Koch Industries

Coordinates: 37°45′04″N 97°17′15″W / 37.7511°N 97.2874°W / 37.7511; -97.2874

Koch Industries, Inc.
Private
Industry Conglomerate
Founded 1940 (1940)
Founder Fred C. Koch
Headquarters Wichita, Kansas, U.S.
Area served
 Worldwide
Key people
 Charles Koch
(Chairman & CEO)
David Koch
(Executive VP)
Products Asphalt, chemicals, commodities trading, energy, fibers, fertilizers, finance, minerals, natural gas, plastics, petroleum, pulp and paper, ranching[1]
Revenue Increase US$100 billion (2015)[2]
Owner Charles Koch and David Koch (84%)
Number of employees
 100,000 (2015)[2]
Subsidiaries Georgia-Pacific, Invista, Flint Hills Resources, Molex
Website www.kochind.com

Koch Industries, Inc. /ˈkoʊk/ is an American multinational corporation based in Wichita, Kansas, United States, with subsidiaries involved in manufacturing, trading, and investments. It was founded as Wood River Oil and Refining Company in 1940, and later as Rock Island Oil & Refining Company.

Koch also owns Invista, Georgia-Pacific, Molex, Flint Hills Resources, Koch Pipeline, Koch Fertilizer, Koch Minerals, Matador Cattle Company and recently Guardian Industries. Koch companies are involved in industries such as the manufacturing, refining, and distribution[1] of petroleum, chemicals, energy, fiber, intermediates and polymers, minerals, fertilizers, pulp and paper, chemical technology equipment, ranching,[3] finance,[4] commodities trading,[5] and other ventures and investments. The firm employs about 60,000 people in the United States and another 40,000 in 59 other countries.[6]

In 2013–2015, Forbes listed it as the second largest privately held company in the United States (after Cargill), with an annual revenue of $115 billion,[7][8][9][10][11] down from the largest in 2006. If Koch Industries were a public company in 2013, it would have ranked 17 in the Fortune 500.[12]

Fred C. Koch, after whom Koch Industries, Inc. is named, co-founded the company in 1940 and developed an innovative crude oil refining process.[13] His sons, Charles Koch, chairman of the board and chief executive officer, and David Koch, executive vice president, are principal owners of the company after they bought out their brothers, Frederick and William "Bill" Koch, for $1.1 billion in 1983.[14] Charles and David Koch each own 42% of Koch Industries. Charles has stated that the company would go public "over my dead body".[9]

History

Predecessor companies

In 1925, Fred C. Koch joined MIT classmate Lewis E. Winkler at an engineering firm in Wichita, Kansas, which was renamed the Winkler-Koch Engineering Company. In 1927, they developed a more efficient thermal cracking process for turning crude oil into gasoline. This process threatened the competitive advantage of established oil companies, which sued for patent infringement.[14] Temporarily forced out of business in the United States, they turned to other markets, including the Soviet Union, where Winkler-Koch built 15 cracking units between 1929 and 1932. During this time, Koch came to despise communism and Joseph Stalin's regime.[14][15] In his 1960 book, A Business Man Looks at Communism, Koch wrote that he found the USSR to be "a land of hunger, misery, and terror."[16] According to Charles Koch, "Virtually every engineer he worked with [there] was purged."[14]

In 1940, Koch joined new partners to create a new firm, the Wood River Oil and Refining Company, which is today known as Koch Industries. In 1946 the firm acquired the Rock Island refinery and crude oil gathering system near Duncan, Oklahoma. Wood River was later renamed the Rock Island Oil & Refining Company.[17] Charles Koch joined Rock Island in 1961, having started his career at the management consulting firm Arthur D. Little. He became president in 1966 and chairman at age 32, upon his father's death the following year.[13][18]

Koch Industries

The company was renamed Koch Industries in 1968 in honor of Fred Koch, the year after his death. At that time, it was primarily an engineering firm with part interest in the Pine Bend Refinery in Minnesota, a crude oil-gathering system in Oklahoma,[14] and some cattle ranches.[19] In 1968, Charles approached Union Oil of California about buying their interest in Great Northern Oil Company and its Pine Bend Refinery but the discussions quickly stalled after Union asked for a large premium.[15] In 1969, Union Oil began trying to market their interest in Great Northern by telling potential buyers that Koch's controlling interest could be thwarted by currying favor with another owner, J. Howard Marshall II. When Marshall discovered this he threw his lot in with Koch, they together acquired a majority interest in the company and ultimately bought Union's interest.[17] Ownership of Pine Bend refinery led to several new businesses and capabilities, including chemicals, fibers, polymers, asphalt and other commodities such as petroleum coke and sulfur. These were followed by global commodity trading, gas liquids processing, real estate, pulp and paper, risk management and finance.[15]

In 1970, Charles was joined at the family firm by his brother David Koch. Having started as a technical services manager, David became president of Koch Engineering in 1979.

Koch Industries imports and refines 25% of Canadian oil sands imports to the United States.[20][21]

In 2010, Koch Industries was among the first group of nearly 2,000 employers that applied for and were granted federal reimbursements from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, under the new Early Retiree Reinsurance Program established by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, for providing health insurance to retirees too young to be eligible for Medicare.[22]

In 2015, Koch Industries joined the "Ban the Box" movement by removing questions about prior criminal convictions from its job application, making it easier for ex-offenders to find work.[23]

In November 2015, Koch Industries "signed a Statement of Support with Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve (ESGR) that pledges Koch will provide supervisors with the tools to hire and support employees serving in the Guard and Reserve."[24]

Recent news

In 2008, Koch Industries discovered that the French affiliate Koch-Glitsch had violated bribery laws allegedly securing contracts in Algeria, Egypt, India, Morocco, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia after an investigation by Ethics Compliance officer, Egorova-Farines.[25] After Koch Industries' investigative team looked into her findings, the four employees involved were terminated. According to journalist Jennifer Rubin, Koch Industries’ general counsel stated that Egorova-Farines failed to promptly share the findings, choosing instead to give the information to a manager at Koch-Glitsch who was later fired for bribery. According to Koch Industries’ general counsel, “Egorova-Farines was not fired but instead ran into performance problems, left the company to go on leave and never returned.” Egorova-Farines sued Koch-Glitsch for wrongful termination in France, lost, and “was ordered to pay costs for bringing a frivolous case.”[26]

In September 2013, Koch Industries agreed to acquire Molex, a provider of electronic components, for $7.2 billion.[27]

In April 2014, Koch Industries and the private equity arm of Goldman Sachs agreed to acquire printing ink producer Flint Group for around $3 billion.[28]

The United Negro College Fund announced a $25 million grant from Koch Industries and the Charles Koch Foundation in 2014, to go towards merit-based scholarships and general support of historically black colleges and universities.[29]

In November 2014, Koch Industries and Oplink Communications, an optical networking device maker, reached an agreement for Koch Optics to acquire Oplink for $445 million.[30]

Subsidiaries

Arteva Europe S.a.r.l.

Arteva Europe is an internal bank which is headquartered in Luxembourg. It has at least one branch office located in Zurich, Switzerland.[31]

Flint Hills Resources LP

Flint Hills Resources LP, originally called Koch Petroleum Group, is a major refining and chemicals company based in Wichita, Kansas. It sells products such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, ethanol, polymers, intermediate chemicals, base oils and asphalt. It operates oil refineries in six states. Flint Hills has chemical plants in Illinois, Texas and Michigan. The firm is also a major manufacturer of asphalt used for paving and roofing applications. It operates 13 asphalt terminals located in six states including Alaska (2 terminals), Wisconsin (2), Iowa (3), Minnesota (4), Nebraska (1), and North Dakota (1).[32] The firm manages the purchasing of domestic crude oil from Texas and Colorado offices, has four ethanol plants across Iowa, operates three refineries in Alaska, Texas, and Minnesota, and has a refinery terminal in Alaska. The Minnesota refinery can process 392,000 barrels (62,300 m3) of crude a day, most of which comes from Alberta, Canada, and handles one quarter of all Canadian oil sands crude entering the U.S.[33] It also operates fuel terminals in Wisconsin (4 locations), Texas (6), and one each in Iowa and Minnesota.[34]

In March 1999, Koch Petroleum Group acknowledged that it had negligently discharged hundreds of thousands of gallons of aviation fuel into wetlands from its refinery in Rosemount, Minnesota, and that it had illegally dumped a million gallons of high-ammonia wastewater onto the ground and into the Mississippi River. Koch Petroleum paid a $6 million fine and $2 million in remediation costs, and was ordered to serve three years of probation.[35]

In September 2000, a federal grand jury returned a 97-count indictment against Koch Industries and four individual employees for environmental crimes relating to alleged violations of the Clean Air Act and the measurement and control of benzene emissions from the West Plant in Corpus Christi, Texas.[36][37] A superseding indictment followed in January 2001. In April 2001, Koch pleaded guilty to one count, related to wastewater reporting it had self-reported to the government in 1995, according to the company.[38] Koch Industries was fined $20 million, of which $10 million was a criminal fine and $10 million to be used for special projects to improve the environment in Corpus Christi.[39][40][41]

In December 2000, the Justice Department and EPA signed a Consent Decree with Koch Petroleum Group to spend an estimated $80 million to install up-to-date pollution-control equipment at two refineries in Corpus Christi, Tex. and one near St. Paul, Minn., reducing emissions from stacks, leaking valves, wastewater vents and flares. Koch also will pay a $4.5 million penalty to settle Clean Air Act violations and other environmental claims at its Minnesota refinery. The State of Minnesota has joined in the settlement with the United States.[42]

In June 2003, the US Commerce Department fined Flint Hills Resources a $200,000 civil penalty. The fine settled charges that the company exported crude petroleum from the US to Canada without proper US government authorization. The Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security said from July 1997 to March 1999, Koch Petroleum (later called Flint Hills Resources) committed 40 violations of Export Administration Regulations.[43]

In 2005, Koch's Flint Hills Resources refinery was recognized by the Environmental Protection Agency's Clean Air Awards program for reducing air emissions by 50 percent, even while expanding operations.[44] The EPA has worked with Flint Hills Resources to develop "strategies for curtailing so-called 'upset' emissions, in what agency and company sources say could lead to guidance to minimize such emissions from petroleum refineries and other industrial facilities."[45] The EPA described the process as a "model for other companies."[46]

In 2006, Flint Hills Resources was fined nearly $16,000 by the EPA for 10 separate violations of the Clean Air Act at its Alaska oil refinery facilities, and required to spend another $60,000 on safety equipment needed to help prevent future violations.[47]

In May 2014, Flint Hills Resources announced a definitive agreement to purchase PetroLogistics, a Houston-based manufacturer of chemical and polymer grade propylene.[48]

Georgia-Pacific

Georgia-Pacific is a paper and pulp company that manufactures a wide variety of household products under the brand names Brawny, Angel Soft, Mardi Gras, Quilted Northern, Dixie, Sparkle, and Vanity Fair. The Atlanta-based company has operations in 27 states.[49]

INVISTA

Acquired from DuPont, INVISTA is a polymer and fibers company that makes "Stainmaster" carpet, and "Lycra" fiber, among other products.

Koch Ag & Energy Solutions

Koch Ag & Energy Solutions, LLC and its subsidiaries, including Koch Fertilizer, LLC, Koch Agronomic Services, LLC, Koch Energy Services, LLC and Koch Methanol, LLC, globally provide products including fertilizer and other plant nutrients for agricultural turf and ornamental plant markets, as well as other enhanced efficiency products and technology for the energy and chemical markets.[50][51]

Koch Fertilizer, LLC, is one of the world’s largest makers of nitrogen fertilizers.[52] Koch Fertilizer owns or has interests in fertilizer plants in the United States, Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, and Italy, among others.[53][54] Koch Fertilizer was formed in 1988 when the Koch companies purchased the Gulf Central Pipeline and ammonia terminals connected to the pipeline. The next year, the Koch Nitrogen Company was formed in order to market ammonia. The next few years saw purchases of various ammonia facilities in Louisiana, Canada, and elsewhere, and ammonia sales agreements with firms in Australia, the UK, and other countries. The year 2010 saw the founding of Koch Methanol, LLC, and Koch Agronomic Services, LLC. In October 2010, a plant in which Koch had a 35% stake was nationalized by the Venezuelan government.[55] In 2011, the firm acquired the British fertilizer firm J&H Bunn Limited. Koch Fertilizer has change its name to Koch Ag and Energy Solutions (KAES)[56]

Koch Chemical Technology Group

Koch Chemical Technology Group, Ltd. and its subsidiaries design, manufacture, install and service process and pollution control equipment, water purification and desalination equipment, and provide engineering services for various industrial applications and municipalities around the world.[51][57][58]

Koch-Glitsch

Koch-Glitsch is an entity of Koch Industries. Koch-Glitsch engineers mass transfer and mist elimination equipment for refineries and chemical plants around the world. As world leaders in process systems, Koch-Glitsch has two joint ventures under its umbrella: The Eta Process Plant and Koch Modular Process Systems.[59]

Eta Process Plant

Eta is the leading supplier of deaeration plants around the world, with over 400 plants worldwide. The majority of seawater deaeration plants supplied by Eta use vacuum stripping.[60]

Koch Modular Process Systems

Koch Modular Process Systems specializes in modular mass transfer systems. Typical applications for these systems include chemical purification, solvent recovery, and liquid-liquid extraction. Koch Modular Process Systems also runs a state-of-the-art pilot plant.[61]

Koch Minerals

Koch Minerals, LLC through its subsidiaries, is one of the world's largest managers of dry-bulk commodities, and is also involved in oil and gas exploration and production, the production of oil field products, investments in steel and other markets.[51][62]

Koch Pipeline Company LP

Koch Pipeline Company LP, which owns and operates 4,000 miles (6,400 km) of pipeline used to transport oil, natural gas liquids and chemicals. Its pipelines are located across Wisconsin, Minnesota, Texas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Alberta, Canada. The firm operates offices in Wichita, Kansas, St. Paul, Minnesota, and Corpus Christi, Texas.

In 1946 Wood River Oil Co. (a precursor company to Koch Industries) purchased Rock Island Oil and Refining Co. As a part of the transaction, it acquired a crude-oil pipeline in Oklahoma. As a result of construction and investments, Wood River acquired other pipelines in the US and Canada. “In the ensuing years,” according to Koch Pipeline's website, “the company bought, sold and built pipeline systems transporting crude oil and refined products, as well as natural gas, natural gas liquids and anhydrous ammonia (for fertilizer).”[63] Koch Pipeline and its affiliates currently maintain a 4,000-mile network of pipelines.

In October, 1994, a pipeline broke and discharged over 90,000 gallons of crude oil into Gum Hollow Creek, in Refugio County, Texas. Heavy rains carried the oil to the Nueces River and on into Nueces and Corpus Christi Bays. The discharge oiled terrestrial and aquatic vegetation, birds, sediments, soils, and other biota. The Consent Decree was held up for some time, due to a DOJ criminal case with Koch Pipeline regarding non- and under-reporting of discharges. The criminal case was settled in March 2000 and the assessment completed.[64]

In 1996, an 8-inch-diameter steel LPG pipeline operated by Koch Pipeline Company ruptured near Lively, Texas, a community about 50 miles southeast of Dallas, and began leaking butane gas. The vapor cloud ignited when two residents drove their pickup truck across a creek near a pipeline (then-unknown to local residents)[65] while on their way to a neighbor's house to call 9-1-1 and report the smell of gas. The two were killed in the explosion, and approximately 25 families were later evacuated from the neighborhood without injury, including a parent who had witnessed his daughter's death.[65] An investigation conducted by the NTSB found that the pipe section which failed had not been shown to have excessive corrosion in a 1995 inspection. Regulations at the time did not provide criteria for "adequate cathodic protection."[66] Koch also stated that the bacteria-induced corrosion acted quicker than had ever previously been recorded in the industry. The explosion was the only event of its kind in the company’s history. In 1999, a Texas jury found that negligence had led to the rupture of the Koch pipeline and awarded the victims' families $296 million.[25]


On May 8, 2017, a Wood River Pipelines (part of Koch Industries) line broke in Warrensburg, Illinois, spill 250 gallons of crude oil.[67]

Koch Supply & Trading

Koch Supply & Trading companies around the world trade crude oil, refined petroleum products, gas liquids, natural gas, liquefied natural gas, power, renewables, emissions, and metals.[68]

Matador Cattle Company

The Matador Cattle Company division operates three ranches totaling 425,000 acres (1,720 km2) located in Beaverhead, Montana, Matador, Texas, and the Flint Hills of eastern Kansas. There are more than 15,000 head of cattle raised on the ranches.[69]

The Matador Land and Cattle Company was founded in 1882 by Scottish investors, whose acquisition included 2.5 million acres in four Texas counties. In 1951, the company was sold to Lazard Frères & Co., which in turn sold some of the Texas land to Fred C. Koch. In 1952 Koch formed Matador Cattle Company, and later one of his companies purchased part of Matador Ranch, which was brought together with other Koch ranches in Montana and Kansas. Today, according to the ranch's website, it “is owned and operated by Matador Cattle Company, a division of Koch Agriculture Company, which is an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Koch Industries.”[70][71]

Koch's Matador Ranch in Texas earned the Lone Star Land Steward award, an award sponsored by Chevron, Toyota and the Texas, and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association for outstanding natural resource management in 2010.[72]

Molex

In addition to pin-and-socket Molex connectors, Molex also produces specialized connectors and sensors for equipment used in data transmission, telecommunication, industrial applications, solar power, automotive electronics, commercial vehicles, aerospace and defense, medicine, and solid-state lighting.[73][74]

Environmental and safety record

Bloomberg reports that from 1999 to 2003, Koch Industries was assessed "more than $400 million in fines, penalties and judgments."[25] Daniel Indiviglio, in a reaction piece appearing in The Atlantic argues that the Bloomberg article is biased and misleading, asserting that the Bloomberg team "only found eight instances of alleged misconduct by a giant multinational over the span of 63 years."[75]

In 2000, for the 312 reported oil spills allegedly attributed to Koch and its subsidiaries that had taken place across six states,[65] Koch paid what was at the time the largest civil fine ever imposed on a company under any federal environmental law for the illegal discharge of crude oil and petroleum products. It was the first time the government had ever aggregated several spills over a number of years under one combined lawsuit against a company.[76] Koch disputed the EPA figures, saying the EPA did not file claims in over half of the 312 alleged cases, and further, that "Many of these alleged spills are not even listed in the EPA's own oil spill data base."[77] In a settlement with the U.S. Justice Department and the state of Texas which included "leaks that occurred as the result of third party actions, like digging," the company agreed to pay a "$30 million civil penalty, improve its leak-prevention programs and spend $5 million on environmental projects."[76][78][79][80]

In 1995 when the suit was filed, Koch spokesperson Ron Howell stated "We've invested over $150 million in leak protection and line rehabilitation over the last five years...we've been able to reduce leaks through that time period by nearly 70 percent even as we increased our pipeline mileage by over 25 percent."[77] Between 1990 and 2000, Koch reduced its crude oil pipeline leaks by more than 90%.[76]

Koch Industries won the 2015 Conservation Education Award from the Wildlife Habitat Council and "has partnered with the company on conservation efforts for the past 15 years."[81] Between 2009 and 2015, Koch companies earned 1,085 awards for safety, environmental excellence, community stewardship, innovation, and customer service from various government agencies, businesses, environmental organizations, trade associations, and charitable organizations around the world.[82]

As of 2016 the EPA has named Koch Industries the number one U.S.-based parent company in pollution prevention initiatives for two consecutive years.[83][84]

Political activity

According to the Center for Responsive Politics, many of Koch Industries' contributions have gone toward achieving legislation on taxes, energy and nuclear power, defense appropriations and financial regulatory reform.[85] Koch Industries has been criticized by the environmentalist group Greenpeace for the role they gya the company plays in affecting climate change policy in the United States.[86][87] Koch Industries denied that they have had a negative effect on climate change, saying they have "implemented innovative and cost-effective ways to reduce waste and emissions, including greenhouse gases." The corporation further claimed, "Koch companies and Koch foundations have worked to advance economic freedom and market-based policy solutions to challenges faced by society," stating "it’s a historical fact that economic freedom best fosters innovation, environmental protection and improved quality of life in a society."[88]

Prior to 2008, a Canadian subsidiary of Koch Industries contributed to the Fraser Institute, a conservative Canadian public policy think tank, according to the Institute's founder.[21]

The company has opposed the regulation of financial derivatives, limits on greenhouse gases,[25] and sponsors free market foundations and causes.[89][90]

Koch Industries has come out against Low Carbon Fuel Standards.[33] According to Koch Industries, "LCFS would cripple refiners that rely on heavy crude feedstocks to provide the transportation fuels that keep America moving."[91]

The Koch Industries website includes an opinion piece from The Wall Street Journal by Charles Koch, titled "Why Koch Industries is Speaking Out."[92] The article states: "Because of our activism, we've been vilified by various groups. Despite this criticism, we're determined to keep contributing and standing up for those politicians, like Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker, who are taking these challenges [deficit spending by governments] seriously."

The company also funds the political action committee KochPAC.

In a 2014 opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal, Charles Koch wrote about his beliefs on a free society saying, "A truly free society is based on a vision of respect for people and what they value. In a truly free society, any business that disrespects its customers will fail, and deserves to do so. The same should be true of any government that disrespects its citizens. The central belief and fatal conceit of the current administration is that you are incapable of running your own life, but those in power are capable of running it for you. This is the essence of big government and collectivism."[93]

In February 2016, Charles Koch wrote an opinion piece for The Washington Post, titled "This is the one issue where Bernie Sanders is right" in which he argued that "Democrats and Republicans have too often favored policies and regulations that pick winners and losers. This helps perpetuate a cycle of control, dependency, cronyism and poverty in the United States."[94]

See also

References

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  2. 1 2 "Koch Industries passes 100,000-employee milestone". Forbes. January 31, 2014. Retrieved 2015-04-27.
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  5. ↑ "Koch Supply and Trading". www.ksandt.com.
  6. ↑ "Koch Companies 2014 U.S. Jobs and Economic Impact Study" (PDF). Harrah Analytics. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
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  8. ↑ "Koch Industries passes 100,000-employee milestone – Wichita Business Journal". Bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  9. 1 2 Fisher, Daniel (Mar. 13, 2006). "Mr. Big", pp. 24–26. Forbes. Online summary for calendar year 2005 at .
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  17. 1 2 J. Howard, Marshall II (1994). Done in Oil: An Autobiography. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. p. 254. ISBN 0-89096-533-1.
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  19. ↑ John, Lincoln (1989). Rich Grass and Sweet Water. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-387-8.
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  27. ↑ Turner, Nick; Moritz, Scott (September 9, 2013). "Molex Will Be Acquired by Koch Industries for $7.2 Billion". Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
  28. ↑ "Koch, Goldman agree to buy ink maker Flint in $3 billion deal". Reuters. April 10, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
  29. ↑ Hefling, Kimberly (June 6, 2014). "APNewsBreak: UNCF to receive $25 million Koch gift". AP. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  30. ↑ "Today's Stock Market News and Analysis". Nasdaq.com. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
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  32. ↑ "FHR Asphalt". FHR Asphalt. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  33. 1 2 Dembicki, Geoff (March 22, 2011). "The Kochs: Oil Sands Billionaires Bankrolling US Right". The Tyee. Vancouver, B.C. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
  34. ↑ "Flint Hills Resources - Contact". Fhr.com. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
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  40. ↑ Koch Petroleum Fined $20 Million in Pollution Case, The New York Times, April 10, 2001.
  41. ↑ Don Richards (January 22, 2001). "DOJ Reduces Indictments Against Koch Industries". ICIS.
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  43. ↑ Bureau of Industry and Security. "Commerce Department Fines Kansas Firm for Unlicensed Petroleum Exports". Archived from the original on June 21, 2013.
  44. ↑ Jessica Harper (November 18, 2009). "Flint Hills is coming out of murky waters". Dakota County Tribune. Dakota County, Minnesota.
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  50. ↑ Koch Industries. "Koch Ag & Energy Solutions". Retrieved March 30, 2016.
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  54. ↑ "Fertilizers".
  55. ↑ "Koch Industries says no word on Venezuela takeover". Reuters. October 11, 2010.
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  58. ↑ Bloomberg L.P. "Company Overview of Koch Chemical Technology Group, LLC". Retrieved March 30, 2016.
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  60. ↑ "Pages - eta-process-plant". www.koch-glitsch.com. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
  61. ↑ "Koch Modular Process Systems: Chemical Engineering Experts | KMPS". Koch Modular Process Systems. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
  62. ↑ Koch Industries. "Koch Minerals". Retrieved March 30, 2016.
  63. ↑ "History". Koch Pipeline Company, L.P. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  64. ↑ https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/Docs/NRDAR_SiteInformation/Texas/KochGH.pdf
  65. 1 2 3 Dickinson, Tim (September 24, 2014). "Inside the Koch Brothers' Toxic Empire". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
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  67. ↑ Flesch, Kaitlyn Connolly, Richard (May 12, 2017). "Pipeline Spill Controlled".
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  71. ↑ Lackey, Jerry. "Homestead: Ranch went from Scotch to Koch". San Angelo Standard-Times. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
  72. ↑ "Lone Star Land Steward Awards Winners Announced" (Press release). Texas Parks & Wildlife. May 6, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
  73. ↑ Molex (May 19, 2011). "Molex Ireland Celebrates 40 Years of Operations". Shannon, Ireland: Self-published. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
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  75. ↑ "Bloomberg's Exposé on Koch Industries Reveals ... What Exactly?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  76. 1 2 3 "Koch Agrees to $35 Million Settlement in Two Environmental Cases". Safety Online. January 17, 2000.
  77. 1 2 Vandewater, Bob (April 18, 1995). "3 Agencies File Suit Against Koch Government Claims 300 Oil Spills Occurred". The Oklahoman. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  78. ↑ EPA. "Koch Industries, Inc. Oil Spills Settlement". Archived from the original on April 13, 2013.
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  80. ↑ Ralph K.M. Haurwitz and Jeff Nesmith (2001-07-23). "Austin news, sports, weather, Longhorns, business". Statesman.com. Archived from the original on November 1, 2010. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
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  82. ↑ Spain, Ken (September 9, 2015). "Koch Companies Surpass 1,000 Awards Earned Since 2009". Koch News. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  83. ↑ Fatzick, Josh (October 13, 2015). "Four Business Tips We Learned From ‘Good Profit’". The Daily Caller. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
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  86. ↑ Vidal, John (March 30, 2010). "US oil company donated millions to climate skeptic groups, says Greenpeace". The Guardian. London.
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  89. ↑ Zernike, Kate (October 19, 2010). "Secretive Republican Donors Are Planning Ahead". New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
  90. ↑ Wayne, Leslie (November 20, 1994). "Pulling the Wraps Off Koch Industries". New York Times. Their donations reflect their belief in libertarian and free market philosophies or their personal interests.
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  92. ↑ Koch, Charles (March 1, 2011). "Why Koch Industries Is Speaking Out". Archived from the original on September 9, 2015.
  93. ↑ Koch, Charles G. (April 2, 2014). "Charles Koch: I'm Fighting to Restore a Free Society". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
  94. ↑ Koch, Charles G. (February 18, 2016). "Charles Koch: This is the one issue where Bernie Sanders is right". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 29, 2016.

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