United States presidential debates, 2016

The 2016 United States presidential election debates were a series of debates held for the 2016 U.S. presidential general election. The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD), a bipartisan organization formed in 1987, organized three debates among the major presidential candidates. The first presidential debate for the 2016 election took place on September 26, 2016, and set the record as the most-watched debate in American history, with 84 million viewers. The only vice-presidential debate was held on October 4. The second presidential debate took place on October 9, and the final debate took place on October 19. All CPD debates occurred from approximately 9 p.m. to 10:30 p.m. EDT (6 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. PDT).

Only the Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and the Republican nominee Donald Trump met the criteria for inclusion in the debates, and thus were the only two to appear in the debates. Hillary Clinton was considered to have won all three presidential debates in scientific opinion polls of likely voters. Despite this, Donald Trump won the presidential election held on November 8.

Debate organizers

The Commission on Presidential Debates stipulates three criteria for eligibility for the presidential debates: constitutional eligibility to serve as president, appearance on enough ballots to potentially reach 270 electoral votes, and an average at least 15% on five selected national polls.[1] For the vice-presidential debate, the running mates of the presidential candidates qualifying for the first presidential debate will be invited.[1] By mid-September Hillary Clinton, Donald Trump, Gary Johnson, and Jill Stein were on enough ballots to reach 270 electoral votes; however, only Clinton and Trump have reached the 15% polling threshold.[2] As of August 2016, Johnson and Stein had polled as high as 13% and 7%, respectively, and had an average of 8.3% and 3%, respectively.[3]

On August 15, the CPD announced that it would use the most recent CBS/New York Times, Fox News, CNN/Opinion Research Corporation, NBC/Wall Street Journal, and ABC/Washington Post polls for the debate criteria and that candidates must be at an average of 15% in these polls.[4][5]

On September 16, the commission announced the official invitation of both Clinton and Trump to participate in the first debate to be held on September 26 at Hofstra University, but Johnson and Stein did not meet the established criteria, and would not be participants in the debate.[6][7] The commission also confirmed that Clinton and Trump had committed to participate. It was also announced that Mike Pence and Tim Kaine would be participating in the only scheduled vice presidential debate, to take place at Longwood University on October 4.[6][7] The 15% threshold will be reapplied with polling numbers following the first debate in order to judge the participants in the second debate to take place on October 9.[7]

Moderators for the four debates were announced September 2, 2016.[8]

Topics addressed and not addressed

Over the combined six hours of debate time at the three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate, the issues most raised in moderators' questions was the Syrian civil war (six questions) and terrorism (four questions).[9] U.S.-Russia relations, immigration, job creation, Trump's taxes, and Trump's lewd leaked recording controversy were each asked about in three questions, and Clinton's emails, the Supreme Court, Social Security, taxation of the wealthy, the national debt, Iraq, the Affordable Care Act, "uniting the country," nuclear weapons, and the legitimacy of the election, were each the subject of two questions.[9] A number of issues were the subject of a single question, including expectations of police conduct, race relations, abortion, gun policy, "birtherism," jobs in the energy industry, cyberterrorism, Islamophobia, the Clinton Foundation, the Donald J. Trump Foundation, the strengths of the candidates' opponents, the skills of the vice presidential nominees, the candidate's faith, the low favorability ratings of both candidates, the paid speeches given by Clinton, Trump's Twitter posts, Clinton's "basket of deplorables" remark, Clinton's "look," and the candidates' behavior.[9]

The debate moderators failed to ask a question about climate change at any of the three debates,[9] although Clinton did touch on the issue twice as part of responses to other questions.[10] The moderators' failure to address the issue prompted complaints by commentators.[11][12] David Leonhardt of the New York Times termed it "a failure of journalism" and a "a grievous error."[13] Prominent climate scientists Kerry Emanuel and Michael E. Mann, as well as activist group 350.org, criticized the failure of the debates to address the issue.[14]

A number of other issues were either addressed sparingly or not at all:

Speaking time

Speaking time at the debates was as follows:

Polling

The following polls were conducted prior to each of the respective debates, and determined the candidates who participated in each debate.

Candidates in green participated in the debate, while those in red were excluded. Italics denotes the leading candidate in the respective poll.

First presidential debate

The following polls were the most recent conducted prior to September 16, 2016, the polling deadline for both the first presidential debate and only vice presidential debate:

Poll Date taken Hillary Clinton
Tim Kaine
Democratic		 Donald Trump
Mike Pence
Republican		 Gary Johnson
William Weld
Libertarian		 Jill Stein
Ajamu Baraka
Green
ABC/Washington Post[19] September 5–8 46% 41% 9% 2%
CBS/New York Times[20] September 9–13 42% 42% 8% 4%
CNN/Opinion Research Corporation[21] September 1–4 43% 45% 7% 2%
Fox News[22] September 11–14 41% 40% 8% 3%
NBC/Wall Street Journal[23] July 31 – August 3 43% 34% 10% 5%
Average[24] July 31 – September 14 43.0% 40.4% 8.4% 3.2%

Second presidential debate

The following polls were the most recent conducted prior to October 4, 2016, the polling deadline for the second presidential debate:

Poll Date taken Hillary Clinton
Democratic		 Donald Trump
Republican		 Gary Johnson
Libertarian		 Jill Stein
Green
ABC/Washington Post[25] September 19–22 46% 44% 5% 1%
CBS/New York Times[26] September 28 – October 2 45% 41% 8% 3%
CNN/Opinion Research Corporation[27] September 28 – October 2 47% 42% 7% 2%
Fox News[28] September 27–29 43% 40% 8% 4%
NBC/Wall Street Journal[29] September 16–19 43% 37% 9% 2%
Average[30] September 16 – October 2 44.8% 40.8% 7.4% 2.6%

Third presidential debate

The following polls were the most recent conducted prior to October 14, 2016, the polling deadline for the third presidential debate:

Poll Date taken Hillary Clinton
Democratic		 Donald Trump
Republican		 Gary Johnson
Libertarian		 Jill Stein
Green
ABC/Washington Post[25] September 19–22 46% 44% 5% 1%
CBS/New York Times[26] September 28 – October 2 45% 41% 8% 3%
CNN/Opinion Research Corporation[27] September 28 – October 2 47% 42% 7% 2%
Fox News[31] October 10–12 45% 38% 7% 3%
NBC/Wall Street Journal[32] October 8–10 46% 37% 8% 2%
Average[33] September 19 – October 12 45.8% 40.4% 7.0% 2.2%

Debate list

Note: All CPD debates (including the vice presidential debate) ran from 9:00 P.M. to 10:30 P.M. Eastern Time.[34]

United States presidential election debates, 2016
N°Date / TimeHostLocationModerator(s)Participants
 P  Participant.    N  Non-invitee.   Democratic Republican Libertarian Green
Hillary Clinton Donald Trump Gary Johnson Jill Stein
1 September 26, 2016[7] P P N N
2 October 9, 2016 P P N N
3 October 19, 2016 P P N N
United States vice-presidential election debates, 2016
N°DateHostLocationModeratorParticipants
 P  Participant.    N  Non-invitee.   Democratic Republican Libertarian Green
Tim Kaine Mike Pence William Weld Ajamu Baraka
1 October 4, 2016[7] P P N N
       = Sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates

First presidential debate (Hofstra University)

First presidential debate

The set of the first debate
Date September 26, 2016 (2016-09-26)
Duration 95 minutes
Venue Hofstra University
Location Hempstead, New York
Participants
Footage NBC, C-SPAN, Bloomberg Politics
Moderator Lester Holt of NBC
Transcript
Fact checking FactCheck.org, PolitiFact, NPR, New York Times, Associated Press, Bloomberg Politics
Website hofstra.edu/debate

The first debate took place on Monday, September 26, at New York's Hofstra University, moderated by Lester Holt of NBC. It was originally scheduled to take place at Wright State University, but the venue was changed due to security and financial concerns.[35]

Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
New York
Businessman Donald Trump
New York

Format

The first presidential debate was divided into six segments, each of approximately 15 minutes in length, with the moderator introducing a topic and giving each candidate two minutes, followed by approximately 8 minutes and 45 seconds of facilitated discussion between the two candidates, with both candidates receiving approximately equal time. The questions discussed during the 90 minutes were at the sole discretion of the moderator, and were not shared beforehand with the commission or with either campaign. Each candidate spoke in front of a podium. Besides applause at the beginning and end of the debate, there was no audience participation allowed, but sporadic applause occurred at various points throughout the 90 minutes.[36]

The segments were on the economy and job creation, trade, the federal deficit, race relations and policing, the war on terror, the foreign policy of the United States, and each candidate's experience in the political and business realm.[37]

Reception

Writing on September 28, FiveThirtyEight found that every scientific poll so far suggests that voters thought Hillary Clinton performed better than Donald Trump in the debate.[38] A CNN/ORC poll of debate viewers found that 62% believed Clinton won, compared to 27% for Trump.[39] A poll conducted by Public Policy Polling found that 51% thought Clinton won the debate, while 40% thought Trump won.[40] A YouGov poll found that 57% of Americans declared Clinton the winner, while 30% declared Trump the winner.[41] A Politico/Morning Consult poll showed that 49% of likely voters thought that Clinton won the debate, while 26% thought that Trump won, and 25% were undecided.[42] Echelon Insights polling showed that Clinton won the debate 48-22, and that the debate made 41% of respondents more likely to vote for Clinton while 29% were more likely to vote for Trump.[43] A Reuters/Ipsos poll found that 56% of Americans thought Clinton did better, while 26% thought Trump did.[44] An NBC News/SurveyMonkey poll shows that 52% of likely voters who followed the debate chose Clinton was the winner, 21% chose Trump, and 26% did not choose either candidate.[45] A Gallup poll showed that more respondents thought Clinton did a better job than Trump by a margin of 61% to 27%.[46] A Fox News poll shows that 61% of respondents thought that Clinton won the debate while 21% said Trump did.[47] An ABC News/Washington Post poll shows that 53% of respondents thought that Clinton won the debate while 18% said Trump did.[48] A CBS News poll shows that 32% of likely voters say that they thought better of Clinton after watching the debate, but only 10% of voters said that they thought better of Trump afterward.[49]

A panel of Los Angeles Times analysts consisting of Doyle McManus and two others found that Clinton won all six of the debate segments.[50] Among swing-state party officials and strategists surveyed by Politico, 79% agreed that Trump did not win the debate.[51]

Moderation

The performance of Lester Holt as moderator of the debate received mixed reactions, with political critics stating that Holt struggled to keep control of the debate, and although he challenged both candidates, Holt's repeated attempts to get the candidates to adhere to the time restrictions were ignored.[52]

Michael M. Grynbaum of The New York Times described Holt's performance by stating "He was silent for minutes at a time, allowing Hillary Clinton and Donald J. Trump to joust and bicker between themselves—and sometimes talk right over him—prompting some viewers to wonder if Mr. Holt had left the building." He continued, "Being less conspicuous often means attracting less criticism, and Mr. Holt's conservative approach seemed designed to avoid the opprobrium that befell his NBC colleague, Matt Lauer, whose performance at a forum this month was widely panned after he repeatedly interrupted Mrs. Clinton and failed to challenge Mr. Trump."[53] Hadas Gold of Politico wrote "Lester Holt was on an island on Monday night. And for most of the first presidential debate, he stayed there, letting the battleships of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump shoot their missiles at one another. It made for some memorable exchanges between Trump and Clinton, matched in close-up on most networks. For some debate watchers, that’s what they want their moderators to do: say 'go' and let them run. But it also left some gaps where viewers probably expected sharp questions."[54]

Viewership

The debate set the record as the most-watched debate in television history, with 84 million viewers across the 13 channels that carried it live and were counted by Nielsen, surpassing the previous record of 80.6 million viewers set by the debate between Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan in 1980. These numbers do not account for the millions of viewers who watched the debates online and the people who watched the debate at parties, bars, restaurants, and offices.[55] Two million concurrent viewers watched it live on YouTube, while there were 8 million views on Facebook (whose numbers do not break down into unique viewers); in addition, 1.4 million unique viewers watched it live on CBS's streaming service.[56] All debate-related video on YouTube exceeded 88 million views on October 3, 2016.[56] CNN Digital reported 2.4 million live streams,[57] and Yahoo News reported 5 million views, both live and on-demand.[58]

Vice presidential debate (Longwood University)

Vice presidential debate

The debate's spin room
Date October 4, 2016 (2016-10-04)
Duration 92 minutes
Venue Longwood University
Location Farmville, Virginia
Participants
Footage CBS, C-SPAN, Bloomberg Politics
Moderator Elaine Quijano of CBS
Transcript
Fact checking Politifact, NPR, ABC News, New York Times, Associated Press
Website debate.longwood.edu

The vice presidential debate took place on Tuesday, October 4, at Virginia's Longwood University, moderated by Elaine Quijano of CBS.

Format

The candidates were seated at a table with Quijano. The debate consisted of nine segments, each 10 minutes in length. Both candidates were given two minutes to respond to questions, with the remaining time used for a deeper discussion of the topic. Quijano asked questions about Donald Trump's temperament, the economy, Social Security, police and race relations, nuclear weapons, abortion and religious faith.

Reception

A CNN instant-poll found that 48% of viewers believed Pence had won while 42% thought Kaine won.[63] Pence was criticized after the debate for not defending Donald Trump's comments,[64] while Kaine was criticized for being too aggressive and interrupting.[65]

Two hours before the debate took place, the website of the Republican National Committee declared Pence the clear winner, writing "During the debate we helped fact check and monitor the conversation in real time @GOP." The post went on to say that his strong points concerned the economy and Clinton's alleged "scandals". The post was removed prior to the start of the debate, but not before getting widespread press and social media attention.[66][67][68]

Rachel Maddow of MSNBC said that the debate was occasionally "incomprehensible" due to the number of times that the candidates interrupted each other.[69] According to ABC News, Kaine interrupted seventy times throughout the debate, while Pence interrupted forty times.[70]

Moderation

Elaine Quijano moderated and thereby became the first Asian American to moderate a U.S. debate for national elected office in the general election,[71] and the youngest journalist to moderate a debate since 1988.[72] It was also the first time a digital network anchor had been selected to moderate a national debate.[73]

Viewership

According to Nielsen, the four broadcast networks and the three largest cable news channels averaged around 36 million viewers.[74]

Second presidential debate (Washington University in St. Louis)

Second presidential debate
Date October 9, 2016 (2016-10-09)
Duration 90 minutes
Venue Washington University in St. Louis
Location St. Louis, Missouri
Participants Hillary Clinton
Donald Trump
Footage NBC, CBS, C-SPAN, Bloomberg Politics
Moderators Anderson Cooper of CNN
Martha Raddatz of ABC
Transcript Politico, The New York Times
Fact checking FactCheck.org, Politifact, NPR, The New York Times
Website debate.wustl.edu

Format

The debate was conducted in a "town meeting" format on Sunday, October 9, with an audience of uncommitted voters selected by the Gallup Organization.[75] The CPD originally stipulated that half of the questions come from the audience, while the other half would come from the moderators "based on topics of broad public interest as reflected in social media and other sources."[75] The Commission subsequently invited members of the public to submit and vote on questions through the bipartisan Open Debate Coalition's website. Moderators chose from the 30 most popular questions.[76]

Candidates had two minutes to respond with an additional minute for the moderator to facilitate further discussion.[75]

Content

Members of the audience were allowed to ask questions. The eight questions, in order, were:[77]

  1. Patrice Brock: "The last presidential debate could have been rated as MA, mature audiences per TV parental guidelines. Knowing that educators assign viewing the presidential debates as students’ homework, do you feel you are modelling appropriate and positive behavior for today’s youth?"
  2. Ken Karpowitz: "The Affordable Care Act known as Obamacare, it is not affordable. Premiums have gone up, deductibles have gone up, copays has gone up, prescriptions have gone up and the coverage has gone down. What will you do to bring the cost down and make coverage better?"
  3. Gorbah Hameed: "There are 3.3 million Muslims in the United States and I'm one of them. You’ve mentioned working with Muslim nations. But with Islamophobia on the rise, how will you help people like me deal with the consequences of being labelled as a threat to the country after the election is over?"
  4. Spencer Moss: "What specific tax provisions will you change to ensure the wealthiest Americans pay their fair share in taxes?"
  5. James Carter: "Do you believe you can be a devoted president to all the people in the United States?"
  6. Beth Miller: "Perhaps the most important aspect of this election is the Supreme Court justice. What would you prioritize as the most important aspect of selecting a Supreme Court justice?"
  7. Ken Bone: "What steps will your energy policy take to meet our energy needs, while at the same time remaining environmentally-friendly and minimizing job loss for fossil power plant workers?"
  8. Karl Becker: "Regardless of the current rhetoric, would either of you name one positive thing that you respect in one another?"

The first portion of the content was dominated by discussion of a tape of Trump making lewd comments about women to Billy Bush, which had been leaked two days earlier. Trump attempted to deflect criticism by making counter-accusations of sexual misconduct against Bill Clinton. Trump had invited four people who had accused Bill Clinton of sexual assault to a press conference prior to the debate.[78] At one point in the debate, Trump raised the issue of Hillary Clinton's emails. Trump stated that if elected, he would appoint a special prosecutor to investigate Secretary Clinton in relation to the matter. Clinton responded by remarking that the country was lucky that someone with Trump's temperament was not in charge of the law, to which Trump promptly responded, "because you'd be in jail." Some Trump supporters in the audience cheered this line. An array of scholars, including political scientists and law professors, criticized Trump's pledge to imprison Clinton, saying that it reflected an anti-democratic impulse.[79][80]

Moderation

CNN's Anderson Cooper and ABC's Martha Raddatz were the moderators.

Reception

A Politico/Morning Consult poll showed that 42% of respondents considered Clinton the winner of the debate, while 28% considered Trump the winner, and a slightly higher percentage (30%) were undecided.[81] A CNN/ORC poll found that 57% of viewers believed Clinton won, compared to 34% for Trump, despite the fact that most respondents felt that the latter exceeded expectations.[82] An NBC News/SurveyMonkey poll showed that Clinton won the debate with 44% to Trump's 34%, while 21% said neither won.[83] A Reuters/Ipsos poll found that 53% of viewers said Clinton won while 32% said Trump won.[84] According to a Gallup poll, 53% of viewers considered Clinton to be the winner while 35% considered Trump the winner.[85] A Fox News poll of debate watchers found 52% considered Clinton the winner compared to 39% for Trump, with 9% saying they tied or did not know.[86] A Baldwin Wallace University Community Research Institute (CRI) poll of likely Ohio voters showed that 52% found that Clinton won the debate, 31% that Trump won, and 17% found that it was a tie.[87] According to a Qriously poll of likely voters in eight key battleground states, 44% gave the win to Clinton while 33% gave it to Trump.[88] According to a Fox 2 Detroit/Mitchell Poll of likely Michigan voters, 48% gave the win to Clinton while 36% gave it to Trump.[89]

Trump's claim that he won the second debate with Hillary Clinton "in a landslide" in "every poll" was found to be false by Politifact, which noted that "not only did Trump not win by a landslide margin, he didn’t win any of the polls at all".[90]

Ken Bone Phenomenon

Ken Bone

Questioner Ken Bone, a power plant operator from Illinois, had a media presence and became an internet meme in the days following the debate. His rise to popularity was due to his name, his appearance (specifically his red sweater), and his use of a disposable camera prior to and after the debate.[91] Bone appeared on ESPN College GameDay and @midnight. He was portrayed by Bobby Moynihan during the cold open of the NBC sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live episode on October 15 dancing to the song "Get Ready for This".[92] Bone received a short-term endorsement deal with American transportation network company Uber to promote the launch of Uber Select in St. Louis.[93][94]

Viewership

According to Nielsen, approximately 66.5 million people watched the second presidential debate on television across 11 networks.[95] YouTube reported 1.5 million peak live streams and 124 million views on debate-related videos as of October 11.[96]

Third presidential debate (University of Nevada, Las Vegas)

Third presidential debate
Date October 19, 2016 (2016-10-19)
Duration 93.25 minutes
Venue University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Location Paradise, Nevada
Participants Hillary Clinton
Donald Trump
Footage CBS, NBC, C-SPAN
Moderator Chris Wallace of Fox News
Transcript

The Washington Post

The New York Times
Fact checking

The Washington Post, The New York Times, Politifact,

NPR, CBS News
Website unlv.edu/2016debate

The third debate took place on Wednesday, October 19, at 6:00 PM PDT at Nevada's UNLV campus[99] between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump.[100]

Format

The format mirrored that of the first debate: 90 minutes divided into six topical segments of approximately 15 minutes each. The moderator began each segment with a question and gave each candidate two minutes, followed by facilitated discussion between the two candidates, with each receiving approximately equal time. Questions were at the sole discretion of the moderator. Each candidate was stationed at a podium. Audience participation was confined to applause at the beginning and end of the debate.[36]

Moderation

The debate was moderated by Chris Wallace of Fox News Channel's Fox News Sunday.[101]

The topics, announced in advance of the debate, were: debt and entitlements, immigration, economy, Supreme Court, foreign hot spots, and fitness to be president.[102]

Reception

A Morning Consult/Politico poll found that 43% of respondents considered Clinton the winner of the debate, with 26% saying Trump.[103] An NBC/SurveyMonkey poll showed that 46% of respondents considered Clinton as the winner, whereas 37% considered Trump the winner.[104] An ABC News poll found that 52% of likely voters thought that Clinton was the winner, with 29% saying that Trump won the debate.[105] A Gallup poll showed that Clinton beat Trump 60% to 31% in perceptions of who won debate.[106] A poll by the CBS News Battleground Tracker of viewers in 13 swing states found that 49% of voters in those states thought that Clinton won the debate, while 39% thought Trump won, with 12% calling it a tie.[107]

Donald Trump's use of the phrases "bad hombres" and "nasty woman" spurred massive viral backlash.[108][109][110][111]

An Associated Press/GfK poll, which asked respondents about the candidates' performance in all three debates, found that 69% thought that Clinton performed better while 29% thought that Trump did.[112]

Viewership

According to Nielsen, approximately 71.6 million people watched the third presidential debate on television across 13 networks.[113][114] YouTube reported 1.7 million peak live streams and 140 million views on debate-related videos as of October 20.[115]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Commission on Presidential Debates Announces 2016 Nonpartisan Candidate Selection Criteria; Forms Working Group on Format" (Press release). Commission on Presidential Debates. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  2. ↑ Sifry, Micah L. (July 27, 2016). "Third Party Candidates Need to Get on the Debate Stage to Make a Difference". The New York Times (online ed.). Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  3. ↑ "General Election: Trump vs. Clinton vs. Johnson vs. Stein". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  4. ↑ Welch, Matt (August 15, 2016). "Presidential Debate Commission Criteria Is Both Good News and Bad News for Gary Johnson – Hit & Run". Reason. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
  5. ↑ Stelter, Brian (June 23, 2016). "Commission on Presidential Debates reveals how it'll determine invitees – Aug. 15, 2016". CNN. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
  6. 1 2 "CPD Invites Hillary Clinton and Donald J. Trump to Debate". Commission on Presidential Debates. September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Gold, Hadas (September 16, 2016). "Johnson and Stein fail to make cut for first presidential debate". Politico. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  8. ↑ "CPD Announces 2016 Debate Moderators". Commission on Presidential Debates. September 2, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Climate? What climate? Across four debates in this year’s campaign, no moderator asked about climate change, New York Times (October 19, 2016).
  10. ↑ Andrew C. Revkin, Climate Silence Goes Way Beyond Debate Moderators, New York Times (October 20, 2016).
  11. ↑ Nicholas Wells & Mark Fahey, The debate topics they finally talked about, CNBC (October 20, 2016).
  12. ↑ Adam Johnson, The Debates Are Over, and No One Asked About Climate Change, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (October 10, 2016).
  13. ↑ David Leonhardt, The Debates Were a Failure of Journalism, New York Times (October 20, 2016).
  14. ↑ Oliver Milman, Why has climate change been ignored in the US election debates?, The Guardian (October 19, 2016).
  15. 1 2 Leo Shane III, Here are the biggest defense topics the presidential debates skipped, Military Times (October 20, 2016).
  16. 1 2 3 Stephanie Stamm & Erik Hinton, What's Left Unsaid After Three Debates, Wall Street Journal (October 20, 2016).
  17. ↑ Blake, Aaron (October 19, 2016). "The final Trump-Clinton debate transcript, annotated". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  18. 1 2 3 Jessie Hellmann, Clinton surpasses Trump in speaking time at final debate, The Hill (October 20, 2016).
  19. ↑ "Qualifications, Consistency Help Clinton While Turnout Keeps Trump in the Hunt" (PDF). Langer Research. September 11, 2016.
  20. ↑ "CBS-NYT AM presidential poll toplines Sept 15 2016". September 15, 2016 – via Scribd.
  21. ↑ Agiesta, Jennifer (September 6, 2016). "Poll: Nine weeks out, a near even race". CNN.
  22. ↑ "Fox News Poll: Clinton and Trump in a one-point race among likely voters". Fox News Channel. September 15, 2016.
  23. ↑ "NBC News/Wall Street Journal Survey". HART RESEARCH ASSOCIATES/PUBLIC OPINION STRATEGIES. NBC News/Wall Street Journal. August 4, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2016 – via Scribd.
  24. ↑ "CPD Invites Hillary Clinton and Donald J. Trump to Debate". Commission on Presidential Debates. September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  25. 1 2 "Clinton and Trump in virtual dead heat before first debate". The Washington Post. September 28, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  26. 1 2 Dutton, Sarah; De Pinto, Jennifer; Backus, Fred; Salvanto, Anthony (October 3, 2016). "Hillary Clinton edges ahead of Donald Trump after first debate - CBS News poll". CBS News. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  27. 1 2 Aglesta, Jennifer (October 4, 2016). "Post-debate, Clinton takes the lead". CNN. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  28. ↑ "Full Fox News poll results 9/30". Fox News Channel. September 30, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  29. ↑ Murray, Mark (September 21, 2016). "Poll: Clinton Leads Trump Ahead of First Debate". NBC News. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  30. ↑ "CPD Invites Hillary Clinton and Donald J. Trump to Debate". Commission on Presidential Debates. October 4, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  31. ↑ "Fox News Poll: October 13, 2016". Fox News Channel. October 13, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  32. ↑ Dann, Carrie (October 11, 2016). "Post-Debate Poll Shows Clinton Holding 9-Point Lead Over Trump". NBC News. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  33. ↑ "CPD Invites Hillary Clinton and Donald J. Trump to Third Presidential Debate". Commission on Presidential Debates. October 14, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  34. ↑ "Presidential debates 2016: schedule and what to expect". Vox. August 19, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
  35. ↑ "University pulls out of presidential debate". CNN. July 19, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  36. 1 2 "Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Format for 2016 General Election Debates". Commission on Presidential Debates. July 7, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  37. ↑ Flagenheimer, Matt (September 26, 2016). "Presidential Debate: Here’s What You Missed". The New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  38. ↑ "Election Update: Early Polls Suggest A Post-Debate Bounce For Clinton". FiveThirtyEight. September 28, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
  39. ↑ Agiesta, Jennifer (26 September 2016). "Post-debate poll: Hillary Clinton takes round one". CNN. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  40. ↑ Prokop, Andrew (September 27, 2016). "Early polls and focus groups suggest Hillary Clinton won the debate". Vox. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
  41. ↑ Moore, Peter (September 27, 2016). "57% of viewers say Clinton won the first debate". YouGov.
  42. ↑ Easley, Cameron (September 28, 2016). "Clinton Bests Trump in Debate, Half of Likely Voters Say". Morning Consult. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
  43. ↑ "post_debate_survey_toplines" (PDF). Echelon Insights. September 29, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  44. ↑ "Most Americans say Clinton won first debate against Trump: Reuters/Ipsos poll". Reuters. September 28, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
  45. ↑ "Poll: Majority of Voters Say Clinton Won First Presidential Debate". NBC News. September 28, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
  46. ↑ "Clinton's Victory on the Larger Side for Modern Debates". Gallup. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  47. ↑ "New Poll: Clinton Leading Trump After First Debate". FOX News Insider. September 30, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  48. ↑ "Poll: Clinton wins debate with more saying Trump got facts wrong". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  49. ↑ "Hillary Clinton edges ahead of Donald Trump after first debate - CBS News poll". CBS. October 3, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  50. ↑ "Round by round: Our analysts say Clinton outpunched Trump". Los Angeles Times. September 26, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  51. ↑ Shepard, Steven (September 27, 2016). "Insiders: Hillary won". Politico.
  52. ↑ Bauder, David (September 26, 2016). "Moderator Lester Holt works to keep control of debate". Yahoo!. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  53. ↑ Grynbaum, Michael (September 27, 2016). "Lester Holt, Given a Choice Assignment, Opted for Restraint". The New York Times. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
  54. ↑ Gold, Hadas (September 27, 2016). "Lester Holt stays out of the way". Politico. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
  55. ↑ Stelter, Brian (September 27, 2016). "Debate breaks record as most-watched in U.S. history". CNNMoney. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
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