Goguryeo language

Goguryeo
Koguryo
Native to Goguryeo
Region Manchuria, Korea
Extinct 7th–10th century?
Dialects
Language codes
ISO 639-3 zkg
zkg
Glottolog kogu1234[1]

The Three Kingdoms of Korea, with Goguryeo and Buyeo in blue.

The Goguryeo language was a Koreanic language spoken in the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo (37 BCE – 668 CE), one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.[2] The language is also known as Old Koguryo, Koguryoic, and Koguryoan.

It is unknown except for a small number of words, which mostly suggest that it was similar but not identical to the language of Silla, and may have been influenced by the Tungusic languages. Striking similarities between later Baekje and Goguryeo can also be found, which is consistent with the legends that describe Baekje being founded by the sons of Goguryeo's founder. The Goguryeo names for government posts are mostly similar to those of Baekje and Silla.

Chinese records suggest that the languages of Goguryeo, Buyeo, Eastern Okjeo, Dongye, Baekje and Silla were similar, while the Tungusic languages of Mohe and Yilou differed significantly.[3][4][5]

Many experts today, including Ki-moon Lee, S. Robert Ramsey, Alexander Vovin, John Whitman and Marshall Unger, believe that Goguryeo language was a member of the Koreanic language family that either spread from southern Manchuria and the Korean peninsula at earlier times or expanded from Goguryeo during the Three Kingdoms of Korea period to Baekje and Silla by Goguryeo migrants.[6][7][8][9] It is argued that the connections of Goguryeo toponyms to Japonic may be due to earlier languages of southern Korea prior to the expansion of Koreanic languages.[10] Words of Goguryeo origin can be found in Middle Korean (early 10th to late 14th century).

Christopher I. Beckwith links Buyeo, Goguryeo, and Baekje with Japonic languages.[11] Juha Janhunen argues that it is possible that a Tungusic-speaking elite ruled Goguryeo and Balhae, or Goguryeo language could have been an Amuric language related to today's Nivkh language isolate. [12][13]


See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Koguryo". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ Bellwood, Peter (2013). The Global Prehistory of Human Migration. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781118970591.
  3. ↑ Fan Ye, Book of the Later Han, volume 85; the Dongyi Liezhuan
  4. ↑ Wei Shou, Book of Wei, volume 100; the Liezhuan 88, the Wuji
  5. ↑ Li Dashi, History of Northern Dynasties, volume 94; the Liezhuan 82, the Wuji
  6. ↑ Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". Korean Linguistics. 15 (2): 222–240.
  7. ↑ Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011). A History of the Korean language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66189-8.
  8. ↑ Whitman, John (2011). "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan". Rice. 4 (3-4): 149–158.
  9. ↑ Unger, J. Marshall (2009). The role of contact in the origins of the Japanese and Korean languages. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3279-7.
  10. ↑ Toh Soo Hee, About Early Paekche Language Mistaken as Being Koguryo Language, Ch'ungnam University
  11. ↑ Beckwith, Christopher (2005). "The Ethnolinguistic History of the Early Korean Peninsula Region: Japanese-Koguryic and other Languages in the Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla kingdoms". Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies. 2–2: 33–64.
  12. ↑ Pozzi & Janhunen & Weiers 2006, p. 109
  13. ↑ Janhunen, Juha (2005). "The Lost Languages of Koguryo". Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies. 2–2: 65–86.

Bibliography

Further reading

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