Ku Klux Klan recruitment

Kleagles are the individuals responsible for recruiting potential Ku Klux Klan (KKK) members. Kleagles, as defined by the Ku Klux Klan: An Encyclopedia, are organizers or recruiters, “appointed by imperial wizard or his imperial representative to ‘sell’ the KKK among non-members”.[1] These members were paid typically by commission and received a portion of each new member’s initiation fee, similar to the MLM (Multilevel Marketing) scheme later adapted by Herbalife.[1] Recruitment of new KKK members entailed framing economic, political and social structural changes in favor of and in line with KKK goals. These goals promoted “100 percent Americanism” and benefits for white native-born Protestants.[2] Informal ways Klansmen recruited members included “with eligible co-workers and personal friends and try to enlist them”.[3] Protestant teachers were also targeted for Klan membership.[4]

Bloc recruitment

This term bloc recruitment was coined by sociologist Anthony Oberschall.[5] Bloc recruitment refers to “the way in which social movement organizers often recruit members and participants among groups of individuals already organized for some other purpose.” [5] This strategy was advantageous to the Klan because it allowed them to recruit large groups of members from one source instead of being faced with the difficult task of recruiting individuals one by one. This strategy was also effective because it allowed the Klan to build upon the solidarity already in place from other organizations. The organizations that the KKK targeted for bloc recruitment were usually fraternal lodges and Protestant churches. Protestant ministers were offered free membership and powerful Chaplain status within the KKK. Recruitment also involved recruitment drives that toured the United States.[6] Members of organizations like churches and fraternal lodges, were easily accessible by Kleagles or Klan recruiters because they were already socially active in public issues through their involvement in these organizations. These recruitment efforts were very successful, as such, Klan membership soared. A primary recruitment leader during the 1920s, Edward Young Clark, supposedly reported that the Klan had gained 48,000 members in just three months.[2] Klan leaders took advantage of this success and used membership fees to finance large purchases such as the Klux Krest, a new home for Imperial Wizard William J. Simmons (founder of the 2nd KKK).[6]

Violence

In addition to recruitment drives and alliances with fraternal lodges and Protestant churches, the Klan also used controlled instances of violence to attract members.[2] Violence was pronounced in areas of high KKK activity. This intimidated and silenced opponents of the KKK and also impressed prospective Klan members. Violence was a method to demonstrate commitment to the Klan philosophy. Violence was used, however monitored closely by Klan Leaders to discourage government intervention and to “avoid a backlash from the general public that could damage recruiting efforts”.[7]

Charity work and recruitment

To off-set violent acts, the KKK participated in charitable activities. In 1922, the Klan “contributed $25 each to the Volunteers of America and to the African Methodist Episcopal Church, an offer which Webster said proved that the Klan was not anti-black”.[3] The charitable activities demonstrated that the KKK was committed to the welfare of the nation and also “served as an effective public relations device by creating a more favor- able opinion of the secret order and attracting new members”.:[3]

Other recruitment factors

The allure of the “invisible empire” and its public anonymity were also appeals for potential Klansmen.[2] In addition to the empowerment of membership in an empire that was secretive, Klansmen also enjoyed a kinship-like bond from membership. The activities and events organized by Klan members were impressive to future recruits as they included family picnics and other social events that built solidarity.[2] As other fraternal-like organizations, the activities reinforced ideals but were also typical social events. These and many other factors made the Klan very appealing to white native-born Protestants during the 1920s.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Newton, Michael and Judy Anne (1991). The Ku Klux Klan: An Encyclopedia, Garland Publishing, Inc., New York and London.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 McVeigh, R The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right Wing Movements and National Politics, University of Minnesota Press, Vol 32, 2009
  3. 1 2 3 Goldberg, R. The Ku Klux Klan in Madison, 1922-1927, The Wisconsin Magazine of History, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Autumn, 1974), pp. 31-44, JSTOR, Wisconsin Historical Society, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4634926
  4. ↑
  5. 1 2 McVeigh, R. (2009).The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right Wing Movements and National Politics, University of Minnesota Press, Vol 32, p. 34
  6. 1 2 Quarles, C The Ku Klux Klan and related American Racialist and Anti-Semitic Organizations: A history and an analysis, McFarland and Company Inc. Publishing, 1999
  7. ↑ McVeigh, R (2009). The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right Wing Movements and National Politics, University of Minnesota Press, Vol 32, p. 166
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