Krukenberg's spindle

Krukenberg's Spindle

Slit lamp photograph showing Krukenberg's Spindle as pigment cell deposits on the cornea
Classification and external resources
ICD-9-CM	364.53
OMIM	600510
DiseasesDB	31301

Krukenberg's spindle is the name given to the pattern formed on the inner surface of the cornea by pigmented iris cells which are deposited as a result of the currents of the aqueous humor. The sign was described in 1899 by Friedrich Ernst Krukenberg (1871-1946), who was a German pathologist specialising in Ophthalmology.^[1]

Differential diagnosis

Iritis

Painful red eye with photophobia associated with inflammation

Vortex keratopathy

Corneal deposits also known as Cornea verticillata, caused by chronic amiodarone use for cardiac arrhythmias.^[2]

Corneal guttata

Non-transparent collagen deposits appearing following loss of corneal endothelial cells^[3]

References

↑ Krukenberg F. (1899) Beiderseitige angeborene Melanose der Hornhaut. Klin Mbl Augenheilkd 37:254-258.
↑ Chew, E; Ghosh, M; McCulloch, C (June 1982). "Amiodarone-induced cornea verticillata.". Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie. 17 (3): 96–9. PMID 7116220.
↑ Akimune C, Watanabe H, Maeda N, et al. (January 2000). "Corneal guttata associated with the corneal dystrophy resulting from a betaig-h3 R124H mutation". 84 (1): 67–71. PMC 1723238 . PMID 10611102.

Cardiovascular disease (vessels) (I70–I99, 440–456)

Arteries, arterioles
and capillaries

Inflammation

Peripheral artery disease

Arteriosclerosis	Atherosclerosis Foam cell Fatty streak Atheroma Intermittent claudication Critical limb ischemia Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis Arteriolosclerosis Hyaline Hyperplastic Cholesterol LDL Oxycholesterol Trans fat
Stenosis	Carotid artery stenosis Renal artery stenosis
Other	Aortoiliac occlusive disease Degos disease Erythromelalgia Fibromuscular dysplasia Raynaud's phenomenon

Aneurysm / dissection /
pseudoaneurysm

Vascular malformation

Vascular nevus

Veins

Inflammation	Phlebitis
Venous thrombosis / Thrombophlebitis	primarily lower limb Deep vein thrombosis abdomen Hepatic veno-occlusive disease Budd–Chiari syndrome May–Thurner syndrome Portal vein thrombosis Renal vein thrombosis upper limb / torso Mondor's disease Paget–Schroetter disease head Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis Post-thrombotic syndrome
Varicose veins	Gastric varices Portacaval anastomosis Caput medusae Esophageal varices Hemorrhoid Varicocele
Other	Chronic venous insufficiency Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency Superior vena cava syndrome Inferior vena cava syndrome Venous ulcer

Arteries or veins

Blood pressure

Hypertension	Hypertensive heart disease Hypertensive emergency Hypertensive nephropathy Essential hypertension Secondary hypertension Renovascular hypertension Benign hypertension Pulmonary hypertension Systolic hypertension White coat hypertension
Hypotension	Orthostatic hypotension

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