Kerkrade dialect
| Kerkrade dialect | |
|---|---|
| Kirchröadsj Plat | |
| Pronunciation |
[kɪʁçʁœətʃ plɑt] |
| Native to | Netherlands, Germany |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Kerkrade dialect (natively Kirchröadsj Plat or Kirchröadsj, literally 'Kerkradish', Standard Dutch: Kerkraads, Standard German: Kerkrader Platt) is a Ripuarian dialect spoken in Kerkrade (Netherlands) and Herzogenrath (Germany). It is spoken in all social classes, but the variety spoken by younger people is somewhat closer to Standard Dutch.[1][2]
The most similar other Ripuarian dialects are those of Bocholtz, Vaals and Aachen.
Even though it is a Ripuarian dialect, native speakers call it either Limburgish or the Kerkrade dialect but never Ripuarian, which is how they call related dialects spoken in Germany.
Vocabulary
The Kerkrade dialect has many loanwords from Standard German, a language that used to be used in school and church. However, not all German loanwords are used by every speaker.[3]
An example sentence in the Kerkrade dialect is Jód èse en drinke hilt lief en zieël tsezame, which means "eating and drinking well keeps one healthy". The Standard Dutch equivalent of that sentence is Goed eten en drinken houdt de mens gezond.[4]
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | ||||||
| short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i | iː | y | yː | u | uː | ||
| Close-mid | ɪ | eː | ø | øː | ə | o | oː | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɛː | œ | œː | ɔ | ɔː | ||
| Open | aː | ɑ | ||||||
- Among the back vowels, /u, uː, o, oː, ɔ, ɔː/ are rounded, whereas /ɑ/ is unrounded.
- The long /iː, uː, øː/ have two types of allophones: half-long [iˑ, uˑ, øˑ], which occur in words with stoottoon and long [iː, uː, øː], which occur in words with sleeptoon. This allophony does not apply to the other long vowels, which are long in all positions.[5]
- /y/ is normally near-close [ʏ]. However, in the word-final position it is raised to a fully close [y].[6]
- /ə/ appears only in unstressed syllables. It is also inserted allophonically between /l/ or /ʁ/ and a labial or a dorsal consonant, as in milch [ˈmɪləç] and sjterk [ˈʃtæʁək].[7]
- /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ are more open [e̞, æ] before /m, n, ŋ, l, ʁ/.[6] This phonetic detail is not reflected in transcriptions used in this article.
- Before /ʁ/, all of the long vowels are pronounced even longer than in Standard Dutch. In the case of /iː, yː, uː, eː, øː/, they are also followed by a short schwa [iːə̯̆, yːə̯̆, uːə̯̆, eːə̯̆, øːə̯̆].[8]
| Starting point | Ending point | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
| Close | unrounded | iə | ||||
| rounded | yə uə | |||||
| Mid | unrounded | ɛi | eə | |||
| rounded | œy ɔi | œə oə | ɔu | |||
| Open | unrounded | ai | au | |||
- /iə/ and /uə/ have close onsets, whereas /yə/ has a near-close onset.[9]
- /ɛi, œy, ɔi, œə, ɔu/ have open-mid onsets, whereas /eə/ and /oə/ have close-mid onsets.[9]
- /oə/ is the only centering diphthong that can occur before /ʁ/.[10]
- /ai/ and /au/ have central onsets [ä].[10]
- /ai/ has two allophones: half-long [aˑi], which occurs in words with stoottoon and long [aːi], which occurs in words with sleeptoon.[10]
Consonants
In contrast to Standard Dutch, but like other varieties of Ripuarian, the Kerkrade dialect was partially affected by the High German consonant shift. For instance, the former /t/ became an affricate /ts/ in word-initial and word-final positions, before historical /l/ and /r/ as well as when doubled. Thus, the word for "two" is twee in Standard Dutch, but tswai in the Kerkrade dialect.[11]
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ts | (tʃ) | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | ç | h | ||
| voiced | v | z | ʒ | ɣ | ʁ | |||
| Approximant | β | l | j | |||||
- /m, p, b, β/ are bilabial, whereas /f, v/ are labiodental.
- /β/ has weak lip rounding.[10]
- /ɡ/ occurs only intervocalically.[10]
- /ɣ/ sounds very similar to /ʁ/, and occurs only after back vowels.[10]
- /ç/ is realized as velar [x] after back vowels and the central /aː/.[10]
- /ʁ/ is most commonly a fricative [ʁ] or an approximant [ʁ̞], but a trill [ʀ] may occasionally also occur, especially in emphatic speech.
Pitch accent
As the neighbouring Limburgish dialects, the Kerkrade dialect features phonemic pitch accent, which contains two tonemes: stoottoon (denoted by a superscript ⟨¹⟩) and sleeptoon (denoted by superscript ⟨²⟩). There are minimal pairs, for example moer /¹muːʁ/ 'wall' - moer /²muːʁ/ 'carrot'. The syllables with stoottoon are pronounced shorter than those with the sleeptoon.[12]
References
- ↑ "Gemeente Kerkrade | Kirchröadsj Plat". Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 9.
- ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 10.
- ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2003), p. 94.
- 1 2 Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), pp. 15–16.
- 1 2 Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 16.
- ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), pp. 16, 18.
- ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 18.
- 1 2 3 Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), pp. 16–17.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 17.
- ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 36.
- ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 19.
Bibliography
- Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) [1987], Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2nd ed.), Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, ISBN 90-70246-34-1
- Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2003), Benders, Jo; Hirsch, Herman; Stelsmann, Hans; Vreuls, Frits, eds., Kirchröadsjer Zagenswies, Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, ISBN 90-70246-47-3