Kazakhs in China

Kazakhs in China
哈萨克族
Қытайда тұратын қазақтар
Total population
(1,462,588)
Regions with significant populations
Xinjiang (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County, Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County, Mori Kazakh Autonomous County)
Languages
Kazakh, Chinese
Religion
Sunni Islam[1] ·
Related ethnic groups
Kazakhs, Turkic peoples

Kazakhs, called Hāsàkè Zú in Chinese (哈萨克族; literally "Kazakh ethnic group") are among 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. During the fall of the Dzungar Khanate, the Manchus massacred the native Dzungar Oirat Buddhists of Dzungaria in the Dzungar genocide and filled in the depopulated area with immigrants from many parts of their empire. Kazakhs from the Kazakh Khanates were among the peoples who moved into the depopulated Dzungaria. Dzungaria was subjected to mass Kazakh settlement after the defeat of the Dzungars.[2] In the 19th century, the advance of the Russian Empire troops pushed Kazakhs to neighboring countries. In China there is one Kazakh autonomous prefecture, the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, three Kazakh autonomous counties, Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County in Gansu, Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County and Mori Kazakh Autonomous County in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.

Russians originally referred to Kazakhs as Kirghiz.

In the 19th century, Russian settlers on traditional Kirghiz land drove a lot of the Kirghiz over the border to China, causing their population to increase in China.[3] Compared to Russian controlled areas, more benefits were given to the Muslim Kirghiz on the Chinese controlled areas. Russian settlers fought against the Muslim nomadic Kirghiz, which led the Russians to believe that the Kirghiz would be a liability in any conflict against China. The Muslim Kirghiz were sure that in an upcoming war, that China would defeat Russia.[4]

To escape Russians slaughtering them in 1916, Kazakhs escaped to China.[5] Xinjiang became a sanctuary for fleeing Kazakhs escaping the Russians after the Muslims faced conscription by the Russian government.[6]

Soviet persecution of Kazakhs led to Kazakhs from Soviet Kazakhstan moving to Xinjiang.[7]

An estimate of 65,000 Kirghiz, 92,000 Hui, 326,000 Kazakh, 187,000 Han, and 2,984,000 Uyghur adding up to a total population of 3,730,000 in all of Xinjiang in 1941 was estimated by Toops, and 4,334,000 people lived in Xinjiang according to Hoppe in 1949.[8]

The Kazakhs had settled in the Dzungaria area of Xinjiang after the Dzungar genocide by the Manchus wiped out most of the native Dzungar Oirats and fleeing from Soviet engineered famines against the Kazakhs like the Kazakh famine of 1919–1922 and Kazakhstan famine of 1932-1933. The Kazakhs had defected to the Republic of China and fought against the Soviet Communist backed Uyghur Second East Turkestan Republic in the Ili Rebellion.

The Turkistan Islamic Party's media army Islam Awazi released a "Visual Nasheed" (النشيد المرئي) titled "Return to Your Religion" (إرجع الى دينك) (دىنىڭە قايت) in the Kazakh language.[9]

Kazakh exodus

In 1936, after Sheng Shicai expelled 30,000 Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Qinghai, Hui led by General Ma Bufang massacred their fellow Muslim Kazakhs, until there were 135 of them left.[10][11][12]

From Northern Xinjiang over 7,000 Kazakhs fled to the Tibetan-Qinghai plateau region via Gansu and were wreaking massive havoc so Ma Bufang solved the problem by relegating the Kazakhs into designated pastureland in Qinghai, but Hui, Tibetans, and Kazakhs in the region continued to clash against each other.[13]

Tibetans attacked and fought against the Kazakhs as they entered Tibet via Gansu and Qinghai.

In northern Tibet Kazakhs clashed with Tibetan soldiers and then the Kazakhs were sent to Ladakh.[13]

Tibetan troops robbed and killed Kazakhs 400 miles east of Lhasa at Chamdo when the Kazakhs were entering Tibet.[14][15]

In 1934, 1935, 1936-1938 from Qumil Eliqsan led the Kerey Kazakhs to migrate to Gansu and the amount was estimated at 18,000, and they entered Gansu and Qinghai.[16]

Distribution

By county

County-level distribution of the Kazakh

(Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >1% of county population. 2000 )

Сounty/Сity % Kazakh Kazakh pop Total pop
Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region6.741,245,02318,459,511
Akesai Kazak autonomous county30.52,7128,891
Ürümqi city2.3448,7722,081,834
Tianshan district1.778,354471,432
Shayibake district1.276,135482,235
Xinshi district1.064,005379,220
Dongshan district1.961,979100,796
Urumchi county8.0026,278328,536
Kelamayi city3.679,919270,232
Dushanzi district4.242,15050,732
Kelamayi district3.495,079145,452
Baijiantan district3.352,15164,297
Wuerhe district5.535399,751
Hami prefecture8.7643,104492,096
Hami city2.7110,546388,714
Balikun Kazak autonomous county34.0129,23685,964
Yiwu county19.073,32217,418
Changji Hui autonomous prefecture7.98119,9421,503,097
Changji city4.3716,919387,169
Fukang city7.8311,984152,965
Miquan city1.943,515180,952
Hutubi county10.0321,118210,643
Manasi county9.6216,410170,533
Qitai county10.0720,629204,796
Jimusaer county8.069,501117,867
Mulei Kazak autonomous county25.4119,86678,172
Boertala Mongolian autonomous prefecture9.1438,744424,040
Bole city7.1015,955224,869
Jinghe county8.2711,048133,530
Wenquan county17.8911,74165,641
Yili Kazak autonomous prefecture1.785,077285,299
Kuitun city1.785,077285,299
Yili prefecture22.55469,6342,082,577
Yi'ning city4.8117,205357,519
Yi'ning county10.3039,745385,829
Chabuchaer Xibo autonomous county20.0032,363161,834
Huocheng county7.9626,519333,013
Gongliu county29.6945,450153,100
Xinyuan county43.43117,195269842
Zhaosu county48.4370,242145,027
Tekesi county42.2556,571133,900
Nileke county45.1564,344142,513
Tacheng prefecture24.21216,020892,397
Tacheng city15.5123,144149,210
Wusu city9.9318,907190,359
Emin county33.4259,586178,309
Shawan county16.2330,621188,715
Tuoli county68.9855,10279,882
Yumin county32.4215,60948,147
Hebukesaier Mongolian autonomous county22.5913,05157,775
Aletai prefecture51.38288,612561,667
Aletai city36.8065,693178,510
Buerjin county57.3135,32461,633
Fuyun county69.6856,43380,986
Fuhai county31.8624,79377,830
Habahe county59.7943,88973,403
Qinghe county75.6140,70953,843
Jimunai county61.3921,77135,462

Notable Chinese Kazakhs

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The Kazakh Ethnic Group", China.org.cn, 2005-06-21, retrieved 2009-02-06
  2. ↑ Smagulova, Anar. "XVIII - XIX CENTURIES. IN THE MANUSCRIPTS OF THE KAZAKHS OF CHINA". East Kazakhstan State University.
  3. ↑ Alexander Douglas Mitchell Carruthers; Jack Humphrey Miller (1914). Unknown Mongolia: A Record of Travel and Exploration in North-west Mongolia and Dzungaria. Hutchinson & Company. p. 345.
  4. ↑ Alex Marshall (22 November 2006). The Russian General Staff and Asia, 1860-1917. Routledge. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-1-134-25379-1.
  5. ↑ Sydykova, Zamira (20 January 2016). "Commemorating the 1916 Massacres in Kyrgyzstan? Russia Sees a Western Plot". The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst.
  6. ↑ Andrew D. W. Forbes (9 October 1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949. CUP Archive. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1.
  7. ↑ Genina, Anna (2015). Claiming Ancestral Homelandsː Mongolian Kazakh migration in Inner Asia (PDF) (A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan). p. 113.
  8. ↑ Ildikó Bellér-Hann (2008). Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880-1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur. BRILL. pp. 64–. ISBN 90-04-16675-0.
  9. ↑ Zelin, Aaron Y. (October 1, 2015). "New video nashīd from Ḥizb al-Islāmī al-Turkistānī in Bilād al-Shām: “Return to Your Religion”". Jihadology.
  10. ↑ American Academy of Political and Social Science (1951). The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 277. American Academy of Political and Social Science. p. 152. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  11. ↑ American Academy of Political and Social Science (1951). Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volumes 276–278. American Academy of Political and Social Science. p. 152. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  12. ↑ American Academy of Political and Social Science (1951). The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 277. American Academy of Political and Social Science. p. 152. Retrieved 2012-09-29. A group of Kazakhs, originally numbering over 20000 people when expelled from Sinkiang by Sheng Shih-ts'ai in 1936, was reduced, after repeated massacres by their Chinese coreligionists under Ma Pu-fang, to a scattered 135 people.
  13. 1 2 Hsaio-ting Lin (1 January 2011). Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928-49. UBC Press. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-0-7748-5988-2.
  14. ↑ Blackwood's Magazine. William Blackwood. 1948. p. 407.
  15. ↑ DEVLET, NADİR (2004). "STUDIES IN THE POLITICS,HISTORY AND CULTURE OF TURKIC PEOPLES". Yeditepe University: 192.
  16. ↑ Linda Benson (1988). The Kazaks of China: Essays on an Ethnic Minority. Ubsaliensis S. Academiae. p. 195. ISBN 978-91-554-2255-4.
  17. ↑ "Jumabieke Tuerxun: From The Rural Edges of China to the UFC". Fightland. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
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