Kundal Shahi language

Kundal Shahi
Native to Pakistan
Native speakers
 700 (2005)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3 shd
Glottolog kund1257[2]

Kundal Shahi is an endangered Dardic language of Pakistan. Speakers are shifting to Hindko.

Phonology

The following tables set out the phonology of Kundal Shahi.[3]

Vowels

Kandal Shahi is unusual amongst Dardic languages in that it has front rounded vowels.[3]

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i iː y yː u uː
Close-Mid e eː øː ə o oː
Open-Mid ɛ ɛː ʌ ɔ ɔː
Open a aː

Consonants

Like Kashmiri, Kundal Shahi is unusual amongst Dardic languages in that it lacks retroflex fricatives and affricates.[3]

Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ (ŋ)
Plosive voiceless p t ʈ k (q)
aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ
voiced b d ɖ ɡ
Affricate voiceless tʃ
aspirated tʃʰ
voiced dʒ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x h
voiced z ɣ
Lateral l
Flap ɾ ɽ
Approximant j w

Tone

Kundal Shahi, like many Dardic languages, has either phonemic tone or, as in Kundal Shahi, pitch accent.[4] Words may have only one accented mora, which is associated with high pitch; the remaining mora have a default or low pitch.[3]

References

  1. ↑ Kundal Shahi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Kundal Shahi". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Baart, Joan L. G. and Khawaja A. Rehman (2005), A First Look at the Language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir (PDF), SIL International, pp. 10–13
  4. ↑ Baart, Joan L. G. (2003), Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics, pp. 3, 6


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