Bacha Khan

BR JNA
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Bacha Khan

Bacha Khan pictured in the 1940s
Born (1890-02-06)6 February 1890
Utmanzai, Hashtnagar, Frontier Tribal Areas of Punjab Province, British India (in present-day Charsadda District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)
Died 20 January 1988(1988-01-20) (aged 97)
Peshawar, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan
Resting place Jalalabad, Nangarhar, Afghanistan
Citizenship British India (1890–1947)
Pakistan (1947–1988)
Political party Indian National Congress
National Awami Party
Movement Indian Independence Movement
Khudai Khidmatgar
Spouse(s) Meharqanda Kinankhel (m. 1912–18)
Nambata Kinankhel (m. 1920–26)
Children Abdul Ghani Khan
Abdul Wali Khan
Sardaro
Mehar Taja
Abdul Ali Khan
Parent(s) Bahram Khan
Awards Prisoner of conscience (1962)
Jawaharlal Nehru Award (1967)
Bharat Ratna (1987)

Khan Abdul Ghaffār Khān (6 February 1890 – 20 January 1988) (Pashto: خان عبدالغفار خان‎), nicknamed Bādshāh Khān or Bāchā Khān (Pashto: باچا خان, lit. "king of chiefs"), was a Pashtun independence activist against the rule of the British Raj. He was a political and spiritual leader known for his nonviolent opposition, and a lifelong pacifist and devout Muslim.[1] A close friend of Mohandas Gandhi, Bacha Khan was nicknamed the "Frontier Gandhi" in British India.[2] Bacha Khan founded the Khudai Khidmatgar ("Servants of God") movement in 1929, whose success triggered a harsh crackdown by the British Empire against him and his supporters, and they suffered some of the most severe repression of the Indian independence movement.[3]

Khan strongly opposed the All-India Muslim League's demand for the partition of India.[4][5] When the Indian National Congress declared its acceptance of the partition plan without consulting the Khudai Khidmatgar leaders, he felt very sad and told the Congress "you have thrown us to the wolves."[6] After partition, Khan pledged allegiance to Pakistan and demanded an autonomous "Pashtunistan" administrative unit within the country, but he was frequently arrested by the Pakistani government between 1948 and 1954. In 1956, he was again arrested for his opposition to the One Unit program, under which the government announced to merge the former provinces of West Punjab, Sindh, North-West Frontier Province, Chief Commissioner's Province of Balochistan, and Baluchistan States Union into one single polity of West Pakistan. Bacha Khan also spent much of the 1960s and 1970s either in jail or in exile. Upon his death in 1988 in Peshawar under house arrest, following his will, he was buried at his house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. Tens of thousands of mourners attended his funeral, marching through the Khyber Pass from Peshawar to Jalalabad, although it was marred by two bomb explosions killing 15 people. Despite the heavy fighting at the time during the Soviet war in Afghanistan, both sides, namely the communist army and the mujahideen, declared a ceasefire to allow his burial.[7]

Early years

Bacha Khan was born on 6 February 1890 into a generally peaceful and prosperous Pashtun family from Utmanzai in the Peshawar Valley of British India. His father, Bahram Khan, was a land owner in the area commonly referred to as Hashtnaghar. Bacha Khan was the second son of Bahram to attend the British-run Edward's Mission School, the only fully functioning school in the region run by missionaries. At school the young Bacha Khan did well in his studies, and was inspired by his mentor Reverend Wigram to see the importance of education in service to the community. In his 10th and final year of high school, he was offered a highly prestigious commission in the Corps of Guides, a regiment of the British Indian Army. Bacha Khan refused the commission after realising that even Guides officers were still second-class citizens in their own country. He resumed his intention of university study, and Reverend Wigram offered him the opportunity to follow his brother, Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan, to study in London. An alumnus of Aligarh Muslim University, Bacha Khan eventually received the permission of his father. However, Bacha Khan's mother wasn't willing to let another son go to London, so Bacha Khan began working on his father's lands, attempting to discern what more he might do with his life.[8]

In 1910, at the age of 20, Khan opened a mosque school in his hometown of Utmanzai. In 1911, he joined independence movement of the Pashtun independence activist Haji Sahib of Turangzai. However, in 1915, the British authorities banned his mosque school.[9] Having witnessed the repeated failure of revolts against the British Raj, Khan decided that social activism and reform would be more beneficial for the Pashtuns. This led to the formation of Anjuman-e Islāh-e Afghānia (انجمن اصلاح افاغنه, "Afghan Reform Society") in 1921, and the youth movement Pax̌tūn Jirga (پښتون جرګه, "Pashtun Assembly") in 1927. After Khan's return from the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca in May 1928, he founded the Pashto-language monthly political journal Pax̌tūn (پښتون, "Pashtun"). Finally, in November 1929, Khan founded the Khudāyī Khidmatgār (خدايي خدمتګار, "Servants of God") movement, whose success triggered a harsh crackdown by the British authorities against him and his supporters. They suffered some of the most severe repression of the Indian independence movement from the British Raj.[3]

Ghaffar "Badshah" Khan

Bacha Khan with Gandhi at Peshawar
Bacha Khan leads a march from Peshawar to Kabul during the Khilafat Movement. Peshawar Street 1920 (Mela Ram & Sons)

In response to his inability to continue his own education, Bacha Khan turned to helping others start theirs. Like many such regions of the world, the strategic importance of the newly formed North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) as a buffer for the British Raj from Russian influence was of little benefit to its residents. The oppression of the British, the repression of the mullahs, and an ancient culture of violence and vendetta prompted Bacha Khan to want to serve and uplift his fellow men and women by means of education. At 20 years of age, Bacha Khan opened his first school in Utmanzai. It was an instant success and he was soon invited into a larger circle of progressively minded reformers.

While he faced much opposition and personal difficulties, Bacha Khan Khan worked tirelessly to organise and raise the consciousness of his fellow Pushtuns. Between 1915 and 1918 he visited 500 villages in all part of the settled districts of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. It was in this frenzied activity that he had come to be known as Badshah (Bacha) Khan (King of Chiefs).[8]

Being a secular Muslim he did not believe in religious divisions. He married his first wife Meharqanda in 1912; she was a daughter of Yar Mohammad Khan of the Kinankhel clan of the Mohammadzai tribe of Razzar, a village adjacent to Utmanzai. They had a son in 1913, Abdul Ghani Khan, who would become a noted artist and poet. Subsequently, they had another son, Abdul Wali Khan (17 January 1917–), and daughter, Sardaro. Meharqanda died during the 1918 influenza epidemic. In 1920, Bacha Khan remarried; his new wife, Nambata, was a cousin of his first wife and the daughter of Sultan Mohammad Khan of Razzar. She bore him a daughter, Mehar Taj (25 May 1921 – 29 April 2012),[10] and a son, Abdul Ali Khan (20 August 1922 – 19 February 1997). Tragically, in 1926 Nambata died early as well from a fall down the stairs of the apartment they were staying at in Jerusalem.[11]

Khudai Khidmatgar

Khudai Khidmatgar

In time, Bacha Khan's goal came to be the formulation of a united, independent, secular India. To achieve this end, he founded the Khudai Khidmatgar ("Servants of God"), commonly known as the "Red Shirts" (Surkh Pōsh), during the 1920s.

The Khudai Khidmatgar was founded on a belief in the power of Gandhi's notion of Satyagraha, a form of active non-violence as captured in an oath. He told its members:

"I am going to give you such a weapon that the police and the army will not be able to stand against it. It is the weapon of the Prophet, but you are not aware of it. That weapon is patience and righteousness. No power on earth can stand against it."[12]

The organisation recruited over 100,000 members and became legendary in opposing (and dying at the hands of) the British-controlled police and army. Through strikes, political organisation and non-violent opposition, the Khudai Khidmatgar were able to achieve some success and came to dominate the politics of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. His brother, Dr. Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan (known as Dr. Khan Sahib), led the political wing of the movement, and was the Chief Minister of the province (from the late 1920s until 1947 when his government was dismissed by Mohammad Ali Jinnah of the Muslim League).

Kissa Khwani massacre

On 23 April 1930, Bacha Khan was arrested during protests arising out of the Salt Satyagraha. A crowd of Khudai Khidmatgar gathered in Peshawar's Kissa Khwani (Storytellers) Bazaar. The British ordered troops to open fire with machine guns on the unarmed crowd, killing an estimated 200–250.[13] The Khudai Khidmatgar members acted in accord with their training in non-violence under Bacha Khan, facing bullets as the troops fired on them.[14] Two platoons of The Garhwal Rifles regiment refused to fire on the non-violent crowd. They were later court-martialled with heavy punishment, including life imprisonment.

Bacha Khan and the Indian National Congress

Bacha Khan with Mohandas Gandhi.

Bacha Khan forged a close, spiritual, and uninhibited friendship with Gandhi, the pioneer of non-violent mass civil disobedience in India. The two had a deep admiration towards each other and worked together closely till 1947.[4][5]

Khudai Khidmatgar (servants of god) agitated and worked cohesively with the Indian National Congress, the leading national organisation fighting for independence, of which Bacha Khan was a senior and respected member. On several occasions when the Congress seemed to disagree with Gandhi on policy, Bacha Khan remained his staunchest ally. In 1931 the Congress offered him the presidency of the party, but he refused saying, "I am a simple soldier and Khudai Khidmatgar, and I only want to serve."[15] He remained a member of the Congress Working Committee for many years, resigning only in 1939 because of his differences with the Party's War Policy. He rejoined the Congress Party when the War Policy was revised.

Bacha Khan was a champion of women's rights and nonviolence. He became a hero in a society dominated by violence; notwithstanding his liberal views, his unswerving faith and obvious bravery led to immense respect. Throughout his life, he never lost faith in his non-violent methods or in the compatibility of Islam and nonviolence. He recognised as a jihad struggle with only the enemy holding swords. He was closely identified with Gandhi because of his non-violence principles and he is known in India as the 'Frontier Gandhi'.[5] One of his Congress associates was Pandit Amir Chand Bombwal of Peshawar.

"O Pathans! Your house has fallen into ruin. Arise and rebuild it, and remember to what race you belong." – Ghaffar Khan[16]
Mahatma Gandhi and Bacha Khan with a leader of the Khaksar Tehrik (founded by Allama Mashriqi). Photo was taken in Peshawar on 6 May 1938.

The Partition

Bacha Khan with Gandhi.

Khan strongly opposed the partition of India.[4][5] While many Pashtuns (particularly the Khudai Khidmatgars) were willing to work with Indian politicians, many other Pashtuns were sympathetic to the idea of a separate homeland for India's Muslims following the departure of the British. Accused as being anti-Muslim, Khan was physically assaulted in 1946, leading to his hospitalisation in Peshawar.[17]

The Congress party refused last-ditch compromises to prevent the partition, like the Cabinet Mission plan and Gandhi's suggestion to offer the position of Prime Minister to Jinnah. As a result, Bacha Khan and his followers felt a sense of betrayal by both Pakistan and India. Bacha Khan's last words to Gandhi and his erstwhile allies in the Congress party were: "You have thrown us to the wolves."[6]

When the referendum over accession to Pakistan was held, Bacha Khan, the Khudai Khidmatgars and the Indian National Congress Party boycotted the referendum. Despite the boycott, the vast majority of people in the Pashtun regions voted to join Pakistan. A loya jirga in the Tribal Areas also garnered a similar result as most preferred to become part of Pakistan. Some have argued that a segment of the population voted was barred from voting.[18]

Arrest and exile

Bacha Khan took the oath of allegiance to the new nation of Pakistan on 23 February 1948 at the first session of the Pakistan Constituent Assembly.[19]

Bacha Khan walking with Jawaharlal Nehru after the Cabinet Mission, 1946.

He pledged full support to the government and attempted to reconcile with the founder of the new state Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Initial overtures led to a successful meeting in Karachi, however a follow-up meeting in the Khudai Khidmatgar headquarters never materialised, allegedly due to the role of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Chief Minister, Abdul Qayyum Khan who warned Jinnah that Bacha Khan was plotting his assassination.[20][21]

Following this, Bacha Khan formed Pakistan's first National opposition party, on 8 May 1948, the Pakistan Azad Party. The party pledged to play the role of constructive opposition and would be non-communal in its philosophy.

However, suspicions of his allegiance persisted and under the new Pakistani government, Bacha Khan was placed under house arrest without charge from 1948 till 1954. Released from prison, he gave a speech again on the floor of the constituent assembly, this time condemning the massacre of his supporters at Babrra.[22]

Sheikh Abdullah with Jawaharlal Nehru and Bacha Khan at Nishat Garden, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir in 1945
"I had to go to prison many a time in the days of the Britishers. Although we were at loggerheads with them, yet their treatment was to some extent tolerant and polite. But the treatment which was meted out to me in this Islamic state of ours was such that I would not even like to mention it to you."[23]

He was arrested several times between late 1948 and in 1956 for his opposition to the One Unit scheme.[24] The government attempted in 1958 to reconcile with him and offered him a Ministry in the government, after the assassination of his brother, he however refused.[25] He remained in prison till 1957 only to be re-arrested in 1958 until an illness in 1964 allowed for his release.[26]

In 1962, Bacha Khan was named an "Amnesty International Prisoner of the Year". Amnesty's statement about him said, "His example symbolizes the suffering of upward of a million people all over the world who are prisoners of conscience."

In September 1964, the Pakistani authorities allowed him to go to United Kingdom for treatment. During winter his doctor advised him to go to United States. He then went into exile to Afghanistan, he returned from exile in December 1972 to a popular response, following the establishment of National Awami Party provincial government in North West Frontier Province and Balochistan.

He was arrested by Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's government at Multan in November 1973 and described Bhuttos government as "the worst kind of dictatorship".[27]

In 1984, increasingly withdrawing from politics he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.[28] He visited India and participated in the centennial celebrations of the Indian National Congress in 1985; he was awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1967[29] and later Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1987.[30]

His final major political challenge was against the Kalabagh dam project, fearing that the project would damage the Peshawar valley, his hostility to it would eventually lead to the project being shelved after his death. He did not die during house arrest but died in Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar where he was hospitalized with severe stroke. Before this terminal hospitalization, he was treated in India where doctors declared his brain conditions to severely disabling and untreatable.

Bacha Khan died in Peshawar under house arrest in 1988 and was buried in his house at Jalalabad, Afghanistan, and over 200,000 mourners attended the funeral, including the Afghan president Najibullah. This was a symbolic move by Bacha Khan, as this would allow his dream of Pashtun unification to live even after his death. The then Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi had gone to Peshawar, to pay his tributes to Bacha Khan in spite of the fact that General Zia-ul-Haq had tried to stall his attendance citing security reasons, also the Indian government declared a five-day period of mourning in his honour.[30]

Although he had been repeatedly imprisoned and persecuted, tens of thousands of mourners attended his funeral, described by one commentator as a caravan of peace, carrying a message of love from Pashtuns east of the Khyber to those on the west,[20] marching through the historic Khyber Pass from Peshawar to Jalalabad. A cease-fire was announced in the Afghan Civil War to allow the funeral to take place, even though it was marred by bomb explosions killing 15.[7]

Political legacy

His eldest son Ghani Khan was a poet, his other son Khan Abdul Wali Khan is the founder and leader of the Awami National Party and was the Leader of the Opposition in the Pakistan National Assembly.

His third son Khan Abdul Ali Khan was non-political and a distinguished educator, and served as Vice-Chancellor of University of Peshawar. Ali Khan was also the head of Aitchison College, Lahore and Fazle Haq college, Mardan.

Mohammed Yahya Education Minister of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, was the only son in law of Bacha Khan.

Asfandyar Wali Khan is the grandson of Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, and leader of the Awami National Party. The party was in power from 2008 to 2013.

Salma Ataullahjan is the great grand niece of Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan and a member of the Senate of Canada.

Bacha Khan's political legacy is renowned amongst Pashtuns and Hindus as a leader of a non-violent movement.However, within Pakistan, vast majority of the society questioned his stance with the All India Congress over the Muslim League as well as his opposition to Quaid-e-Azam. In particular, people have questioned where Bacha Khan's patriotism rests following his insistence that he be buried in Afghanistan after his death and not Pakistan.

Film, literature and society

In 2008, a documentary, titled The Frontier Gandhi: Badshah Khan, a Torch for Peace, by filmmaker and writer T.C. McLuhan, premiered in New York. The film received the 2009 award for Best Documentary Film at the Middle East International Film Festival (see film page).

In Richard Attenborough's 1982 epic Gandhi, Bacha Khan was portrayed by Dilsher Singh.

Bacha Khan was listed as one of 26 men who changed the world in a recent children's book published in the United States.[31] He also wrote an autobiography (1969), and has been the subject of biographies by Eknath Easwaran (see article) and Rajmohan Gandhi (see "References" section, below). His philosophy of Islamic pacificism was recognised by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, in a speech to American Muslims.[32]

In the Indian city of Delhi, the popular Khan Market is named in honour of his brother Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan, and another market in the Karol Bagh of New Delhi is named after him called Ghaffar Market[33][34]

Vibhu Puri is reportedly making a Bollywood Biopic on the life of Bacha Khan titled Chenab Gandhi.[35]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ An American Witness to India's Partition by Phillips Talbot Year (2007) Sage Publications ISBN 978-0-7619-3618-3
  2. ↑ Raza, Moonis; Ahmad, Aijazuddin (1990). An Atlas of Tribal India: With Computed Tables of District-level Data and Its Geographical Interpretation. Concept Publishing Company. p. 1. ISBN 9788170222866.
  3. 1 2 Zartman, I. William (2007). Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods & Techniques. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 284. ISBN 1929223668. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 "Abdul Ghaffar Khan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Abdul Ghaffar Khan". I Love India. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
  6. 1 2 Partition and Military Succession Documents from the U.S. National Archives
  7. 1 2 January 23, 1988 edition of the New York Times
  8. 1 2 The Peacemaker of the Pashtun Past By KARL E. MEYER The New York Times. 7 December 2001.
  9. ↑ "Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan" (PDF). Baacha Khan Trust. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  10. ↑ , Retrieved 20 May 2013
  11. ↑ Kyber Gateway, Retrieved 9 April 2008
  12. ↑ Nonviolence in the Islamic Context by Mohammed Abu Nimer 2004 Archived 1 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ↑ Habib, p. 56.
  14. ↑ Johansen, p. 62.
  15. ↑ Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Sunday Tribune: The Tribune India Sunday 5 March 2000
  16. ↑ Eknath Easwaran, A Man to Match his Mountains: Badshah Khan, Nonviolent Soldier of Islam (Nilgiri Press, Petaluma, 1984), p. 25.
  17. ↑ Abdul Ghaffar Khan, 98, a Follower of Gandhi Published: 21 January 1988. New York Times.
  18. ↑ The Dust of Empire: The Race For Mastery In The Asian Heartland – Karl E. Meyer – Google Boeken. Books.google.com. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  19. ↑ "LOVE" (PDF). Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  20. 1 2 M.S. Korejo (1993) The Frontier Gandhi, his place in history. Karachi : Oxford University Press.
  21. ↑ Azad, Abulkalam (1960) India wins freedom. New York, Longmans, Green.
  22. ↑ Syed Minhajul Hassan,(1998) Babra Firing Incident: 12 August 1948, Peshawar: University of Peshawar.
  23. ↑ Badshah Khan, Budget session of Assembly on March 20, 1954.
  24. ↑ Abdul Ghaffar Khan(1958) Pashtun Aw Yoo Unit. Peshawar.
  25. ↑ 28 September 2005 Wednesday Dawn by Syed Afzaal Husain Zaidi An Old episode recalled
  26. ↑ PAKISTAN: The Frontier Gandhi (18 January 1954) Time Magazine. Publisher: Time Inc.
  27. ↑ Wolpert, Stanley A. 1993. Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan: His Life and Times. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507661-5
  28. ↑ McKibben, William (24 September 1984)New Yorker
  29. ↑ "List of the recipients of the Jawaharlal Nehru Award". ICCR website.
  30. 1 2 Abdul Ghaffar Khan, 98, a Follower of Gandhi (21 January 1988) New York Times. Retrieved 21 January 2008
  31. ↑ Cynthia Chin-Lee, Megan Halsey, Sean Addy (2006). Akira to Zoltán: twenty-six men who changed the world. Watertown, MA (USA): Charlesbridge. ISBN 978-1-57091-579-6 (Badshah Khan is listed under the letter 'B', p. 5)
  32. ↑ Muslim Media Network. (17 September 2009). Hillary Clinton hosts Iftar at State Department. Available: http://Muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?tag=abdul-ghaffar. Last accessed 22 March 2010.
  33. ↑ "Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Market". Paprika Media Private Ltd. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
  34. ↑ "My visits to Khan Market". Sify News. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
  35. ↑ Chenab Gandhi

References

  • Habib, Irfan (September–October 1997). "Civil Disobedience 1930–31". Social Scientist. Social Scientist. 25 (9–10): 43. JSTOR 3517680. doi:10.2307/3517680. 
  • Johansen, Robert C. (1997). "Radical Islam and Nonviolence: A Case Study of Religious Empowerment and Constraint Among Pashtuns". Journal of Peace Research. 34 (1): 53–71. doi:10.1177/0022343397034001005. 
  • Caroe, Olaf. 1984. The Pathans: 500 B.C.-A.D. 1957 (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)." Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577221-0
  • Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1969). My life and struggle: Autobiography of Badshah Khan (as narrated to K.B. Narang). Translated by Helen Bouman. Hind Pocket Books, New Delhi.
  • Rajmohan Gandhi (2004). Ghaffar Khan: non-violent Badshah of the Pakhtuns. Viking, New Delhi. ISBN 0-670-05765-7.
  • Eknath Easwaran (1999). Nonviolent Soldier of Islam: Ghaffar Khan, a man to match his mountains. Nilgiri Press, Tomales, CA. ISBN 1-888314-00-1
  • Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan: A True Servant of Humanity by Girdhari Lal Puri pp 188–190.
  • Mukulika Banerjee (2000). Pathan Unarmed: Opposition & Memory in the North West Frontier. School of American Research Press. ISBN 0-933452-68-3
  • Pilgrimage for Peace: Gandhi and Frontier Gandhi Among N.W.F. Pathans, Pyarelal, Ahmedabad, Navajivan Publishing House, 1950.
  • Tah Da Qam Da Zrah Da Raza, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Mardan [Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa] Ulasi Adabi Tolanah, 1990.
  • Thrown to the Wolves: Abdul Ghaffar, Pyarelal, Calcutta, Eastlight Book House, 1966.
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