Kubutz and Shuruk

Kubutz and Shuruk
ֻ, וּ
IPA u
Transliteration u
English example moon
Same appearance as Shuruk Dagesh, Mappiq
Kubutz Example
קֻבּוּץ
The word Kubutz in Hebrew. The first vowel (the three diagonal dots) is the Kubutz itself.
Shuruk Example
שׁוּרוּק
The word Shuruk in Hebrew. Both letters Waw with a dot in the middle are examples of Shuruk.
Other Niqqud
Shva · Hiriq · Zeire · Segol · Patach · Kamatz · Holam · Dagesh · Mappiq · Shuruk · Kubutz · Rafe · Sin/Shin Dot

Kubutz (Hebrew: קֻבּוּץ‎ IPA: [kuˈbuts]) and Shuruk (Hebrew: שׁוּרוּק‎ IPA: [ʃuˈʁuk]) are the two Hebrew niqqud vowel signs that represent the sound [u].

Appearance

The Kubutz sign is represented by three diagonal dots "ֻ" underneath a letter.

The Shuruk is the letter Vav with a dot in the middle and to the left of it. The dot is identical to the grammatically different signs Dagesh and Mappiq, but in a fully vocalized text it is practically impossible to confuse them: Shuruk itself is a vowel sign, so if the letter before the Waw doesn't have its own vowel sign, then the Waw with the dot is a Shuruk and otherwise it is a Waw with a Dagesh or a Mappiq. Furthermore, the Mappiq only appears at the end of the word and only in the letter He (ה) in modern Hebrew and in the Bible it sometimes appears in Aleph (א) and only in some Bible manuscripts it appears in the letter Waw, for example in the word גֵּוּ ('torso') [ɡev].[1] Compare for example Waw with Dagesh in מְגֻוָּן [məɡuvˈvan] 'varied' (without niqqud: מגוון) as opposed to Shuruk in מִגּוּן [miɡˈɡun] 'protection' (without niqqud: מיגון); see also orthographic variants of Waw.

Name

In older grammar books the Kubbutz is called Qibbûṣ Pum etc. (קִבּוּץ פּוּם), compression or contraction of the mouth. This was shortened to Qibbûṣ (also transliterated as Kibbutz etc.) but later all the names of vowel signs were changed to include their own sound in their first syllable.[2] This way Kibutz changed to Kubutz, and this is the common name today, although the name "Kibutz" is still occasionally used, for example by the Academy of the Hebrew Language.[3]

Shuruk was earlier called Shureq (שׁוּרֶק), but this name is rarely used today.

Usage

Shuruk in modern texts

For details on the sounds of Hebrew, see Help:IPA/Hebrew and Hebrew phonology

The Shuruk is used to mark [u] at the last syllable of the word and in open syllables in the middle of the word:

Regardless of syllable type, Shuruk is always written in foreign words and names if they weren't adapted to Hebrew word structure (mishkal):

Differently from all other niqqud signs, a Shuruk can stand on its own in the beginning of the word and not after a consonant when it is the conjunction ו־ and. Hebrew one-letter words are written together with the next word and their pronunciation may change according to the first letters of that word. The basic vocalization of this conjunction is Shva na (וְ־ [və]), but before the labial consonants Bet (ב), Waw (ו), Mem (מ) and Pe (פ), and before any letter with Shva (except Yodh) it becomes a Shuruk (וּ־ [u]). This is the consistent vocalization in the Bible[4] and in normative modern Hebrew, but in spoken modern Hebrew it is not consistently productive and the conjunction may simply remain וְ־ in these cases. It is not reflected in writing without niqqud. Examples:

Kubutz in modern texts

Kubutz is used only in native Hebrew words and in words with foreign roots that were adapted to Hebrew word structure (mishkal), for example מְפֻרְמָט ('formatted (disk)') [məfuʁˈmat] (without niqqud מפורמט). It is written in closed syllables which do not appear at the end of the word. A closed syllable is one which ends in a consonant with Shva nakh (zero vowel) or in a consonant with Dagesh khazak (essentially two identical consonants, the first of which has Shva nakh).

Kubutz in base forms of nouns

Common noun patterns in which Kubutz appears in the base form are:[5]

Kubutz in declined forms of nouns

Common noun patterns in which Kubutz appears in the declined form are:

The plural form of words which end in ־וּת was in the past written with a Kubutz in texts with niqqud: sg. חָנוּת ('shop'), [ħaˈnut], pl. חֲנֻיּוֹת [ħanujˈjot]. In March 2009 the Academy decided to simplify the niqqud of such words by eliminating the Dagesh in the letter yodh and changing the Kubutz to Shuruk: חֲנוּיוֹת‎.[9] This doesn't change the pronunciation, since in modern Hebrew the dagesh is not realized anyway. The spelling without niqqud is also unchanged: חנויות.

Kubutz in verbs

Kubutz is common in verbs in the passive binyanim Pual and Huf'al and in some conjugated forms of verbs whose roots' second and third letters are the same.

Pual

Verbs and participles in the passive binyan Pual usually have a Kubutz in the first letter of the root: כֻּנַּס ('was gathered') [kunˈnas], מקֻבָּל ('acceptable') [məqubˈbal], without niqqud: כונס‎, מקובל.

If the second letter of the root is one of the guttural consonants Aleph (א), He (ה), Ayin (ע) and Resh (ר) - but not Heth (ח) -, the Kubutz changes to holam haser in a process called tashlum dagesh (תשלום דגש‎): יְתֹאַר ('will be described') [yətoˈʔaʁ], מְדֹרָג ('graded') [mədoˈʁaɡ]; without niqqud: יתואר‎, מדורג.

Huf'al

Kubutz is used in the prefixes of verbs and participles in the passive binyan Huf'al: הֻרְדַּם ('was put to sleep') [huʁˈdam], מֻסְדָּר ('organized') [musˈdaʁ]. It is also correct to write words in this binyan with Kamatz katan in the prefix: הָרְדַּם‎, מָסְדָּר ([hoʁˈdam], [mosˈdaʁ]).[10] Without niqqud, in any case: הורדם‎, מוסדר.

The Kubutz is used only if the prefix is a closed vowel, which is the majority of cases. With some root patterns, however, it becomes an open vowel, in which case a Shuruk is written:

In many roots whose first letter is Nun (נ) and in six roots whose first two letters are Yodh (י) and Tsade (צ), this letter is assimilated with the second letter of the root, which in turn takes a complementary Dagesh. This makes the syllable of the prefix closed, so accordingly the prefix takes Kubutz: הֻסַּע ('driven') [husˈsaʕ], root נסע‎; הֻצַּג ('presented') [hut͡sˈt͡saɡ], root יצג. Without niqqud: הוסע‎, הוצג.

Double roots

Kubutz appears in some conjugated forms of verbs with roots whose second and third letter are the same (also called double stems and ע"ע). Most of them are rarely used.

Examples with verb סָבַב ('turn') [saˈvav] in the future tense of binyan Qal:

In older texts

In the Bible Shuruk and Kubutz are not always used according to the above consistent rules and sometimes quite arbitrarily.[11] For example, in Jeremiah 2:19 appear the words: וּמְשֻׁבוֹתַיִךְ תּוֹכִחֻךְ ('and your backslidings shall reprove you', [uməʃuvoˈtajiχ toχiˈħuχ]). Kubutz is used in both of them, even though in the first word the syllable is not closed and the Waw is even a part of this word's root, and in the second word the [u] sound is in the last syllable. Contrariwise, a Shuruk is used in closed syllables where a Kubutz would be expected, for example in Genesis 2:25 - עֲרוּמִּים ('naked', [ʕarumˈmim], the plural of עָרֹם, [ʕaˈrom]), instead of the more regular עֲרֻמִּים (in modern Hebrew without niqqud: ערומים).

The word נְאֻם (speech, [nəum]) is written with Kubutz in the Bible. It was previously frequently used to mark the signature on documents (e.g. נאם יוסף לוי - 'so says Yosef Levi'), but this usage is rare in modern Hebrew, where this word usually means "(a delivered) speech" and is regularly spelled with Shuruk - נְאוּם. The name יְהוֹשֻׁעַ ('Joshua', [jəhoˈʃuaʕ]) is spelled with Kubutz in the Bible, but usually יְהוֹשׁוּעַ in modern Hebrew.

In the first decades of the revival of the Hebrew language it was common in spelling without niqqud not to write the Waw in words which were written with Kubutz. For example, in the printed works of Eliezer Ben-Yehuda the word מרבה may mean מְרֻבֶּה ('multiplied', [məʁubˈbe]) and מַרְבֶּה ('multiplying', [maʁˈbe]).[12] This practice disappeared in the middle of twentieth century and now מְרֻבֶּה is written מרובה and מַרְבֶּה is written מרבה.

Pronunciation

In Biblical Hebrew both signs may have indicated the same sound and when the Bible manuscripts were vocalized Kubutz was simply used where the letter Waw was not written,[13] although other possibilities were proposed by researchers, most commonly that the vowels had different length (quantity), Kubutz being shorter,[14] or that the signs indicated different sounds (quality), Kubutz being more rounded,[15] although this is a matter of debate. It is also possible that Biblical Hebrew had several varieties of [u] sounds, which were not consistently represented in writing.[16]

Shuruk is usually a reflection of reconstructed Proto-Semitic long /uː/ (ū) sound, although most likely in the Bible Kubutz stands for it when the letter Waw is not written. Kubutz is one of the reflections of the short Proto-Semitic short /u/ (ŭ) sound. Kamatz Katan is a variant of Kubutz in the Bible, as they are found in complementary distribution in closely related morphological patterns.[16]

In modern Hebrew, both signs indicate the phoneme /u/, a close back rounded vowel. Its closest equivalent in English is the "oo" sound in moon, but the modern Hebrew pronunciation is shorter. It is transliterated as a "u".

In modern Hebrew writing without niqqud the /u/ sound is always written as Waw, in which case it is considered a mater lectionis.

The following table contains the pronunciation of the Kubutz and Shuruk in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Symbol Name Pronunciation
Israeli Ashkenazi Sephardi Yemenite Tiberian Reconstructed
Mishnaic Biblical
ֻ‎ Kubutz [u] ? ? ? [u, uː] ? ?
וּ‎ Shuruk [u] [uː, iː] [uː] [əw] [uː] ? ?

Vowel length comparison

These vowels lengths are not manifested in modern Hebrew. In addition, the short u is usually promoted to a long u in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation

Vowel Length IPA Transliteration English
example
Long Short Very Short
וּ‎ ֻ‎ n/a [u] u tube

Unicode encoding

Glyph Unicode Name
ֻ U+05BB QUBUTS
ּ U+05BC DAGESH, MAPIQ, OR SHURUQ

See also

References

  1. ↑ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §8m footnote. In modern Hebrew letter this word is written גֵּו.
  2. ↑ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §8d
  3. 1 2 3 Academy Decisions: Grammar, §1.3.
  4. ↑ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §26a, §104e
  5. ↑ Based on the list of noun patterns (mishkalim) in the Even-Shoshan Dictionary.
  6. 1 2 [ə] changes to [a] on a guttural letter.
  7. ↑ Segol changes to Patach on a guttural letter.
  8. ↑ As an exception, כול is written without Waw when it is in construct state, compare: כל־האנשים ('all the people'), but היא יודעת הכול ('she knows all'). In any case, this is in regard to [o]; for [u], there are no exceptions.
  9. ↑ Summary of meeting 308, March 16, 2009; שתי החלטות בדקדוק. דורון יעקב, אקדם – ידיעון האקדמיה ללשון העברית, גיליון 40, שבט תש"ע
  10. ↑ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §53b
  11. ↑ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §8l.
  12. ↑ There are several other possible readings, but this is enough for the example.
  13. ↑ Preliminary Remark to Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §8
  14. ↑ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §9n
  15. ↑ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §9o
  16. 1 2 Chaim Rabin, 'Short Vowels in Tiberian Hebrew', in Ḥiqre Lašon 1999 (originally published 1961). (in Hebrew).
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