Kimmeridge Clay

Kimmeridge Clay
Stratigraphic range: Upper Jurassic

Grey cliffs of Upper Kimmeridge Clay above the beach at Egmont Bight
Type Geological formation

The Kimmeridge Clay Formation is a sedimentary deposit of fossiliferous marine clay which is of Jurassic age and occurs in Europe. This rock formation is the major source rock for North Sea oil. The fossil fauna of the Kimmeridge Clay includes turtles, crocodiles, sauropods, plesiosaurs, pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs, as well as a number of invertebrate species.

Description

Kimmeridge Clay is named after the village of Kimmeridge on the Dorset coast of England, where it is well exposed and forms part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site. It exists across England, in a band stretching from Dorset in the south-west, north-east to East Anglia.

The Humber Bridge's foundations are in the Kimmeridge Clay deposits under the Humber estuary.

Economic importance

Kimmeridge Clay is arguably the most economically important unit of rocks in the whole of Europe, being the major source rock for oil fields in the North Sea hydrocarbon province. It has distinctive physical properties, log responses, and palynological signature.

A Kimmeridge Oil Shale Project (KOSP) has been pursued by the UK based oil and shale gas exploration company Cuadrilla Resources.[1]:6

Vertebrate fauna

[2]

Archosaurs

Thalattosuchians

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
 Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Genus Species Location Member Abundance Notes Images

Cricosaurus

C. gracilis

A metriorhynchine metriorhynchid

Dakosaurus

D. maximus

A geosaurine metriorhynchid

Metriorhynchus

M. geoffreyi

A metriorhynchine metriorhynchid

Plesiosuchus

P. manseli

A geosaurine metriorhynchid

Steneosaurus

S. megarhinus

A teleosaurid

Torvoneustes[3][4]

T. carpenteri[3]

A geosaurine metriorhynchid

T. coryphaeus[5]

A geosaurine metriorhynchid

Ornithischians

Indeterminate nodosaurid remains have been found in Wiltshire, England.[2] Indeterminate stegosaurid remains have been found in Dorset and Wiltshire, England.[2]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
 Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Genus Species Location Member Abundance Notes Images

Cumnoria[2]

C. prestwichii[2]
  • Oxfordshire[2]

"Fragmentary skull and skeleton."[6]

Dacentrurus[2]

D. armatus[2]

Wiltshire remains include specimens previously referred to Omosaurus armatus and O. hastiger.[2]
Dacentrurus

Ornithopoda

Indeterminate[2]

Kimmeridge clay remains considered to represent a possible close relative of Bugenasaura[7] are now regarded as the remains of an indeterminate euornithopod.[2](The specimen may have had its locality and horizon mislabelled.)

Omosaurus[2]

O.armatus[2]

Reclassified as Dacentrurus armatus because the generic name Omosaurus was preoccupied.[2]

O. hastiger[2]

Saurischians

Indeterminate ornithomimmid remains have been found in Dorset, England.[2] An undescribed theropod genus was found in Dorset.[2]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
 Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Bothriospondylus[2]

B. suffosus[2]

"[Seven] dorsal and sacral centra."[8]

Cetiosaurus[2]

C. humerocristatus[2]

Now Duriatitan.[9]

Indeterminate[2]
  • Oxfordshire[2]

Remains previously referred to an indeterminate species of Cetiosaurus are now regarded as indeterminate sauropod material.[2]

Duriatitan

D. humerocristatus

Humerus[10]

A titanosauriform[9]

Gigantosaurus[2]

G. megalonyx[2]
  • Cambridgeshire[2]

Remains previously referred to Gigantosaurus megalonyx are now regarded as indeterminate sauropod material.[2]

Ischyrosaurus[2]

I. manseli[2]
  • Oxfordshire[2]

"Humerus."[11]

Remains previously referred to Ischyrosaurus manseli are now regarded as indeterminate sauropod material.[2]

Juratyrant[12][13]

J. langhami
  • Dorset

Partial skeleton

A tyrannosaur

Theropoda[2]

Indeterminate

Remains previously referred to Megalosaurus are now regarded as indeterminate theropod material.[2]

Sauropoda[2]

Indeterminate[2]

Remains previously attributed to one or more indeterminate species of Ornithopsis (incl. O. leedsii) are now regarded as possible indeterminate sauropod material.[2]

Plesiosaurs

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
 Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Genus Species Location Member Abundance Notes Images

Bathyspondylus

B. swindoniensis

Plesiosaur of unknown affinities

Colymbosaurus

C. megadeirus

A cryptoclidid

C. trochantericus

Nomen dubium

Kimmerosaurus

K. langhami

A cryptoclidid

Plesiosaurus

"P." manseli

Distinct from Colymbosaurus.[14]

Pliosaurus[15][16]

P. brachydeirus

A thalassophonean pliosaurid

P. brachyspondylus

Nomen dubium

P. carpenteri

A thalassophonean pliosaurid

P. kevani

A thalassophonean pliosaurid

P. macromerus

Nomen dubium; formerly classified in the separate genus Stretosaurus

P. portentificus[17]

A thalassophonean pliosaurid

P. ?rossicus

A thalassophonean pliosaurid; taxonomic identification of specimens tentative[15]

P. westburyensis

A thalassophonean pliosaurid

P. sp. 1

Partial skeleton, CAMSM J.35991

A thalassophonean pliosaurid; previously assigned to the nomen dubium P. brachyspondylus [15][16]

P. sp. 2

Mandible, NHMUK PV OR 39362

A thalassophonean pliosaurid; previously assigned to the nomen dubium P. macromerus [15][16]

Spitrasaurus

Indeterminate

Invertebrates

An aptychus with the name "Trigonellites latus", from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation

The invertebrate fauna of the Kimmeridge Clay includes:[18][19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Andy Lukas (17 July 2013). "Approaches to informed and balanced debate about shale gas in the UK – How we are working with the Communities" (PDF). Fracking and our Gas Future. AJ Lucas Group Ltd. p. 45. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic, Europe)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 545–549. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  3. 1 2 Wilkinson, L.E.; Young, M.T.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "A new metriorhynchid crocodilian (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) from the Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) of Wiltshire, UK". Palaeontology. 51 (6): 1307–1333. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00818.x.
  4. ↑ Andrade, M.B.D.; Young, M.T.; Desojo, J.B.; Brusatte, S.L. (2010). "The evolution of extreme hypercarnivory in Metriorhynchidae (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) based on evidence from microscopic denticle morphology". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1451–1465. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501442.
  5. ↑ Mark T. Young; Marco Brandalise De Andrade; Steve Etches; Brian L. Beatty (2013). "A new metriorhynchid crocodylomorph from the Lower Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Late Jurassic) of England, with implications for the evolution of dermatocranium ornamentation in Geosaurini". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 169 (4): 820–848. doi:10.1111/zoj.12082.
  6. ↑ "Table 19.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 415.
  7. ↑ Galton, Peter M. (1999). "Cranial anatomy of the hypsilophodont dinosaur Bugenasaura infernalis (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America". Revue Paléobiologie, Genève. 18 (2): 517–534.
  8. ↑ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 270.
  9. 1 2 Paul M. Barrett; Roger B.J. Benson; Paul Upchurch (2010). "Dinosaurs of Dorset: Part II, the sauropod dinosaurs (Saurischia, Sauropoda) with additional comments on the theropods". Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society. 131: 113–126.
  10. ↑ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 267.
  11. ↑ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 271.
  12. ↑ Benson, R.B.J. (2008). "New information on Stokesosaurus, a tyrannosauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from North America and the United Kingdom". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (3): 732–750. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[732:NIOSAT]2.0.CO;2.
  13. ↑ Brusatte, S.L.; Benson, R.B.J. (2013). "The systematics of Late Jurassic tyrannosauroids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Europe and North America". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 58 (1): 47–54. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0141.
  14. ↑ Benson, RBJ; Bowdler, T (2014). "Anatomy of Colymbosaurus (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of the U.K., and high diversity among Late Jurassic plesiosauroids". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1053–1071. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.850087.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Roger B. J. Benson, Mark Evans, Adam S. Smith, Judyth Sassoon, Scott Moore-Faye, Hilary F. Ketchum and Richard Forrest (2013). "A Giant Pliosaurid Skull from the Late Jurassic of England". PLoS ONE. 8 (5): e65989. PMC 3669260 Freely accessible. PMID 23741520. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065989.
  16. 1 2 3 Espen M. Knutsen (2012). "A taxonomic revision of the genus Pliosaurus (Owen, 1841a) Owen, 1841b". Norwegian Journal of Geology. 92 (2–3): 259–276. ISSN 0029-196X. Low resolution pdf High resolution pdf
  17. ↑ Noè, L. F.; Smith, D. T. J.; Walton, D. I. (2004). "A new species of Kimmeridgian pliosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the nomenclature of Liopleurodon macromerus". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 115: 13. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(04)80031-2.
  18. ↑ http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Student-s-Elements-of-Geology7.html The Student's Elements of Geology by Sir Charles Lyell Part 7 out of 14 accessed 13 February 2009.
  19. ↑ Wignall, Paul B. (1990). "Benthic palaeoecology of the late Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay of England" (PDF). Special Papers in Palaeontology. The Palaeontological Association, London. 43. ISBN 978-0-901702-42-5. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.