Kopassus

Komando Pasukan Khusus
Insignia of Kopassus.
Active	16 April 1952 – present
Country	Indonesia
Branch	Indonesian Army (TNI-AD)
Type	Special Operation Forces
Role	Group 1 & 2 –Special Operation forces, Jungle warfare, Unconventional Warfare, Counter-Insurgency, Special Reconnaissance, and Direct Action Group 3 – Combat Intelligence Group 4 – Special Forces Training Center Group 5, Also known as SAT-81 Gultor – Counter Terrorism
Part of	Indonesian National Armed Forces, Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI)
Garrison/HQ	Cijantung
Nickname(s)	Baret Merah (Red Berets)
Motto(s)	Berani, Benar, dan Berhasil (English: Brave, Rightful, and Successful)
Colours	Red beret
Engagements	Regional rebellions 1950s Operation Trikora (Western New Guinea 1961–1962) Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation (1963–1966) Coup attempt and massacres 1965 East Timor military campaign (Operation Seroja) 1975 The Hijacking of Garuda Flight GA 206 (Woyla Operation) 1981 Operation Mapenduma 1996 1998 Jakarta riots (alleged)
Commanders
Current commander	See the List of Kopassus Commanders

Kopassus (a portmanteau of Komando Pasukan Khusus or "Special Forces Command") is an Indonesian Army (TNI-AD) special forces group that conducts special operations missions for the Indonesian government, such as direct action, unconventional warfare, sabotage, counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism, and intelligence gathering. Kopassus was founded on 16 April 1952. It gained worldwide attention after several operations such as during the Indonesian invasion of East Timor and hostage release of Garuda Indonesia Flight 206.

The Special Forces quickly made their mark by spearheading some of the government's military campaigns: putting down regional rebellions in the late 1950s, the Operation Trikora (Western New Guinea campaign) in 1961–1962, the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation with Malaysia from 1962–1966, the massacres of alleged communists in 1965, the East Timor invasion in 1975, and the subsequent campaigns against separatists throughout Indonesia.

Kopassus is alleged by national and international media and human rights-affiliated NGOs to have committed violations of human rights in East Timor, Aceh, Riau and Papua and the capital Jakarta. Notably in the Western press, published articles in mainstream media may include epithets such as "the notorious Kopassus".^[1]

History

On 15 April 1952, Colonel Alexander Evert Kawilarang began to form Kesatuan Komando Tentara Territorium III/Siliwangi (Kesko TT), the early name of Kopassus and the basis for this historic special forces unit.

Not long after, Colonel Kawilarang with the use of military intelligence located and met with Major Rokus Bernardus Visser - a former member of the Dutch Special Forces who had remained a peaceful and law-abiding citizen in newly independent Indonesia, settled in West Java, married an Indonesian woman, and was known locally as Mohamad Idjon Djanbi. He was the first recruit for the Indonesian special forces, as well as its first commander. Due to him, the unit which later became Kopassus wear red berets instead of the distinctive green beret (worldwide associated with special forces).

At that time, Indonesia's special force name was 3rd Territorial Army Command Commando Unit (Indonesian: Kesatuan Komando Teritorium Tiga (Kesko TT)) .Kopassus was the final result of five name changes: KTT, KKAD (KK Angkatan Darat, Army Commando Forces Unit), RPKAD, Puspassus (Army Special Forces Center) and Kopassandha.^[2] The first generation of this force was only around a hundred soldiers or one company, headquartered in Bandung.

As the RPKAD (Resimen Para Komando Angkatan Darat, Army Para-Commando Regiment), a name used in the 1960s, the para-military force was involved in the widespread killings^[3] during Gen. Suharto's rise to power. An estimated half-a million people were killed in the anti-communist purge with strong communal overtones.

RPKAD was involved in wiping out entire villages such as Kesiman (east of Denpasar) in Bali, many of them in beach areas which are major tourist resorts today^[4]

The unit also saw action during the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation when in 1965, Indonesia launched a war for control of North Borneo (Sabah/Sarawak) during Malaysian independence, particularly in the Battle of Sungei Koemba.

Organization

Kopassus organizational structure is different from the infantry units in general. Although in terms of the corps, Kopassus members generally came from the Infantry Corps, but according to their specific nature, Kopassus created its own structure, which is different from other infantry units.

Kopassus is intentionally not tied to the general dimensions of infantry units, this is apparent in their units called Groups. The use of Group terms is certainly to have their units protected from standard infantry unit size in general (eg Brigade). With this unit, Kopassus can choose in the number of personnel, more than the size of the brigade (about 5,000 personnel), or fewer.

There are Five (5) groups of Kopassus which are:

• Group 1 Para-Commando - located in Serang, Banten
• Group 2 Para-Commando - located in Kartasura, Central Java
• Special Forces Training and Education Center ("Pusdikpassus") - located in Batujajar, West Java
• Group 3 Sandi Yudha - located in Cijantung, East Jakarta
• SAT-81 Gultor Counter-terrorism Group

Except for Pusdikpassus, which serves as an educational center, other Groups have operational functions (combat). Thus the Pusdikpassus structure is different from other Groups. Each Group (except Pusdikpassus), is subdivided into several battalions. Each Group (except Pusdikpassus) is subdivided into battalions, for example: Yon 11, 12, 13 and 14 (from Group 1), and Yon 21, 22 and 23 (from Group 2).

Group 1 Para-Commando

Group 1 Para-Commando ("GRUP 1 PARA KOMANDO") is a unit of Brigade level which is part of the Army Special Forces Command and was established on 23 March 1963. The group is headquartered in Taktakan, Serang, Banten, and it was first commanded by Major L.B. Moerdani. The unit's motto known as Dhuaja is Eka Wastu Baladhika,^[5] then created by Corporal First Class Suyanto. It has a total of 3,274 personnel.^[6] The unit's internal organization are as follows consists of four battalions which are:

1. 11th Battalion / "Atulo Sena Bhaladhika"
2. 12th Battalion / "Asabha Sena Baladhika"
3. 13th Battalion / "Thikkaviro Sena Bhaladhika"
4. 14th Battalion / "Bhadrika Sena Bhaladhika"

Each battalion consists of 3 companies. Each company is broken into 3 platoons, each of which consisted of 39 people. And each platoon consists of 3 small units called a squad of 10 men.

Group 2 Para-Commando

Group 2 Para-Commando ("GRUP 2 PARA KOMANDO") is a unit of Brigade level, which is part of the Special Forces Command of the Army and was established in 1962. The group is headquartered in Kartasura, Sukoharjo District, Central Java and was first commanded by Major Soegiarto. The unit's motto is Dwi Dharma Bhirawa Yudha and has a total of 1.459 personnel. The unit's internal organization are as follows consists of three battalions which are:

1. 21st Battalion / "Buhpala Yudha"
2. 22nd Battalion / "Manggala Yudha"
3. 23rd Battalion / "Dhanuja Yudha" - located in Parung, Bogor

Like the "Group 1", "Group 2" has the main tasks and responsibilities for missions such as Special Operation forces, Jungle warfare, Unconventional Warfare, Counter-Insurgency, Special Reconnaissance, and Direct Action.

Special Forces Training and Education Center

The Special Forces Training and Education Center (Pusat Pendidikan dan Latihan Pasukan Khusus) abbreviated "Pusdiklatpassus" is the training and education center for recruits and personnel associated with and becoming to join as Commandos in the Army Special Forces Command (Kopassus). As an educational institution, "Pusdiklatpassus" is divided based on its training function. Supervises nine schools of education and training including:

• Para School
• Commando School
• Sandhi Yudha (Intelligence) School
• School of Specialized Warfare
• Specialization School
• Raider School

It provides other specialist courses, which are also open to members of the Army out of Kopassus such as: Hunting Company, Scuba, Rock-climbing, Demolition, Path-Finder and Sniper.

Commando Training

The Commando education and training lasts for approximately seven months (28 weeks) which is divided into three stages. The first phase of the implementation of the education is conducted on the base for 18 weeks, the second stage all participants will be released in the forest and the mountains twice each for 6 weeks, and the next stage of the third stage ends with a 4-week sea-swamp stage. The 97th batch of the Commando Education had first initial participants as many as 251 personnel, who successfully passed through commando education and inaugurated as a special forces commando of 214 personnel. Phases are as shown below:

• Phase I (Base training)

10 Weeks with individual ability points in Batujajar. Establish attitudes & personality, fill in technical skills, Command Operation tactics, Individual & basic capabilities of urban battle, Support knowledge, Field managerial, and individual ability test.

• Phase II (Forest and Mountain)

6 Weeks with GLG emphasis, Jungle warfare and Raid warfare in Situ Lembang. Stabilization of forest observations, individual abilities in the forest / Basic battle techniques, forest capabilities in group relations, forest HTF, and durability of long march application (PPJJ).

• Phase III (Swamp and Sea)

4 Weeks with heavy Commando operation tactics, sea battle tactics in Cilacap and Nusakambangan. Conservation observation of Sea-swamp, patrol ability, swamp terrain knowledge and CAMP endurance test.

Currently "Kopassus" has graduated students from the Commando Education (Dikko) up to 100 batches. In the year 2016 followed by 153 commando students, which consists of ranks of 41 Officers, 101 NCOs, and 11 Enlisted. The command officers who successfully complete the 7-month Command Course well are entitled to wear the qualified commando brevet issued to their clothing/uniform.

Group 3 Combat Intelligence

Group 3 / Sandhi Yudha is a Kopassus unit that has the specification of "Clandestine Operation" 'secret warfare', including combat Intel and counter-insurgency. Group 3 was formed on 24 July 1967, headquartered at Cijantung Kopassus Headquarters, East Jakarta. Prospective Personnel in this Group are strictly selected internally ranging from prospective soldiers who are still educated to personnel who have active duty in unity but have an intelligence talent that will then be trained again. The motto of this unit is "Chatur Kottaman Wira Naraca Byuha". Battalions which are under this unit are:

1. 31st Battalion/Eka Sandhi Yudha Utama
2. 32nd Battalion/Apta Sandhi Prayudha Utama
3. 33rd Battalion/Wira Sandhi Yudha Sakti

Conducted Training

The basic training is the same as other Kopassus soldiers (2.5 months), Command School (7 months) plus other courses such as PH (Jungle Warfare), PJD (Close Combat), Spursus (Special combat school )and Dakibu (Climber,) but after that the candidates of combat-intelligence is educated more specifically for the education of "Sandhi Yudha" in "Pusdiklatassus" located in Batujajar whose education materials are intelligence and supporting knowledge for intelligence in the field of operation such as disguise, navigation, special martial, Special tools of intelligence and others. Even some selected personnel from this Group are sent abroad to schools of Military Intelligence Education Centers such as in the United States, Germany, Britain and even Israel. Among all types of soldiers in "Kopassus", the most specific form of education and training is the Group 3 / Sandhi Yudha combat intelligence unit.

SAT-81 Gultor Counter-terrorism Group

Unit 81 / Counter Terror or abbreviated as Sat-81 / Gultor is a unit in Kopassus which is equal to a Group level and is the Best chosen personnel within the Indonesian Army special forces. It is based in Cijantung, East Jakarta. The strength of this unit is not publicly publicized on the number of personnel or types of weapons. The Sat 81 gultor is incorporated in the BNPT Crisis Control Center ("Pusdalsis") which consists of a combination of special units, such as the Denjaka from the Indonesian Navy, the Bravo Detachment 90 of the Indonesian Air Force, and the Regiment I Gegana Brimob Corps of Indonesian National Police. "Pusdalsis" is consisting of a combination of elite units within the Indonesian National Armed Forces and Police which is assigned as a troop handling terror to be sent when the activities of terrorism is conducted such as aircraft hijacking. Special Battalions under this unit are:

1. Special Action Battalion / Wega Yogya Gabhira
2. Assistance Battalion / Wira Drdha Ghabira

Recruitment is done by choosing from members which at least have 2 years of active service in the groups of the Kopassus organization.

Command Structure

Trainings

Kopassus currently participates in bilateral training exercises with international partners. After resuming military ties in 2003, Australia's special operations unit, the Special Air Service Regiment, conducts an annual counter terrorism exercise, with Australia and Indonesia taking turns to host the event.^[7]

In July 2011, Kopassus and Chinese special forces held a joint counter terrorism exercise called Exercise Sharp Knife, held in Bandung, Java.^[8] In 2012, the same exercise was held in Jinan, Shandong province, in July.^[9]

List of Kopassus Commanders

Kopassus is currently led by Commandant General or DanJen, who holds the rank of Major General. Below is a list of commanders who have led the special forces.

List of Commanders of the Army Special Forces Command

Name	Year	Remark
Major Moch. Idjon Djanbi (Rokus Bernardus Visser)	1952–1956	Led from Kesatuan Komando Tentara Territorium III/Siliwangi (Kesko TT) till RPKAD
Major R. E. Djaelani	1956–1956	-
Major Kaharuddin Nasution	1956–1958	-
Major Mung Parahadimulyo	1958–1964	-
Colonel Sarwo Edhie Wibowo	1964–1967	RPKAD to Puspassus TNI-AD
Brigadier General Widjoyo Suyono	1967–1970	-
Brigadier General Witarmin	1970–May 1975	1971 Puspassus TNI-AD to Kopassandha
Brigadier General Yogie SM	May 1975–April 1983	-
Brigadier General Wismoyo Arismunandar	April 1983–May 1985	-
Brigadier General Sintong Panjaitan	May 1985–August 1987	Kopassandha to Kopassus
Brigadier General Kuntara	August 1988–July 1992	-
Brigadier General Tarub	July 1992–July 1993	-
Brigadier General Agum Gumelar	July 1994–September 1995	-
Brigadier General Subagyo HS	September 1995–December 1995	-
Major General Prabowo Subianto	December 1995–March 1998	August 1996 Brigadier General to Major General
Major General Muchdi PR	March 1998–May 1998	-
Major General Syahrir MS	1998–2000	-
Major General Amirul Isnaini	1 June 2000 – 2002	-
Major General Sriyanto	2002–15 February 2005	-
Major General Syaiful Rizal	15 February 2005– 2006	-
Major General Rasyid Qurnuen Aquary	August 2006–September 2007	-
Major General Soenarko	4 September 2007 – 1 July 2008	-
Major General Pramono Edhie Wibowo	1 July 2008 – 3 December 2009	-
Major General Lodewijk Freidrich Paulus	4 December 2009–June 2012	-
Major General Wisnu Bewa Tenaya	June 2012	-
Major General Agus Sutomo	June 2012 – September 2014
Major General Doni Munardo[10]	September 2014 – July 2015
Major General Mohammad Herindra	25 July 2015 – 16 September 2016
Major General Madsuni	16 September 2016 - now

Uniform and Attribute

Brief History of Kopassus Attribute

The Kopassus (then RPKAD) red beret was first used in 1954-1968 designed by Lieutenant Dodo Sukamto. It was first used during a ceremony on October 5, 1954. This emblem consists of a bayonet, anchors representing abilities in the sea and wings as high mobility. The beret emblem used in 1968 until now with slight changes from the initial design, the bayonet is more slender than the Commando knife and the wingspan is more wing coat like the Wing of the Army designs. The iconic Kopassus Camouflage pattern called Loreng Darah Mengalir (Flowing Blood Camo) was used and designed during post Second World War eras. Since the formation of Kopassus, it was used regularly by personnel and soldiers, but during the new era, it was rarely used by personnel and the regular ABRI camo was used, but then post 1980s close to reformation era, the original Kopassus camo was used again until now as it was besought by the then Kopassus commander in chief to the Army and national armed forces commanders. During training, non-ceremonial, and non-special occasions, the regular TNI camo (DPM) is used by Kopassus members as it is also owned by all Kopassus members.

Commando Brevet

The Commando qualification brevet used since 1966 until now is designed by Major Djajadiningrat. This brevet is used by all graduates of Commando training and Education from Batujajar. Colonel Sarwo Edhie Wibowo in a demonstration of "Show Of Force" at Senayan's parking lot on January 4, 1966 used the new Commando Brevet qualification to show the public of the Corp's new appearance.

Paratrooper Badges

Jumping Master Wing

The Jump Master Wing is issued to commandos of Kopassus which has achieved and graduated from advanced paratrooper jump master courses conducted by Commando training and educational center.

Free Fall Wing

The Kopassus (RPKAD) military freefall wing insignia, designed by HH.Djajadiningrat and first issued in 1962 depicts a free fall paratrooper hanging under a circle consisting of small parachutes. Stated by the first free fall instructors of the Yugoslavia: Mladen Milicetic, Stoyan Jovic and Dobel Stanej in Bandung during the first free fall graduation ceremony of Kopassus (RPKAD) in October 26, 1962.^[11]

Human rights issues

Kopassus has been accused by numerous NGOs and Western politicians of human rights violations. Amnesty International and Indonesian human rights groups including the official National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) have cited abuses by members of Kopassus.

In 1975, five Australian journalists, known as the Balibo Five, were killed by members of Kopassus in the town of Balibo during the Indonesian invasion of East Timor.^[12] The Indonesian military has always maintained that the men were killed in a cross-fire during the battle for the town.^[13]

During the May 1998 riots of Indonesia, renegade Kopassus members were involved in organising and carrying out acts of murder and violence against Chinese Indonesians.^[14] This included involvement in mass gang-rapes of Sino-Indonesian women and girls across Jakarta.^[15] Kopassus has also been considered responsible for the 1997–98 activists kidnappings in Indonesia. According to the Federation of American Scientists, a number of activists were kidnapped by KOPASSUS troops in the last months of the Suharto regime, and at least 23 government critics disappeared.^[16]

In 2001, four Kopassus members were convicted of the strangulation of Theys Eluay, the former chairman of the Papua Presidium Council. They were part of a group which had killed Theys after ambushing him and his driver. The group's leader, Lt-Col Hatono, and another soldier received prison sentences of three and a half years while two others received three years. A further two officers had their charges dismissed.^[17] The men were all Kopassus members from Group V (Jakarta) and were not based in Jayapura or West Papua. They faced a court-martial, which found them not guilty on the more serious charges of premeditated murder, because the Kopassus are legally exempt from the jurisdiction of civil law. Indonesian Army Chief, General Ryamizard Ryacudu (2002–05), accepted the men had to be prosecuted "because Indonesia is a State based on law" but he affirmed their defence's view that they were heroes who had killed a rebel leader.^[18]

Some international partners have severed military ties with Kopassus in response to allegations of human rights abuses. For example, Australia ceased training with Kopassus in 1999 in relation to Kopassus' role in violence in East Timor.^[19]

Criminal conduct

In September 2015, General Mulyono, the Army chief of staff, stated that "There are still soldiers from the Indonesian Army who taint the name of their force and the Army with their arrogant and selfish attitudes by engaging in misdeeds or even acting against the law”, which according to the Jakarta Globe newspaper was a reference to actions by Kopassus members.^[20] Examples include:

• 23 March 2013: Kopassus soldiers forcibly enter Cebongan Prison near Yogyakarta and kill four prisoners awaiting trial for the stabbing of a Kopassus soldier in a cafe.^[21]
• 1 June 2015: Seven Kopassus members are charged for attacking a group of Indonesian Air Force officers, resulting in the death of one person.^[22]
• July 2015: A Kopassus member is arrested for involvement in the alleged kidnapping of a Malaysian businessman.^[23]

Equipment

Fighting vehicles

• Casspir MK3^[28]
• Pindad Komodo^[29]
• Bushmaster
• Land Rover Defender

Notable members

• Alexander Evert Kawilarang
• Sarwo Edhie Wibowo
• Sanurip
• LB Moerdani Former ABRI Commander in Chief
• Yogie SM
• Wismoyo Arismunandar - Former TNI-AD Chief of Staff
• Agum Gumelar
• Prabowo Subianto
• Colonel Mung Parhadimuljo
• General Meas Sophea (honorary member) chief of the Royal Cambodian Army.

See also

• Kostrad
• Denjaka
• Kopaska
• Paskhas
• Garda Muda Penegak Integrasi, an Indonesian paramilitary group

References

Notations

• Ken Conboy (2003) KOPASSUS Inside Indonesia's Special Forces, Equinox Publishing, ISBN 979-95898-8-6

Notes

External links

• Kopassus official website
• (in Indonesian) Mabes TNI-AD: Kopassus
• Specialoperations.com report
• Specwarnet.com report
• Globalsecurity.org report
• "South African mercenaries helped KOPASSUS", by Peter Cronau, Pacific Journalism Review
• Background on Kopassus and Brimob
• Indonesian Forces Tapped by Obama for Renewed US Aid Implicated in New Assassinations - video report by Democracy Now!
• Photos