Kosovo Security Force

The Kosovo Security Force or Kosovo Armed Force (abbreviated KSF or KAF; Albanian: Forcat e Armatosura të Kosovës (FAK), Serbian: Косовске безбедносне снаге (КБС) / Kosovske bezbednosne snage (KBS)), is an Army response force charged with conducting crisis response operations in Kosovo and abroad and civil protection operations in Kosovo. Its main tasks are operations in the areas of Search and Rescue, Explosive Ordnance Disposal, Firefighting, and Hazardous Material Disposal. However, it is also equipped with light weaponry, and the Kosovo government plans to transform it into an army. The Commander of the KSF is Lieutenant General Rrahman Rama.

In March 2008, the NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR) and the Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) started preparations for the formation of the Kosovo Security Force. According to guidance laid out in the Ahtisaari Plan, the security force is permitted to carry light weapons and the Government of Kosovo and the international community planned to bring the force in line with NATO standards. The admission and the training of personnel began in early June, when NATO experts arrived in Kosovo to guide the process, and from early December 2008, enlisting of candidates between 18–30 years old began.

History

Kosovo Security Force's Standard-bearer

Following the Kosovo War in 1999, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 placed Kosovo under the authority of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), with security provided by the NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR). KFOR entered Kosovo on June 12, 1999 under a United Nations mandate, two days after the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1244.

Kosovo declared independence in February 2008. On 19 March 2008, United States President George W. Bush authorised military aid to Kosovo Security Force in another step to establish formal relations with Kosovo.^[3]

On 4 January 2009, the names of those who were to be selected for the KSF from the KPC were announced. After being vetted by NATO, roughly 1,400 former members of the KPC were selected to serve as officers and rank and file members of the KSF.

On 21 January 2009, the Kosovo Security Force was officially launched. The KSF did not replace the Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) which was disbanded several months later. KFOR was charged with mentoring the KSF and bringing the force to Full Operational Capability. As part of this effort, various nations that are part of KFOR have provided assistance to the force on a bilateral basis including uniforms which were supplied by the United States and vehicles which were donated by Germany. Mentoring efforts were meant to develop the KSF in line with NATO standards.^[4][5][6] Additionally Italy, Portugal and other NATO members are to help the KSF by donations and training.^[7][8] Slovenia donated €30,000 towards the establishment of the KSF.^[6]

The following senior officers took their oaths on 16 June 2009, under the supervision of then KSF Commander Lieutenant-General Sylejman Selimi:^[9]

• Major-General Rrahman Rama – KSF Deputy Commander and Commander of Land Force Command
• Major-General Kadri Kastrati – Director of Operations
• Brigadier-General Bashkim Jashari – General Inspectorate of KSF
• Brigadier-General Nazmi Brahimaj – Commander of Rapid Reaction Brigade
• Brigadier-General Zymer Halimi – Chief of Operations and Training Department
• Brigadier –General Imri Ilazi – Commander of Operations Support Brigade
• Brigadier-General Enver Cikaqi – Commander of Training and Doctrine Command

On 15 September 2009 the Kosovo Security Force officially began the work, with its initial operational capacities after an eight-month training with NATO instructors.^[10]

In 2010, the KSF deployed to northern Albania on two separate occasions to perform flood relief operations in support of the Albanian domestic response.

On 22 November 2011, Lieutenant General Sylejman Selimi retired from the KSF and President Atifete Jahjaga appointed the former Director of Operations Major General Kadri Kastrati to succeed him as Commander of the force. President Jahjaga also promoted Kastrati to the rank of Lieutenant General.

On 9 July 2013 the Kosovo Security Forces reached Full Operational Capability (FOC) as determined by NATO.^[11] While the general security situation has been improving on the ground, this lightly armed force responsible for civil protection operations and assisting civil authorities in responding to natural disasters and other emergencies has now trained to standards designated by NATO. The declaration of full operational capability on 9 July 2013 by the North Atlantic Council means that the KSF is fully capable of performing the tasks assigned to it within its mandate. The KSF will conduct non-military security functions that are not appropriate for the police. In more concrete terms, this force of approximately 2200 personnel will deal with search and rescue operations, explosive ordnance disposal, control and clearance of hazardous materials, fire-fighting and other humanitarian assistance tasks. Recruitment for the Kosovo Security Force started early 2009, once NATO had agreed (June 2008) to implement new tasks in addition to those agreed under UNSCR 1244. These new tasks included the standing down of the Kosovo Protection Corps, and the creation of the KSF and of a civilian structure to oversee it.

NATO's role in the creation of KSF has therefore been two-fold: helping with its formation – standing up, recruitment and training; and the establishment of a civilian-led organisation to supervise and control the KSF. One of the principal aims was to encourage all minorities to enroll, so special attention was given to carrying out the recruitment process in two languages – Albanian and Serbian. The result has been a professional, multi-ethnic, all-volunteer force, which should continue to remain a source of regional stability.Following the declaration of full operational capability, NATO will continue to support the development of the KSF through the NATO Liaison and Advisory Team (NLAT), consisting of a mix of approximately 30 military and civilian personnel that will help with the professional development of the KSF, providing advice and support in a variety of areas such as capacity-building and training and leadership.^[12]

Kosovan Armed Forces

On 5 March 2014, Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi declared that the Kosovan government had decided to establish a Defence Ministry and by 2019, officially transform the Kosovo Security Forces into an Army which meets all the standards of NATO states with the aim of joining the alliance in the future. The new Army will have a €98 million annual budget and will be 5,000 strong with another 3,000 reservists, which will be composed of land forces, a national guard, logistics and training commands.^[13][14][15] Kosovo's Security Forces Minister Agim Çeku stated that the Kosovo Armed Forces' mission will be "to protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Kosovo, its people and their property and protect the interests of the Kosovo Republic".^[16] Kosovo's ambassador to Turkey, Avni Spahiu, stated that the "decision to establish an army has been taken in consultation with NATO and our partners... [and] the army will have a defensive character as Kosovo has no territorial aspirations".^[17] On 28 May 2014, President Atifete Jahjaga told the United Nations Security Council that the creation of the Kosovan Armed Forces would be a long process, requiring the support and participation of all ethnic communities in Kosovo; she added that its purpose would be to contribute to overall security in the Balkans and called on all ethnic communities to take part in the process.^[18] In November 2014, Agim Çeku stated that the Kosovo Army was running behind schedule "because of the delay in the constitution of the Kosovo parliament" but the decision to transform the Kosovo Security Force into an Army will be confirmed "at one of the first sessions upon its constitution"; he also noted that this transformation enjoys nationwide support and he doesn't expect any complaints from the political opposition.^[19]

Mission statement

A member of FSK with Kosovo's flag at a military parade in the Netherlands

The Kosovo Security Force (KSF) is a new, professional, multi-ethnic, lightly armed and uniformed Security Force that is subject to democratic, civilian control. Its mission is to conduct crisis response operations in Kosovo and abroad; civil protection operations within Kosovo; and to assist the civil authorities in responding to natural disasters and other emergencies.

Such duties will include search and rescue operations; explosive ordnance disposal (de-mining and UXO removal); the control and clearance of hazardous materials; fire-fighting; and other humanitarian assistance tasks. The KSF will represent and protect all the people of Kosovo.

Ministry for the Kosovo Security Force: Mission Statement

The Ministry for the Kosovo Security Force (MKSF) is responsible for exercising civilian control over the Kosovo Security Force (KSF), including management and administration. It comprises a mixture of civilian and KSF personnel and is accountable, through the Prime Minister, to the Kosovo Assembly.

The mission of the MKSF, which is also the highest level KSF Headquarters, is to formulate, implement, evaluate and develop the policies and activities of the KSF within a framework of democratic governance and in accordance with the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Kosovo.

Personnel

Members of the Kosovo Security Force

Any citizen of Kosovo over the age of 18 is eligible to serve in the Kosovo Security Force.^[20] Active members of the Kosovo Security Force are not legally allowed to run for, or serve in the Assembly of Kosovo.^[21] The membership of the Kosovo Security Force is required to reflect the ethnic composition of the country.^[22] Members of the Security Force are protected from discrimination on the basis of gender or ethnicity.^[23]

The Ministry for the Kosovo Security Force has taken active steps to recruit women into the Security Force. As of 2015, women make up 8.52% of the uniformed service members of the Security Force and 32% of the Ministry as a whole.^[24] Of the 203 women in uniform in the Security Force, 21 are officers; the highest ranking woman in the Security Force is a Colonel.^[25]

A new law or constitutional amendment for Kosovo Security Force provides a larger number of personnel for KSF. Around 5000 active soldiers and 2500 reserve. ^[26]

Ethnic minorities

Ethnic minorities of Kosovo are encouraged to enroll in the Kosovo Security Force with the Republic of Kosovo's Constitution requiring the intergeneration of ethnic-minority communities into the Kosovo Security Force. In April 2013, 179 (8.2%) of the Kosovo Security Force's military personnel came from minority backgrounds, the remainder being ethnic Albanians.^[27] In May 2014, Kosovar President Atifete Jahjaga noted to the United Nations Security Council that 9% of the KSF were from minority communities.^[18] In April 2015, it was reported that there were 42 Serbs currently serving in the Kosovo Security Force.^[28]

Structure

Military rank insignias

	Generals
radhë	Gjenerallejtënant	Gjeneralmajor	Gjeneralbrigade
rank	Lieutenant General	Major General	Brigadier General

	Staff Officers			Officers
radhë	Kolonel	Nënkolonel	Major	Kapiten	Toger	Nëntoger
rank	Colonel	Lieutenant Colonel	Major	Captain	First Lieutenant	Second Lieutenant

	Non-Commissioned Officers				Enlisted Men
radhë	Rreshter Major	Rreshter i parë	Kapter	Rreshter	Tetar	Ushtar
rank	Sergeant Major	First Sergeant	Staff Sergeant	Sergeant	Corporal	Private

Weapons and equipment

Firearms

Picture	Weapon	Cartridge	Country Manufactured	Notes	Citation
Assault Rifles
	H&K G36	5.56×45mm NATO	Germany	standard service rifle	[30]
	M16 carbine	5.56×45mm NATO	United States		[31]
Pistols
	FN Five-seven	9×19mm Parabellum	Belgium	standard side arm	[30]
Submachine guns
	H&K MP5	9×19mm Parabellum	Germany /  Turkey	several variants
	M84	9×19mm	Yugoslavia	several variants
Grenade Launchers
	H&K AG36	40×46mm grenade	Germany	attaches to rifle
	M79 Osa		Serbia

Vehicles

Vehicles Plates

Name	Country Manufactured	Number	Notes	Picture
Armored vehicles
Otokar Cobra	Turkey	20	[32][33]
Humvee	United States	2
Mercedes-Benz Wolf	Germany
Unimog	Germany
Iveco	Italy
Land Rover	United Kingdom
Land Rover Defender	United Kingdom	100
Achleitner	Austria
MB Man	Germany
Jeep	United States
Trucks
Iveco Trakker	Italy
Mercedes-Benz NG 1017A	Germany

References

External links

• Ministry for the Kosovo Security Force
• PDF document of the Law of the Kosovo Security Force
• KSF Cleans terrain from mines