Köçek

"Köçek with a tambourine", Photograph late 19th century.

The köçek (plural köçekler in Turkish) was typically a very handsome young male rakkas, or dancer, who usually cross-dressed in feminine attire, and was employed as an entertainer.[1]

Roots

The Turkish word is derived from the Persian word kuchak, meaning "little", "small", or "young", which itself is the Persian pronunciation of the Turkish word küçük, "little".[2] In the Crimean Tatar language, the word köçek means "baby camel".[3]

The culture of the köçek, which flourished from the 17th to the 19th century, had its origin in the customs in Ottoman palaces, and in particular in the harems. Its genres enriched both the music and the dance of the Ottomans.[1]

The support of the Sultans was a key factor in its development, as the early stages of the art form was confined to palace circles.[4] From there the practice dispersed throughout the Empire by means of independent troupes.[1]

Culture

"Köçek troupe at a fair" at Sultan Ahmed's 1720 celebration of his son's circumcision. Miniature from the Surname-i Vehbi, Topkapı Palace, Istanbul.

A köçek would begin training around the age of seven or eight and would be considered accomplished after about six years of study and practice. A dancer's career would last as long as he was beardless and retained his youthful appearance.[5]

They were recruited from among the ranks of the non-Muslim subject nations of the empire, such as Jews, Romani, Greeks, Albanians,[6] Armenians and others. The dances, collectively known as köçek oyunu, blended Arab, Greek, Assyrian and Kurdish elements (Karsilamas dance and Kaşık Havası dance).[7] They were performed to a particular genre of music known as köçekçe, which was performed in the form of suites in a given melody. It too was a mix of Sufi, Balkan and classical Anatolian influences, some of which survives in popular Turkish music today. The accompaniment included various percussion instruments, such as the davul-köçek, the davul being a large drum, one side covered with goat skin and the other in sheep skin, producing different tones. A köçek's skill would be judged not only on his dancing abilities but also on his proficiency with percussion instruments, especially a type of castagnette known as the çarpare.[1] The dancers were accompanied by an orchestra, featuring four to five each kaba kemençe and laouto as principal instruments, used exclusively for köçek suites.[8] There were also two singers. A köçek dance in the Ottoman seraglio (palace harem) involved one or two dozen köçeks and many musicians.[1] The occasions of their performances were wedding or circumcision celebrations, feasts and festivals, as well as the pleasure of the sultans and the aristocracy.

Postcard photograph of a köçek posing in costume, late 19th-century.

The youths, often wearing heavy makeup, would curl their hair and wear it in long tresses under a small black or red velvet hat decorated with coins, jewels and gold. Their usual garb consisted of a tiny red embroidered velvet jacket with a gold-embroidered silk shirt, shalvar (baggy trousers), a long skirt and a gilt belt, knotted at the back. They were said to be "sensuous, attractive, effeminate", and their dancing "sexually provocative". Dancers minced and gyrated their hips in slow vertical and horizontal figure eights, rhythmically snapping their fingers and making suggestive gestures. Often acrobatics, tumbling and mock wrestling were part of the act. The köçeks were available sexually, often to the highest bidder, in the passive role.[9][10]

Performing Köçek, illustration from Hubanname by Enderûnlu Fâzıl, 18th century

Famous poets, such as Fazyl bin Tahir Enderuni, wrote poems, and classical composers, such as the court musician Hammamizade İsmail Dede Efendi (1778–1846), composed köçekces for celebrated köçeks. Many Istanbul meyhanes (nighttime taverns serving meze, raki or wine) hired köçeks. Before starting their performance, the köçek danced among the spectators, to make them more excited. In the audience, competition for their attention often caused commotions and altercations. Men would go wild, breaking their glasses, shouting themselves voiceless, or fighting and sometimes killing each other vying for the boys' sexual favors.[11] This resulted in suppression of the practice under Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid I.[1]

As of 1805, there were approximately 600 Köçek dancers working in the taverns of the Turkish capital. They were outlawed in 1837 due to fighting among audience members over the dancers.[12] With the suppression of harem culture under Sultan `Abdu'l-`Aziz (1861–1876) and Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1908), köçek dance and music lost the support of its imperial patrons and gradually disappeared.[13]

Köçeks were much more sought after than the Çengi ("belly dancers"), their female counterparts. Some youths were known to have been killed by the Çengi, who were extremely jealous of men's attention toward the boys.[11][14]

Modern offshoots

A modern interpretation is the movie Köçek (1975) by director Nejat Saydam. The movie follows the life of Caniko, an androgynous Gypsy, who struggles with his gender identity.[15][16]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prof. Ş. Şehvar BEŞİROĞLU. "Music, Identity, Gender: Çengis, Köçeks, Çöçeks". ITU Turkish Music State Conservatory, Musicology Department.
  2. ↑ "köçek". Nisanyansozluk.com. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
  3. ↑ Üseinov, S.M. (2007). "Rusça-Qırımtatarca, Qırımtatarca-Rusça luğat". Aqmescit, Tezis.
  4. ↑ Stephen O. Murray, Will Roscoe (1997). Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature. NYU Press. ISBN 0814774687.
  5. ↑ Anthony Shay (2014). The Dangerous Lives of Public Performers: Dancing, Sex, and Entertainment in the Islamic World. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-349-49268-8.
  6. ↑ "Mevâid'de eşcinsel kültür". ibnistan.net. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
  7. ↑ "Ελευθεροτυπία - Το ελληνικό γιουσουφάκι!". Archive.enet.gr. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
  8. ↑ "The Classical Turkish Music: Köçekçe". Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  9. ↑ Danielle J. van Dobben (2008). Dancing Modernity: Gender, sexuality and the state in the late Ottoman Empire and early Turkish Republic (PDF). The University of Arizona, Near Eastern Studies. pp. 43–44, 47–51. ISBN 978-1-243-41693-3.
  10. ↑ Joseph A. Boone (2014). The Homoerotics of Orientalism: Mappings of Male Desire in Narratives of the Near and Middle East. Columbia University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-231-15110-8.
  11. 1 2 Stavros Stavrou Karayanni (2006). Dancing Fear & Desire: Race, Sexuality and Imperial Politics in Middle Eastern Dance. WLU Press. pp. 78, 82–83. ISBN 088920926X.
  12. ↑ Judith Lynne Hanna (1988). Dance, sex, and gender: signs of identity, dominance, defiance, and desire. p. 57.
  13. ↑ Arno Schmitt (1992). Sexuality and eroticism among males in Moslem societies. Routledge. pp. 84–85. ISBN 1560240474.
  14. ↑ Tazz Richards (2000). The Belly Dance Book: Rediscovering the Oldest Dance. pp. 11, 27, 28, 29–37, 32.
  15. ↑ Aziza Sa'id (31 August 2008). "A Question of Köçek – Men in Skirts".
  16. ↑ "Köçek". TSA Center for Turkish Cinema Studies. Retrieved 22 April 2013.

References

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