Carl Wernicke

Carl Wernicke
Born	15 May 1848 Tarnowitz, Upper Silesia, Kingdom of Prussia
Died	15 June 1905 (aged 57) Gräfenroda, German Empire
Fields	Psychiatry, neurology
Institutions	Charité, University of Breslau, University of Halle
Alma mater	University of Breslau
Known for	Wernicke's aphasia, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Influences	Theodor Meynert

Carl (or Karl)^{[lower-alpha 1]} Wernicke (/ˈvɛərnᵻkə/ or /ˈvɛərnᵻki/; German: [ˈvɛʁnɪkə]) (15 May 1848 – 15 June 1905) was a German physician, anatomist, psychiatrist and neuropathologist. He is known for his influential research into the pathological effects of specific forms of encephalopathy, and study of receptive aphasia, both of which are commonly associated with Wernicke's name and referred to as Wernicke's encephalopathy and Wernicke's aphasia, respectively. His research, along with that of Paul Broca, led to groundbreaking realizations of the localization of brain function, specifically in speech. As such, Wernicke's Area (a.k.a. Wernicke's Speech Area) has been named for the scientist.

Life

Wernicke was born in Tarnowitz, a small town in Upper Silesia, Prussia,^[2] now Tarnowskie Gory, Poland.^[3] He received "his secondary education at the gymnasium in Oppeln".^[4]

After he earned his medical degree at the University of Breslau (1870), he worked in Breslau at Allerheiligen Hospital as an assistant to an ophthamology professor Ostrid Foerster for six months. After serving some time as an army surgeon, he returned to the hospital and worked in the psychiatric department under Professor Heinrich Neumann,^[3] who later sent him to Vienna for six months to study with neuropathologist Theodor Meynert,^[5][4] who would have a profound influence upon Wernicke's career.

Wernicke died in 1905 due to injuries suffered from a bicycle accident in the Thuringian Forest.^[6]

Career

Wernicke served in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 as an army surgeon.^[2] From 1876 to 1878, Wernicke served as a first assistant under Karl Westphal in the clinic for psychiatry and nervous diseases at the Berlin Charité. Afterwards, he founded a private neuropsychiatric practice in Berlin and published numerous articles.^[5] In 1885, he succeeded his mentor Professor Neumann and served as associate professor of neurology and psychiatry at Breslau and became head of the University Hospital's Department of Neurology and Psychiatry.^[5] In 1890 he attained the chair at Breslau, later performing similar functions at University of Halle in 1904, heading its Psychiatry and Neurology Clinic.^[2]

Studies in aphasia

Wernicke's area animation

Shortly after Paul Broca published his findings on language deficits caused by damage to what is now referred to as Broca's area, Wernicke began pursuing his own research into the effects of brain disease on speech and language. Wernicke noticed that not all language deficits were the result of damage to Broca's area. Rather he found that damage to the left posterior, superior temporal gyrus resulted in deficits in language comprehension. This region is now referred to as Wernicke's area, and the associated syndrome is known as Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive aphasia), for his discovery.^[7][8]

Eponyms

• Wernicke's aphasia: The eponymous term for receptive or sensory aphasia. It is the inability to understand speech, or to produce meaningful speech, caused by lesions to the posterior superior temporal gyrus.^[9][10]
• Wernicke's encephalopathy: An acute neurological dysfunction caused by a thiamine deficiency. It is characterized by the triad of ophthalmoparesis, ataxia and mental confusion. When combined with Korsakoff psychosis, a subacute dementia syndrome, it is then called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.^[11][12]
• Wernicke's pupillary reaction: The absence of direct reaction to light in the blind part of the retina. First described by ophthalmologist Hermann Wilbrand in 1881.^[13]
• Wernicke's centre
• Wernicke's cramp
• Wernicke's dementia
• Wernicke's disease
• Wernicke-Korsakoff disease
• Wernicke-Mann hemiplegia

Publications

In 1897, with Theodor Ziehen (1862-1950), he founded the journal Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie.^[6]

Principal written works by Wernicke include:

• Der aphasische Symptomencomplex. Eine psychologische Studie auf anatomischer Basis [The aphasic symptom complex: a psychological study from an anatomical basis]; Breslau, M. Crohn und Weigert, 1874.
• Lehrbuch der Gehirnkrankheiten : für Aerzte und Studirende [Textbook of brain diseases: for doctors and students], 1881.
• Über hemiopische Pupillenreaktion [On hemianopsic pupillary response], in Fortschritte der Medicin, 1883, 1: 49–53.^[13]
• Grundriss der Psychiatrie in klinischen Vorlesungen [Foundation of psychiatry in clinical lectures], 1894.
• Atlas des Gehirns; Schnitte durch das menschliche Gehirn in photographischen Originalen [Atlas of the brain; sections of the human brain from photographic originals], 1897.
• Krankenvorstellungen aus der psychiatrischen klinik in Breslau [Ideas on illness from the psychiatric clinic in Breslau], 1899.

Anthologies

• Eggert, Gertrude H. (1977). Wernicke's works on aphasia: A sourcebook and review. Mouton. ISBN 9789027979858. 

Notes

References