Kia Motors

Kia Motors
기아자동차
Public
Industry Automotive
Founded November 1111 (1111-11) as Kyungsung Precision Industry[1]
Headquarters Seoul, South Korea
Products Automobiles
Luxury cars
Commercial vehicles
Production output
 Increase 2,827,321 units (2013)[2]
Revenue Increase US$46.9 billion (2013)[3]
Increase US$ 3.1 billion (2013)[3]
Increase US$ 3.8 billion (2013)[3]
Total assets Increase US$ 35.6 billion (2013)[3]
Total equity Increase US$ 19.9 billion (2013)[3]
Owner Hyundai Motor Group (33.88%)
Number of employees
 33,255 (as of December 2013)[4]
Parent Hyundai Motor Company
(1998–present)
Website www.kia.com
Kia Motors
Hangul 기아자동차
Hanja 起亞自動車
Revised Romanization Gia Jadongcha
McCune–Reischauer Kia Chadongch'a

Kia Motor Corporation (Hangul: 기아자동차; Hanja: 起亞自動車, IPA: [ki.a], literally "Kia automobile"; stylized as KIΛ), headquartered in Seoul, is South Korea's second-largest automobile manufacturer, following the Hyundai Motor Company, with sales of over 3.3 million vehicles in 2015. As of December 2015, the Kia Motor Corporation is minority owned by Hyundai, which owns a 33.88% stake valued at just over $6 billion USD. Kia in turn is a minority owner of more than twenty Hyundai subsidiaries ranging from 4.9% up to 45.37% totaling more than $8.3 billion USD.

Etymology

According to Kia Motors, the name "Kia" derives from the Sino-Korean characters ki (起, "to come out") and a (亞, which stands for (East) Asia), it is roughly translated as "to come out of the east."

History

Kia Motors' South Korean factory

Kia was founded in December 1944 as Kyungsung Precision Industry, a manufacturer of steel tubing and bicycle parts, eventually producing Korea's first domestic bicycle, the Samchully, in 1951.[1] In 1952, Kyungsung Precision Industry changed its name to Kia Industries,[5] and later built Honda-licensed small motorcycles (starting in 1957), Mazda-licensed trucks (1962) and cars (1974). The company opened its first integrated automotive assembly plant in 1973, the Sohari Plant.[6] Kia built the small Brisa range of cars until 1981, when production came to an end after the new military dictator Chun Doo-hwan enforced industry consolidation. This forced Kia to give up passenger cars and focus entirely on light trucks.[7] Prior to the forced 1981 shutdown, Kia rounded out its passenger car lineup with two other foreign models assembled under license: the Fiat 132[8][9] and the Peugeot 604.[10][11]

Starting in 1986 (when only 26 cars were manufactured, followed by over 95,000 the next year),[12] Kia rejoined the automobile industry in partnership with Ford. Kia produced several Mazda-derived vehicles for both domestic sales in South Korea and for export into other countries. These models included the Kia Pride, based on the Mazda 121, and the Avella, which were sold in North America and Australasia as the Ford Festiva and Ford Aspire.

In 1992, Kia Motors America was incorporated in the United States. The first Kia-branded vehicles in the United States were sold from four dealerships in Portland, Oregon, in February 1994. Since then, Kia methodically expanded one region at a time. Dealers in 1994 sold the Sephia; and a few years later, the United States segment expanded their line with the addition of the Sportage. Over one hundred Kia dealerships existed across thirty states by 1995, selling a record 24,740 automobiles.[13]

However, during the Asian financial crisis, Kia declared bankruptcy in 1997; and in 1999 Take Over Hyundai Motor Company to diversify by exchanging ownership between both companies. Hyundai Motor Company acquired 51% of the company, outbidding Ford Motor Company which had owned an interest in Kia Motors since 1986.[14] After subsequent divestments,[15] Hyundai Motor Company owns about one third of Kia Motor Corporation. While Hyundai Motor Company remains Kia's largest stakeholder, Kia Motor Company also retains ownership in some 22 different Hyundai Motor Company subsidiaries.[16]

Since 2005, Kia has focused on the European market and has identified design as its "core future growth engine"—leading to the hiring of Peter Schreyer in 2006 as chief design officer[17] and his subsequent creation of a new corporate grille known as the 'Tiger Nose'.[18][19]

In October 2006, Kia Motors America broke ground for Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia in West Point, Georgia, representing a $1 billion USD investment for the company.[20] Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia opened in February 2010, after Kia recorded its 15th consecutive year of increased U.S. market share.[21]

In August 2014, the company received international attention when Pope Francis of the Catholic Church rode in one of their compact cars, the Kia Soul, during a five-day visit to South Korea.[22][23] The Kia Soul drew bigger attention than two other vehicles used by the Pope, their Kia Carnival and Hyundai's Santa Fe, because it appeared in the high-profile welcoming ceremony of his arrival at the Seoul Airport on 14 August.[24][25]

In 2016, Kia Motors model reliability was ranked first in the United States by J.D. Power and Associates, becoming the first non-luxury automaker since 1989 to top that list.[26]

Affiliations and subsidiaries

Hyundai Motor Company

As of December 31, 2015, the Hyundai Motor Company owns a 33.88% stake in Kia Motors.[27]

Likewise, as of December 31, 2015, Kia Motors is owner in 22 different Hyundai companies. Its ownership percentages range from 4.9% up to 45.37%.[28]

Kia Motors Corporation

Kia Motors Corporation (KMC), founded in 1944, is South Korea's oldest manufacturer of motor vehicles and is now a subsidiary of the Hyundai-Kia Automotive Group. Over 1.5 million vehicles a year are produced in 13 manufacturing and assembly operations in eight countries. These are then sold and serviced through a network of distributors and dealers covering 172 countries. Kia today has 40,000 full-time employees worldwide and annual revenues of over US$14.6 billion. Kia Motors Corporation's brand slogan is "The Power to Surprise". From August 2009 until December 2012, the company has been led by Hyoung-Keun (Hank) Lee.[29]

Kia Motors America

Kia Optima
Kia Cadenza

Kia Motors America (KMA) is the American sales, marketing, and distribution arm of Kia Motors Corporation based in Seoul, South Korea. KMA offers a complete line of vehicles through more than 755 dealers throughout the United States. For 2008, KMA recorded its 14th consecutive year of increased U.S. market share.

In November 2009, Kia started production at the first U.S. Kia Motors plant, Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia, in West Point. As of December 2011, the facility was building the 2012 Kia Sorento crossover vehicle and the 2012 Kia Optima sedan.

Kia Motors Europe

Kia Motors Europe (KME) is the European sales and marketing division of Kia Motors Corporation (KMC). It has been selling cars in Europe since the first half of 1991. In 2007, KME moved from its previous location at Hauptstrasse 185, Eschborn (near Frankfurt), to a new purpose-built facility adjacent to the Messe, in Frankfurt city centre.

From 1995 to 1999, Kia produced left- and right-hand drive versions of the first generation Sportage SUV at the Karmann factory in Osnabrück, Germany. From 1999 until production of the model ceased in 2003, all Sportage production reverted to South Korea.

When Kia launched in Europe during 1991, it initially sold only the Pride supermini - a rebadged version of the late 1980s Mazda 121. It initially proved popular with buyers, but sales fell towards the end of the decade, and the end of production was finally announced in May 2000, with its successor — the Rio — not going on sale for another year.

By the end of 1991, Kia had sold nearly 1,800 Prides in the United Kingdom. The first full year, 1992, saw that figure double, and, in 1993, it increased again to nearly 5,500 units.

The European range expanded in the spring of 1994 when Kia began importing the larger Mentor, a range of medium-sized hatchbacks and sedans which were marketed as inexpensive and well-equipped alternatives to the likes of the Ford Escort and the Vauxhall/Opel Astra. A facelift in 1999 saw the Mentor name retained for the saloon (sedan), but the hatchback was renamed Shuma. These models remained on sale until 2004, when the newer Cerato was launched and gave Kia one of its first serious competitors against mainstream brands.

The Clarus saloon and Sedona MPV were also launched onto the UK market during 1999, helping Kia begin its rise in popularity.

The Sportage SUV range, first sold in 1995, has been popular across Europe, but, since 2002, Kia has gained more sales in this market thanks to the launch of the larger Sorento.

Despite Kia's range increasing from one car as late as 1993 to three cars by the end of 1995, British sales actually decreased in that period, from nearly 5,500 in 1993 to less than 4,000 the following year. In 1998, Kia's future in Britain was thrown into serious doubt when it sold less than 3,000 of its whole range – the worst in any full year on the British market.

Kia did not enter Europe's large family car market until the launch of its Clarus four-door sedan in 1999 - a year behind schedule due to the financial difficulties that Kia was facing before it was taken over by Hyundai. This car was similar in size to the Ford Mondeo and the Opel/Vauxhall Vectra, but, on its launch, was actually less expensive to buy than the smaller Focus and the Astra. It had a spacious interior, large boot, competitive asking price, and high equipment levels, but it had little more appeal to sway buyers away from established European brands like Ford, Vauxhall/Opel and Peugeot. Its successor, the Magentis, launched in 2001, was still nowhere near as popular as Kia might have hoped it would be, although with a sub-£14,000 asking price it offered the cheapest V6-engined car in the UK, by which time it was rare enough for a six-cylinder car to be priced at less than £20,000.

Kia entered the MPV market in 1999 with the Sedona. On its launch, it was the lowest-priced, full-size people carrier on sale in the United Kingdom.

With the range expanded by 1999, sales for that year reached almost 6,400 – more than double the previous year's total. That annual sales figure had almost been matched in 2000 by the end of May, reflecting Kia's growing popularity with British buyers.[30] By 2009, Kia was firmly established as a popular brand in Britain, when sales broke the 50,000 barrier for the first time and the brand now had a share of more than 2% in the new car market. The Picanto was the most popular single model with nearly 17,000 sales.[31]

In late 2006, Kia opened its first own plant in Europe at Žilina, Slovakia, where it has produced over 2.5 million units of the Kia Cee'd, Kia Sportage and Kia Venga.

Although the European car market knows significant difficulties, Kia announced increased sales in 2013.[32]

Kia Motors Mexico

The company has built a $1 billion manufacturing plant in the northern Mexican state of Nuevo León, which produces 300,000 cars a year. Details of the factory, built in the city of Pesquería, were revealed in a joint press conference given by Kia Motors CEO Hyoung-Keun Lee and the President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto in Mexico City on 28 August 2014. The plant was expected to be completed in the first half of 2016.[33] This factory is involved in controversies because was built on unevenly purchased land and the construction agreement was made with advantage conditions and out of the local dispositions to Kia.[34][35]

Kia Defense

Kia KM420

Kia Motors has specialized in the production of military vehicles with variants and other transportation equipment and by supplying them as a sole maker of military vehicles designated by the South Korean Government since 1976, when Kia Heavy Industry Co., Ltd was established. Kia is currently designing a Kaiser Jeep M715-type vehicle named the KM450 for the South Korean Army on license from the U.S. Government. Kia is also the owner of the former ex-Asia Motors factory at Gwangju.

Models

Facilities

Most of Kia's main plant locations are in South Korea:

In-house Proving ground location

Kia also has facilities in China, Mexico, Slovakia, the United States and Vietnam:

Design emphasis

“ In the past, the Kia cars were very neutral. When you saw one on the road, you didn't really know if it was Korean or Japanese…I think it's very important that you are able to recognize a Kia at first sight. ”
— Peter Schreyer[36]

Beginning in 2006 Kia identified design as its "core future growth engine" – leading to the 2006 hiring of Peter Schreyer and to the 2005 hiring Tom Kearns as Chief Design Officer.[17] Schreyer had previously worked at Audi (designing the Audi TT) and Volkswagen and had won the Design Award of the Federal Republic of Germany.[37] Kearns had previously worked at Cadillac as Chief Design Officer and was responsible for influencing Cadillac's direction of hard angles and sharp lines within their design.[38]

Schreyer has since been central to a complete restyling of Kia's lineup,[39] overseeing design activities at Kia's design centers in Frankfurt, Los Angeles, Tokyo, and the Namyang Design Center in South Korea.[40]

With the Kee concept vehicle, shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 2007,[41] Kia introduced a new corporate grille[41] to create a recognizable 'face' for the brand. Known as the Tiger Nose, Schreyer indicated he wanted "a powerful visual signal, a seal, an identifier. The front of a car needs this recognition, this expression. A car needs a face and I think the new Kia face is strong and distinctive. Visibility is vital and that face should immediately allow you to identify a Kia even from a distance."[41] Schreyer described how the Kia Tiger Nose came to be as he explained, "I was just working on the car and just thinking about different possibilities, and suddenly I found it."[42] Commenting on the new signature grille in 2009: "From now on, we'll have it on all our cars".[43] Kia has since featured the Tiger Nose on all of their vehicles, ranging from the compact Kia Soul, on to the edgy new design of the Kia Optima, and to the larger SUV, the Kia Sorento.

Kia cars have won the International Car of the Year award every year since 2013.[44]

Controversies

In late 2012, Kia Motors was forced to admit error in inflating its United States Environmental Protection Agency mileage claims and had to reduce its fuel economy claims in the U.S. by about 3 percent across the board and to offer compensation to previous vehicle buyers.[45]

Nuevo León plant

Announcement of the Kia ensamble plant, Mexico City, 2014

From 2014 Kia Motors was involved in controversies in Mexico due to alleged irregularities in the construction of one of its plants in the municipality of Pesquería, Nuevo León. The construction of the plant was done in irregularly purchased landslide, and the agreement between Kia Motors Mexico and the Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo León, then headed by Rodrigo Medina de la Cruz, was signed with advantageous conditions to the South Korean company (like tax exemptions for 20 years when the standard are 5) and with tax incentives higher than those allowed by Mexican laws extended to the Mexican providors of Kia.[34] A copy of the full agreement was published in Facebook by actual Nuevo León governor, Jaime Rodríguez Calderón, as a part of a prosecution case to Medina[46] and he declared that the signed agreement with his predecessor will be cancelled.[47] A new agreement was reached with Rodriguez's administration on June, 2016.[48]

Derived from the case, former governor Medina de la Cruz and other 30 officials of the former state administration were investigated by an anti-corruption prosecutor for alleged embezzlement, improper exercise of public functions and damage to Nuevo León State assets.[49][50] Medina was placed in custody for this case on January 26, 2017, among other that he is involved.[49]

Sponsorship

UEFA Euro 2012

Kia Motors sponsors the following sports teams, events and athletes:

Sports associations
Sports events
Sports teams
Athletes
Actors
Musicians
Music events
Charity events
Entertainment
Event hall

Slogans

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Kia History". www.kia.com. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
  2. ↑ "2013 Sales of Global Major Automotive Makers". fastener-world.com.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Financial Statements For Kia Motors Corporation (KIMTF)". businessweek.com. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
  4. ↑ "KIA Motors". Mergent. 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2014-11-02.
  5. ↑ KIA Motors South Africa Archived September 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ↑ "Kia Models". Edmunds.com. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
  7. ↑ "Graduate Information Brochure". Kia Motors (UK). 2010. p. 5.
  8. ↑ "Kia history". Kia UK. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
  9. ↑ "Rising out of Asia". thehyway.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2009. Retrieved 2010-11-02.
  10. ↑ "kia.co.nz".
  11. ↑ "kia.com.au".
  12. ↑ Dackevall, Gunnar, ed. (1988). BilKatalogen 1989 (Swedish edition of German Auto Katalog) (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: PM Press AB. p. 261. 0284-365X.
  13. ↑ "The History of Kia Motors". Gear Heads. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  14. ↑ "Kia Motors Corporation History". Funding Universe. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  15. ↑ "Kia Motors Corporation". Hoovers.com. 2010-10-21. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
  16. ↑ "Kia Motors Shareholders". Kia Motors. 2016-06-30. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
  17. 1 2 "Chief Design Officer Peter Schreyer". Kia.co.nz. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
  18. ↑ "2011 Kia Sorento SX". Kia Press Release. 2008-12-09.
  19. ↑ "Interview with Peter Schreyer, Chief Design Officer" (Press release). Kia Press. 2010-03-02.
  20. ↑ "Kia Celebrates Grand Opening of $1 billion State-of-the-Art Automobile Manufacturing Plant in Georgia". Press release. Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia. 2010-02-26. Archived from the original on March 6, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
  21. ↑ "Kia Motors' State-of-the-Art U.S. Manufacturing Facility is Featured in a Segment of the History Channel's Hit Series Modern Marvels". MarketWatch. 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
  22. ↑ Siemaszko, Corky (14 August 2014). "Pope Francis rides in Kia Soul during visit to South Korea". NY Daily News. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  23. ↑ Kelly, Mark (14 August 2014). "The Pope Takes a Soul to Seoul". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  24. ↑ Park, Si-soo (15 August 2014). "Pope Francis bestows halo on Hyundai-Kia". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  25. ↑ Klara, Robert (15 August 2014). "Pope Francis Ditches his Mercedes for a Kia In Seoul, the Soul gets a big marketing blessing". Adweek. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  26. ↑ LeBeau, Phil (22 June 2016). "Kia Just Accomplished Something No Automaker Has Done in 27 Years". CNBC. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  27. ↑ "Hyundai Motor Company 2013 annual report" (PDF). Worldwide.hyundai.com. Retrieved 2014-11-02.
  28. ↑ "Kia Annual Report by Year". Kia.com. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
  29. ↑ Archived January 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  30. ↑ "From the ashes | Motor Trader Magazine | Motor Industry: News – Jobs – Awards". Motortrader.com. 2000-06-26. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
  31. ↑ "Kia's Record Breaking Sales Figures". Carpages.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
  32. ↑ Par Romain Baly, le 23/07/2013 (2013-07-23). "L'Europe sourit à Kia" (in French). Journalauto.com. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
  33. ↑ "Automaker Kia plans $1 bn assembly plant in Mexico". Mexico News.Net. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  34. 1 2 Ramos, Mirna (November 20, 2015). "Compra Rodrigo Medina terreno para KIA a dos compadres (Rodrigo Medina bought land to two compadres for KIA)". www.zocalo.com.mx. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
  35. ↑ "El exgobernador Rodrigo Medina ingresa al penal de Topo Chico". www.animalpolitico.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-01-26.
  36. ↑ Maric, Paul (2010-03-12). "We Interview Peter Schreyer Head of Design at Kia". Carbodydesign.com.
  37. ↑ "Peter Schreyer is new Kia Design Director". Carbodydesign.com. 2006-07-26.
  38. ↑
  39. ↑ Ihlwan, Moon (2009-05-21). "Kia Motors' Cheap Chic". Business Week.
  40. ↑ "Who's Where: Peter Schreyer to head Kia Design". Car Design News. 2006-07-31.
  41. 1 2 3 "Interview with Peter Schreyer, Chief Design Officer" (Press release). Kia Press. 2010-03-02.
  42. ↑ "Reinventions: How Kia Got Its 'Tiger Nose'". Bloomberg.
  43. ↑ Sloane, Alastair (2009-04-25). "Kia on the straight and narrow for design of new sedan". New Zealand Herald.
  44. ↑ http://www.roadandtravel.com/awards/awardspast/winnerspast.htm
  45. ↑ "New Kia president has designs on greatness". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. January 9, 2013. Archived from the original on January 9, 2013.
  46. ↑ Flores, Lourdes. "Gobierno de NL detecta 33 irregularidades en contrato de KIA (Government of Nuevo León detects 33 irregularities in KIA agreement)" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-01-26 – via El Economista.
  47. ↑ "Kia's $1 Billion Mexico Plant Stalls as `Brazen One' Spurns Pact". Bloomberg.com. 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
  48. ↑ Althaus, Dudley (2016-06-09). "Mexican State Governor Reaches Incentives Deal Over Kia Car Plant". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
  49. 1 2 "El exgobernador Rodrigo Medina ingresa al penal de Topo Chico (Former governor Rodrigo Medina was jailed at Topo Chico prison)". www.animalpolitico.com (in Spanish). Animal Político. January 26, 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
  50. ↑ Editorial, Reuters. "Former Mexico governor to face trial tied to Kia tax sweeteners". Reuters UK. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
  51. ↑ Giongco, Mark (2014-06-10). "Kia hires Manny Pacquiao as head coach for PBA team". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
  52. ↑ Badua, Snow (2014-08-24). "Kia finally settles on a moniker for PBA team - and it's neither Kamao nor Pride". Spin.ph. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
  53. ↑ "Azkals Extend Partnership with Kia's Local Distributor". Top Gear Philippines. 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  54. ↑ "Basketball global superstar LeBron James is Kia's luxury ambassador". Top Gear Philippines. 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
  55. ↑ De Guzman, Marcus (2015-01-29). "Watch: Pierce Brosnan Makes an Unexpected Getaway with Kia". The Clipping Point. Retrieved 2015-01-30.
  56. ↑ "Super Bowl: Laurence Fishburne Sings the Sound of Luxury for Kia Ad (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  57. ↑ Lienert, Anita (2016-02-05). "2016 Kia Optima and Christopher Walken Add Pizzazz to Super Bowl Commercial". Edmunds.com. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  58. ↑ "CHASE BRYANT IS FIRST COUNTRY ARTIST FEATURED IN KIA’S "REDISCOVERED" SERIES". Chase Bryant. 2015-03-09. Retrieved 2015-03-12.
  59. ↑ "Music ‘Rediscovered’ by Matthew Koma at 2015 YTMA". Kia Motors. 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
  60. ↑ "Rock and Roll legend Hall & Oates Rediscovered by MisterWives". Kia Motors. 2015-02-11. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
  61. ↑ Ungureanu, Ionut (2014-11-24). "Kia Partners Up with YouTube again for 2015 Music Awards - Video". AutoEvolution. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
  62. ↑ "Kia Motors and DC Entertainment Band Together to Create a Fleet of Justice League-inspired Vehicles for Hunger Relief Effort". DC Comics. 2012-10-03. Retrieved 2012-10-05.
  63. ↑ Dong, Bamboo (2014-12-24). "Seoul Erects an 8-Meter, 3-Ton Tobot Kia Robot Statue". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
  64. ↑ Joseph, Noah (2014-11-24). "Kia Sorento bares its claws for X-Men Special Edition". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2014-11-25.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Kia Motors, a division of Hyundai Motor Group, North American road car timeline, 1994–present
Type 1990s 2000s 2010s
456789 0123456789 01234567
Subcompact Rio Rio Rio
Compact car Sephia Sephia Soul Soul
Spectra Spectra Forte Forte
Mid-size car Optima/Magentis Optima/Magentis Optima Optima
Full-size car Amanti Cadenza Cadenza
K900
Subcompact SUV Niro
Compact SUV Sportage Sportage Sportage Sportage
Mid-size SUV Sorento Sorento Sorento
Borrego*
Compact MPV Rondo* Rondo*
Minivan Sedona Sedona Sedona
* only available in Canada since 2010.
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