Tareq Rajab Museums and Dar al Athar al Islamiyyah cultural centres.[149][150] The Dar al Athar al Islamiyyah cultural centres include education wings, conservation labs, and research libraries.[151][152][153] There are several art libraries in Kuwait.[154][153][155]

Many museums in Kuwait are private enterprises.[156][149] In contrast to the top-down approach in other Gulf states, museum development in Kuwait reflects a greater sense of civic identity and demonstrates the strength of civil society in Kuwait, which has produced many independent cultural enterprises.[157][149][156]

The Amiri Diwan is currently building the Abdullah Al-Salem Cultural Centre, which is a 13 hectare site with a total exhibit area of 22,000 m2 making it the largest museum project in the world.[158][159]

Sport

Football is the most popular sport in Kuwait. The Kuwait Football Association (KFA) is the governing body of football in Kuwait. The KFA organises the men's, women's, and futsal national teams. The Kuwaiti Premier League is the top league of Kuwaiti football, featuring eighteen teams. They have been the champions of the 1980 AFC Asian Cup, runners-up of the 1976 AFC Asian Cup, and have taken third place of the 1984 AFC Asian Cup. Kuwait has also been to one FIFA World Cup, in 1982, but tied 1–1 with Czechoslovakia on the first round. Kuwait is home to many football clubs including Al-Arabi, Al-Fahaheel, Al-Jahra, Al-Kuwait, Al-Naser, Al-Salmiya, Al-Shabab, Al Qadsia, Al-Yarmouk, Kazma, Khaitan, Sulaibikhat, Sahel, and Tadamon. The biggest football rivalry in Kuwait is between Al-Arabi and Al Qadsia.

Basketball is one of the country's most popular sports. The Kuwait national basketball team is governed by the Kuwait Basketball Association (KBA). Kuwait made its international debut in 1959. The national team has been to the FIBA Asian Championship in basketball eleven times. The Kuwaiti Division I Basketball League is the highest professional basketball league in Kuwait. Cricket in Kuwait is governed by the Kuwait Cricket Association. Other growing sports include rugby union. Handball is widely considered to be the national icon of Kuwait, although football is more popular among the overall population.

Ice hockey in Kuwait is governed by the Kuwait Ice Hockey Association. Kuwait first joined the International Ice Hockey Federation in 1985, but was expelled in 1992 due to a lack of ice hockey activity.[160] Kuwait was re-admitted into the IIHF in May 2009.[161] In 2015, Kuwait won the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia.[162][163]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Constancy and Change in Contemporary Kuwait City: The Socio-cultural Dimensions of the Kuwait Courtyard and Diwaniyya". Mohammad Khalid A. Al-Jassar. 2009. p. 64.
  2. ↑ Bell, Sir Gawain (1983). Shadows on the Sand: The Memoirs of Sir Gawain Bell. Gawain Bell. p. 222. ISBN 9780905838922.
  3. ↑ ʻAlam-i Nisvāṉ – Volume 2, Issues 1–2. p. 18. Kuwait became an important trading port for import and export of goods from India, Africa and Arabia.
  4. 1 2 "Constancy and Change in Contemporary Kuwait City". Mohammad Khalid A. Al-Jassar. 2009. p. 66.
  5. 1 2 "Beyond the Storm: A Gulf Crisis Reader". Phyllis Bennis. p. 42.
  6. ↑ Lauterpacht, E; Greenwood, C. J; Weller, Marc (1991). The Kuwait Crisis: Basic Documents. p. 4. ISBN 9780521463089.
  7. 1 2 Constancy and Change in Contemporary Kuwait City. 2009. p. 67. ISBN 9781109229349.
  8. ↑ Thabit Abdullah (2001). Merchants, Mamluks, and Murder: The Political Economy of Trade in Eighteenth-Century Basra. p. 72. ISBN 9780791448076.
  9. ↑ The impact of economic activities on the social and political structures of Kuwait (1896–1946) (PDF). p. 108.
  10. ↑ Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East: Cultural depth and diversity. p. 156. The port of Kuwait was then, and is still, the principal dhow- building and trading port of the Persian Gulf, though offering little trade itself.
  11. ↑ M. Nijhoff (1974). Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde, Volume 130. p. 111.
  12. ↑ Indian Foreign Affairs. 1965. p. 29.
  13. ↑ Richard Harlakenden Sanger (1970). The Arabian Peninsula. p. 150.
  14. 1 2 "The Postal Agencies in Eastern Arabia and the Gulf". Neil Donaldson. 2008. p. 93.
  15. ↑ "Constancy and Change in Contemporary Kuwait City". Mohammad Khalid A. Al-Jassar. p. 68.
  16. ↑ "Waqai-i manazil-i Rum: Tipu Sultan's mission to Constantinople". Mohibbul Hasan. 2007. p. 18. For owing to Basra's misfortunes, Kuwait and Zubarah became rich.
  17. ↑ "The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf, 1745–1900". Hala Mundhir Fattah. 1997. p. 114.
  18. ↑ "Seafaring in the Arabian Gulf and Oman: People of the Dhow". Dionisius A. Agius. 2012. p. 48.
  19. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. 2009. p. 321.
  20. ↑ "The Persian Gulf in History". Lawrence G. Potter. 2009. p. 272.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar". Jill Crystal. 1995. p. 37.
  22. 1 2 3 Al Sager, Noura, ed. (2014). Acquiring Modernity: Kuwait's Modern Era Between Memory and Forgetting. National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters. p. 7. ISBN 9789990604238.
  23. 1 2 Al-Nakib, Farah, ed. (2014). "Kuwait's Modernity Between Memory and Forgetting". Academia.edu. p. 7.
  24. 1 2 Farid, Alia (2014). "Acquiring Modernity: Kuwait at the 14th International Architecture Exhibition". aliafarid.net. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015.
  25. ↑ Gonzales, Desi (November–December 2014). "Acquiring Modernity: Kuwait at the 14th International Architecture Exhibition". Art Papers.
  26. ↑ "Looking for Origins of Arab Modernism in Kuwait". Hyperallergic.
  27. ↑ Al-Nakib, Farah (1 March 2014). "Towards an Urban Alternative for Kuwait: Protests and Public Participation". Built Environment. 40 (1): 101–117.
  28. 1 2 3 4 "Cultural developments in Kuwait". March 2013.
  29. ↑ Chee Kong, Sam (1 March 2014). "What Can Nations Learn from Norway and Kuwait in Managing Sovereign Wealth Funds". Market Oracle.
  30. ↑ al-Nakib, Farah (17 September 2014). "Understanding Modernity: A Review of the Kuwait Pavilion at the Venice Biennale". Jadaliyya. Arab Studies Institute.
  31. 1 2 "Kuwait Literary Scene A Little Complex". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. A magazine, Al Arabi, was published in 1958 in Kuwait. It was the most popular magazine in the Arab world. It came out it in all the Arabic countries, and about a quarter million copies were published every month.
  32. ↑ Gunter, Barrie; Dickinson, Roger (2013-06-06). News Media in the Arab World: A Study of 10 Arab and Muslim Countries. p. 24. ISBN 9781441102393.
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