Kaliningrad Oblast

Kaliningrad Oblast
Калининградская область (Russian)
—  Oblast  —

Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: none[1]
Coordinates: 54°48′N 21°25′E / 54.800°N 21.417°E / 54.800; 21.417Coordinates: 54°48′N 21°25′E / 54.800°N 21.417°E / 54.800; 21.417
Political status
Country Russia
Federal district Northwestern[2]
Economic region Kaliningrad[3]
Established April 7, 1946[4]
Administrative center Kaliningrad[5][6]
Government (as of October 2016)
 • Governor[7] Anton Alikhanov (acting)
 • Legislature Oblast Duma[8]
Statistics
Area (as of the 2002 Census)[9]
 • Total 15,100 km2 (5,800 sq mi)
Area rank 76th
Population (2010 Census)[10]
 • Total 941,873
 • Rank 56th
 • Density[11] 62.38/km2 (161.6/sq mi)
 • Urban 77.6%
 • Rural 22.4%
Population (January 2014 est.)
 • Total 963,128[12]
Time zone(s) USZ1 (UTC+02:00)[13]
ISO 3166-2 RU-KGD
License plates 39, 91
Official languages Russian[14]
Official website
Kaliningrad Oblast (dark green) of Russia (light green) within Europe

Kaliningrad Oblast (Russian: Калинингра́дская о́бласть, Kaliningradskaya oblast) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation that is located on the coast of the Baltic Sea. As an oblast, its constitutional status is equal to each of the other 84 federal subjects. Its administrative center is the city of Kaliningrad, formerly known as Königsberg. It is the only Baltic port in the Russian Federation that remains ice-free in winter. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 941,873.[10]

The oblast is an exclave so visa-free travel to the main part of Russia is only possible by sea or air. The territory was formerly part of East Prussia. With the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, the territory was annexed by the Soviet Union. Following the post-war migration and expulsion of the German-speaking population, the territory was populated with citizens from the Soviet Union. Today virtually no ethnic Germans remain; most of the several thousand that live there are recent immigrants from other parts of the former Soviet Union.

Early in the 21st century, the hitherto flagging economy of Kaliningrad Oblast became one of the best performing economies in Russia. This was helped by a low manufacturing tax rate related to its "Special Economic Zone" (SEZ) status. As of 2006, one in three televisions manufactured in Russia came from Kaliningrad. The territory's population was one of the few in Russia that was expected to show strong growth after the collapse of the USSR.[15]

The territory's current legal status is unclear. The Potsdam Agreement placed it provisionally under Soviet administration, but did not mention an explicit right of annexation. Under the terms of the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Germany renounced all claims to the territory. However, the treaty did not specifically transfer title to the territory to a third party.[16]

History

Middle Ages

Königsberg Cathedral

During the Middle Ages, the territory of what is now Kaliningrad Oblast was inhabited by tribes of Old Prussians (Sambians) in the western part and by Lithuanians in the eastern part. The tribes were divided by the rivers Pregolya and Alna. The Teutonic Knights conquered the region and established a monastic state. On the foundations of a destroyed Prussian settlement known as Tvanksta, the Order founded the city of Königsberg (modern Kaliningrad). Germans resettled the territory and assimilated the indigenous Old Prussians. The Lithuanian-inhabited areas became known as Lithuania Minor. Speakers of the old Baltic languages became extinct around the 17th century, having been assimilated and Germanised.

Modern period


History of Brandenburg and Prussia
Northern March
pre–12th century		 Old Prussians
pre–13th century
Margraviate of Brandenburg
1157–1618 (1806)		 Teutonic Order
1224–1525
Duchy of Prussia
1525–1618		 Royal (Polish) Prussia
1466–1772
Brandenburg-Prussia
1618–1701
Kingdom in Prussia
1701–1772
Kingdom of Prussia
1772–1918
Free State of Prussia
1918–1947		 Klaipėda Region
(Lithuania)
1920–1939 / 1945–present
Brandenburg
(Germany)
1947–1952 / 1990–present		 Recovered Territories
(Poland)
1918/1945–present		 Kaliningrad Oblast
(Russia)
1945–present

In 1525, Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order and established himself as the sovereign of the Duchy of Prussia. The duchy was nominally a fief of the Polish crown. It later merged with the Margravate of Brandenburg. Königsberg was the duchy's capital from 1525 until 1701. As the centre of Prussia moved westward, the position of the capital became too peripheral and Berlin became the new Prussian capital city. During the Seven Years' War it was occupied by the Russian Empire. The region was reorganized into the Province of East Prussia within the Kingdom of Prussia in 1773. The territory of the Kaliningrad Oblast lies in the northern part of East Prussia. The annexation of the territory, while supposedly on a temporary basis, was approved by the "Big Three" allied leaders of World War II in the Potsdam Agreement in 1945. Three years after the annexation by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the remaining two-thirds of East Prussia was annexed by Poland and is today organised into the Warmian-Masurian province.

German culture and Germanization

East Prussia was an important centre of German culture. Many important figures, such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Immanuel Kant and E. T. A. Hoffmann, came from this region. Despite being heavily damaged during World War II and thereafter, the cities of the oblast still contain examples of German architecture. The Jugendstil style showcases the rich German history and cultural importance of the area.

By the early 20th century, Lithuanians formed a majority only in rural parts of the north-eastern corner of East Prussia (Memelland and Lithuania Minor). A similar fate befell the Latvian-speaking Kursenieki who had settled the coast of East Prussia between Gdańsk and Klaipėda. The rest of the area, with the exception of the Slavic Masurians in southern Prussia, was overwhelmingly German-speaking.

The Memel Territory (Klaipėda region), formerly part of north-eastern East Prussia as well as Lithuania Minor, was annexed by Lithuania in 1923. In 1938, Nazi Germany radically altered about a third of the place names of this area, replacing Old Prussian and Lithuanian names with newly invented German names. Slavic and Jewish populations under Nazi Germany were classified as subhuman and were the target of a campaign of genocide by the German state, with the eventual goal of their extermination.

Conquest by the Soviet Union

On August 29, 1944, Soviet troops reached the border of East Prussia. By January 1945, they had overrun all East Prussia except for the area around Königsberg. Many inhabitants fled west at this time. During the last days of the war, over two million people fled before the Red Army and were evacuated by sea. The remaining population of 300,000 people were condemned to forced labour. Per the terms of the Potsdam Agreement, the city became part of the Soviet Union pending the final determination of territorial questions at a peace settlement. This final determination never took place. The excerpt pertaining to the partition of East Prussia including the area surrounding Königsberg is as follows (note that Königsberg is spelt "Koenigsberg" in the original document):

VI. CITY OF KOENIGSBERG AND THE ADJACENT AREA
The Conference examined a proposal by the Soviet Government that pending the final determination of territorial questions at the peace settlement the section of the western frontier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which is adjacent to the Baltic Sea should pass from a point on the eastern shore of the Bay of Danzig to the east, north of Braunsberg and Goldap, to the meeting point of the frontiers of Lithuania, the Polish Republic and East Prussia.

The Conference has agreed in principle to the proposal of the Soviet Government concerning the ultimate transfer to the Soviet Union of the city of Koenigsberg and the area adjacent to it as described above, subject to expert examination of the actual frontier.

The President of the United States and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom have declared that they will support the proposal of the Conference at the forthcoming peace settlement.[17]

Ruins of Königsberg Castle in the 1950s

Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 in memory of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Mikhail Kalinin. The remaining German population was forcibly expelled between 1947 and 1948. The conquered territory was populated with citizens of the Soviet Union, mostly ethnic Russians but to a lesser extent by Ukrainians and Belarusians.[18]

The German language was replaced with the Russian language. In 1950, there were 1,165,000 inhabitants, which was only half the number of the pre-war population.

Cold War period

The city was rebuilt during the Cold War. The territory became strategically important as the headquarters of the Soviet Baltic Fleet. Consequently, the city was closed to foreign visitors.

In 1957, an agreement was signed and later came into force which delimited the border between Poland and the Soviet Union.[19][20]

The region was added as an exclave to the Russian SFSR; since 1946 it has been known as the Kaliningrad Oblast. According to some historians, Stalin created it as an oblast separate from the Lithuanian SSR because it further separated the Baltic states from the West.[21] The names of the cities, towns, rivers and other geographical features were changed to Russian names.

The area was administered by the planning committee of the Lithuanian SSR, although it had its own Communist Party committee. However, the leadership of the Lithuanian SSR (especially Antanas Sniečkus) refused to annex the territory.[18] In 2010, the German magazine Der Spiegel published a report claiming that Kaliningrad had been offered to Germany in 1990 (against payment), but this was denied by Mikhail Gorbachev.[22]

Today

The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Kaliningrad is the largest church of Kaliningrad Oblast. The Russian Orthodox cathedral is 70 meters high, and it is the dominant building of the inner city on Ploshchad Pobedy.
The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Kaliningrad. The church's architect is Oleg Kopylov, and was completed in September 2006.

Kaliningrad's isolation was enhanced by the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 when Lithuania became an independent country and even more when both Poland and Lithuania became members of NATO and subsequently the European Union in 2004. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the independence of the Baltic states, Kaliningrad Oblast has been separated from the rest of Russia by other countries instead of by other Soviet republics. Neighboring nations imposed strict border controls when they joined the European Union. All military and civilian land links between the region and the rest of Russia have to pass through members of NATO and the EU. Russian proposals for visa-free travel between the EU and Kaliningrad have so far been rejected by the EU. Travel arrangements, based on the Facilitated Transit Document (FTD) and Facilitated Rail Transit Document (FRTD)[23][24] have been made.[23][24]

The territory's economic situation was badly affected by its geographic isolation and the significant reduction in the size of the Russian military garrison, which had previously been one of the major employers and helped the local economy.

After 1991, some ethnic Germans began to return to the area, such as Volga Germans from other parts of Russia and Kazakhstan, especially after Germany raised the requirements for people from the former Soviet Union to be accepted as ethnic Germans and have a "right of return." A similar migration by Poles from the lands of the former Soviet Union to the Kaliningrad Oblast occurred at this time as well. The situation has begun to change, albeit slowly. Germany, Lithuania, and Poland have renewed contact with Kaliningrad Oblast, through town twinning and other projects. This has helped to promote interest in the history and culture of the East Prussian and Lietuvininkai communities.

In July 2005, the 750-year jubilee of the city was widely celebrated.

In July 2007, Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov declared that if US-controlled missile defense systems were deployed in Poland, then nuclear weapons might be deployed in Kaliningrad. On November 5, 2008, Russian leader Dmitry Medvedev said that installing missiles in Kaliningrad was almost a certainty.[25] These plans were suspended in January 2009,[26] but implemented in October 2016.[27] In 2011, a long range Voronezh radar was commissioned to monitor missile launches within about 6,000 km. It is situated in the settlement of Pionersky (formerly German Neukuhren) in Kaliningrad Oblast.[28]

Geography

Map of Kaliningrad Oblast
Angrapa River, Kaliningrad Oblast

Kaliningrad is the only Russian Baltic Sea port that is ice-free all year round and hence plays an important role in maintenance of the Baltic Fleet. As an exclave of Russia proper, it is surrounded by Poland, Lithuania and the Baltic Sea. Its largest river is the Pregolya. It starts as a confluence of the Instruch and the Angrapa and drains into the Baltic Sea through the Vistula Lagoon. Its length under the name of Pregolya is 123 km (76 mi), 292 km (181 mi), including the Angrapa.

Notable geographical features include:

Major cities and towns:

Russian German † Lithuanian † Polish †
BaltiyskБалтийскPillauPiliavaPiława
ChernyakhovskЧерняховскInsterburgĮsrutisWystruć
GusevГусевGumbinnenGumbinėGąbin
KaliningradКалининградKönigsbergKaraliaučiusKrólewiec
SovetskСоветскTilsitTilžėTylża

† Pre-1946 (the German-language names were also used in English in this period)

Politics

The current acting governor (since 2016) of Kaliningrad Oblast is Yevgeny Zinichev, who succeeded Nikolay Tsukanov. The election for the fifth term of the Kaliningrad Oblast Duma was held on March 13, 2011.

Administrative divisions

Demographics

Population

Local residents in Kaliningrad at «Immortal regiment», carrying portraits of their ancestors who fought in World War II
Epiphany bathing in Kaliningrad

According to the 2010 Census, the oblast population was 941,873;[10] down from 955,281 recorded in the 2002 Census.[29] The 1989 Census recorded 871,283 inhabitants.[30] Kaliningrad Oblast was the fourth most densely populated federal subject in Russia, with 62.5 persons/km2 (162 persons/sq mi).

Population-wise, the oblast is thoroughly Russian and Russophone in character, with almost none of the pre–World War II German, Lithuanian (Lietuvininks), Latvian-speaking Kursenieki, or Polish population remaining in today's Kaliningrad Oblast. However, after 1991, some ethnic Germans and Poles began to return to the area, from Kazakhstan, Russia, and other sites in the former Soviet Union.

Ethnic groups

According to the 2010 Census, the ethnic composition of the oblast was as follows:[10]

Census[32] 1959 1970 1979 1989 2002 2010
Russians 473,861 (77.6%) 564,469 (77.1%) 632,717 (78.3%) 683,563 (78.5%) 786,885 (82.4%) 772,534 (86.4%)
Ukrainians 35,717 (5.8%) 48 044 (6.6%) 54,656 (6.8%) 62,750 (7.2%) 47,229 (4.9%) 32,771 (3.7%)
Belarusians 57,178 (9.4%) 68,808 (9.4%) 72,465 (9.0%) 73,926 (8.5%) 50,748 (5.3%) 32,497 (3.6%)
Lithuanians 21,262 (3.5%) 23,376 (3.2%) 19,647 (2.4%) 18,116 (2.1%) 13,937 (1.5%) 9,769 (1.1%)

Total fertility rate [33]

Year Rate
2000 1.11
2005 1.16
2010 1.46
2013 1.64
2014 1.70
2015 1.75
2016 1.74(e)

Religion

Religious Views in Kaliningrad Oblast (2012)[34][35]

  Spiritual but not religious (34%)
  Russian Orthodox (30.9%)
  Atheist (22%)
  Other and non-religious (11.1%)
  Unaffiliated Christian (1%)
  Roman Catholic (1%)

According to a 2012 survey[34] 34% of the population of Kaliningrad Oblast declare themselves to be "spiritual but not religious", 30.9% adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church, 22% are atheist and 11.1% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the question, 1% are unaffiliated generic Christians and 1% adhere to the Catholic Church.[34]

Until 1945, the region was overwhelmingly Lutheran, with a small number of Catholics and Jews. The state church of Prussia was dominant in the region. Although it was both Reformed and Lutheran since 1817, there was an overwhelming Lutheran majority and very few Reformed adherents in East Prussia.

Military

Victory Day in Kaliningrad

For some years after the fall of the Soviet Union, Kaliningrad Oblast was one of the most militarized areas of the Russian Federation and the density of military installations was the highest in Europe, as much of the Soviet equipment pulled out of Eastern Europe was left there. As of 2009, there were 11,600 Russian ground troops based in the oblast, plus additional naval and air force personnel.[36] Thus military troops amount to less than 2% of the oblast's population. Kaliningrad is the headquarters of the Russian Baltic Fleet together with Chernyakhovsk (air base), Donskoye (air base) and Kaliningrad Chkalovsk (naval air base).

The Washington Times wrote on January 3, 2001, citing anonymous intelligence reports, that Russia had transferred tactical nuclear weapons into a military base in Kaliningrad for the first time since the end of the Cold War. Russian top-level military leaders denied those claims.[37] A Pentagon spokesperson said that such deployment would violate the Russian pledge to remove nuclear weapons from the Baltics. Russia and the United States announced in 1991 and 1992 a non-binding agreement to reduce arsenals of tactical nuclear weapons.

On November 5, 2008, Russian President Dimitry Medvedev said that Russia would deploy Iskander missiles in the oblast as a response to U.S. plans for basing missile defense missiles in Poland.[38] Equipment to electronically hamper the operation of future U.S. missile facilities in Poland and the Czech Republic would also be deployed, he said.

However, on January 28, 2009, a Russian defense official stated that the deployment of short-range missiles in Kaliningrad Oblast would cease, due to perceived changes in the attitude of the United States government towards the Russian Federation, following the election of United States President Barack Obama.[39] In September 2009, Russia fully scrapped plans to send short-range missiles into the Kaliningrad Oblast in response to Obama's decision to cancel the missile defense system.

In November 2011, Dmitry Medvedev issued another stern warning that Russia would deploy new missiles aimed at U.S. missile defense sites in Europe if Washington went ahead with the planned shield.[40] Then in 2012, Russia chose Kaliningrad as the second region (after Moscow) to deploy the S-400 (SAM) missile system.[41][42] Subsequently, Russian newspaper Izvestia reported in Dec 2013 that the short range Iskander-M 9K720 operational-tactical missile systems had been commissioned by the Western Military District's missile and artillery forces at about the same time.[43]

Economy

Curonian Spit in Kaliningrad Oblast
Kaliningrad

Kaliningrad Oblast's economy is positively influenced by several factors, such as ice-free ports, the world's largest amber deposits and proximity to European countries. The region also has a developed tourist infrastructure, unique museums and monuments, and tourist attractions. One of these is the Curonian Spit.[44]

To combat the oblast's economic problems such as high unemployment, in 1996 the Russian authorities granted Kaliningrad special economic status and tax advantages intended to attract investors. The oblast's economy has since benefited substantially and in recent years experienced a boom. A US$45 million airport terminal has been opened and the European Commission provides funds for business projects under its special program for the region. The oblast has begun to see increasing trade with the countries of the EU as well as increasing economic growth and rising industrial output.[45]

According to official statistics, the Gross Regional Product in 2006 was 115 billion roubles.[46] GRP per capita in 2007 was 155,669 roubles.[47]

Industry

Car and truck assembly (GM, BMW, Kia, Yuejin), and production of auto parts, are major industries in Kaliningrad Oblast. There are shipbuilding facilities in Kaliningrad and Sovetsk. Food processing is a mature industry in the region. OKB Fakel, a world leader in the field of Hall thruster development, as well as a leading Russian developer and manufacturer of electric propulsion systems, is based in Neman. The company employs 960 people.[48][49] General Satellite (GS) is the biggest employer in Gusev city producing satellite receivers, cardboard packaging, nanomaterials etc.

Natural resources

Kaliningrad Oblast possesses more than 90% of the world's amber deposits.[50] Until recently raw amber was exported for processing to other countries, but in 2013 the Russian government banned the export of raw amber in order to boost the amber processing industry in Russia.[51]

There are small oil reservoirs beneath the Baltic Sea not far from Kaliningrad's shore. Small-scale offshore exploration started in 2004. Poland, Lithuania, and some local NGOs, voiced concerns about possible environmental effects.

Fishing

Fishing is an important regional industry, with big fishing ports in Kaliningrad and Pionersky (formerly Neukuhren) and smaller ones in Svetly and Rybachy.

Power generation

Average yearly power consumption in the Kaliningrad Oblast was 3.5 terawatt-hours in 2004 with local power generation providing just 0.235 terawatt-hours. The balance of energy needs was imported from neighboring countries. A new Kaliningrad power station was built in 2005, covering 50% of the oblast's energy needs. A second part of this station was built in 2010, making the oblast independent from electricity imports.

As of 2014, there are plans to build two nuclear power reactors in the eastern part of the region.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Article 5 of the Charter of Kaliningrad Oblast states that the oblast may have an anthem, providing a law is adopted to that effect. As of 2015, no such law is in place.
  2. ↑ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  3. ↑ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  4. ↑ Charter of Kaliningrad Oblast, Article 3
  5. ↑ Law #463
  6. ↑ "Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia | By Russia Channel". Russia-channel.com. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
  7. ↑ Charter of Kaliningrad Oblast, Article 28
  8. ↑ Charter of Kaliningrad Oblast, Article 17
  9. ↑ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  11. ↑ The density value was calculated by dividing the population reported by the 2010 Census by the area shown in the "Area" field. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the population.
  12. ↑ Kaliningrad Oblast Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Оценка численности населения Калининградской области по состоянию на 1 января 2014 года (in Russian)
  13. ↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  14. ↑ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  15. ↑ Sheeter, Laura (October 16, 2006). "Kaliningrad erases stains of past". BBC News. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
  16. ↑ "THE STATUS OF THE KALININGRAD OBLAST UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW, LITHUANIAN QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES". lituanus.org. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
  17. ↑ "THE POTSDAM DECLARATION". Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  18. 1 2 Milan Bufon. The New European Frontiers: Social and Spatial (Re)Integration Issues in Multicultural and Border Regions. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 98.
  19. ↑ "Russia (USSR) / Poland Treaty (with annexed maps) concerning the Demarcation of the Existing Soviet-Polish State Frontier in the Sector Adjoining the Baltic Sea 5 March 1957" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  20. ↑ For other issues of the frontier delimitation see "Maritime boundary delimitation agreements and other material". Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  21. ↑ Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). Visions of Victory: The hopes of eight World War II leaders. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-521-85254-8.
  22. ↑ Should Kant's home once again be German?, The Guardian, 31 July 2010
  23. 1 2 Transit from/to Kaliningrad Region, www.euro.lt Archived November 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  24. 1 2 Council Regulation (EC) No 693/2003, eur-lex.europa.eu
  25. ↑ "Medvedev Says Russia to Deploy Missiles Near Poland" Associated Press via Yahoo News
  26. ↑ "Russia scraps plans to deploy nuclear-capable missiles in Kaliningrad" The Guardian
  27. ↑ "Russia deploys nuclear-capable missiles in Kaliningrad" BBC
  28. ↑ "Russia's new radar to monitor all Europe including Britain" Pravda 28.11.2011
  29. ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  30. ↑ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  31. ↑ http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936
  32. ↑ Переписи населения Российской Империи, СССР, 15 новых независимых государств Census of the Russian Empire, Soviet Union, 15 new independent states Archived May 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  33. ↑ http://kaliningrad.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/kaliningrad/resources/4444fd004ee286c58269833467c8ff84/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.pdf
  34. 1 2 3 Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
  35. ↑ 2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), August 27, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  36. ↑ Military Balance 2009
  37. ↑ Bill Gertz, "Russia Transfers Nuclear Arms to Baltics," Washington Times, 3 January 2001, p. 1.
  38. ↑ "Russia to move missiles to Baltic". bbc.co.uk. BBC. 2008-11-05. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
  39. ↑ "Russia 'halts missile deployment'". bbc.co.uk. BBC. 2009-01-28. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
  40. ↑ "Dmitry Medvedev, Russia President, Says Missiles May Target U.S. Missile Defense Sites". Huffington Post. 2011-11-23.
  41. ↑ "S-400 Missiles Deployed in Russia's Baltic Fleet." RIA Novosti, April 9, 2012.
  42. ↑ "Russia launches new missile defense to cover Atlantic." RT. November 29, 2011
  43. ↑ "Russia has stationed Iskander missiles in western region" RT. Dec 16, 2013
  44. ↑ "Kaliningrad Region - Introduction". Russia: All Regions Trade & Investment Guide. CTEC Publishing LLC. 2008.
  45. ↑ "Regions and territories: Kaliningrad". BBC News. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  46. ↑ Regional administration's website (Russian) Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  47. ↑ Валовой региональный продукт на душу населения Федеральная служба государственной статистики
  48. ↑ "EDB Fakel". OKB Fakel. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  49. ↑ "OKB Fakel (Russian Federation)". Jane's Space Systems and Industry. 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  50. ↑ How Products Are Made: Amber Archived August 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  51. ↑ "The History of Russian Amber, Part 2: From USSR to Russia", Ambery.net

Sources

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