Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States. The number of Associate Justices is determined by the United States Congress and is currently set at eight by the Judiciary Act of 1869.

Like the Chief Justice, Associate Justices are nominated by the President of the United States and are confirmed by the United States Senate by majority vote. This is provided for in Article II of the Constitution, which states that the President "shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint... Judges of the supreme Court." Although the Constitution refers to them as "Judges of the Supreme Court", the title actually used is "Associate Justice", introduced in the Judiciary Act of 1789.[1] Associate justices were traditionally styled "Mr. Justice" in court opinions, but the title was shortened to "Justice" in 1980, a year before the first female justice was appointed.[2]

Article III of the Constitution specifies that Associate Justices, and all other United States federal judges "shall hold their Offices during good Behavior". This language means that the appointments are effectively for life, and that, once confirmed, one's tenure of office ends only when a justice dies, retires, or is removed from office following impeachment by the House of Representatives and conviction by the Senate.

Each of the Justices of the Supreme Court has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it; the Chief Justice's vote counts no more than that of any other Justice. However, in drafting opinions, the Chief Justice enjoys additional influence in case disposition if in the majority through his power to assign who writes the opinion. Otherwise, the senior justice in the majority assigns the writing of a decision. Furthermore, the Chief Justice leads the discussion of the case among the justices. The Chief Justice has certain administrative responsibilities that the other Justices do not and is paid slightly more ($255,500 per year for the Chief Justice and $244,400 per year for each Associate Justice[3]).

Associate Justices have seniority by order of appointment, although the Chief Justice is always considered to be the most senior. If two justices are appointed on the same day, the older is designated the senior Justice of the two. Currently, the senior Associate Justice is Anthony Kennedy. By tradition, when the Justices are in conference deliberating the outcome of cases before the Court, the justices state their views in order of seniority. Also, under 28 U.S.C. § 3, when the Chief Justice is unable to discharge his functions, or that office is vacant, his duties are carried out by the most senior Associate Justice until the disability or the vacancy ends.

Current associate justices

Currently, there are eight associate justices on the Court. The justices, ordered by seniority, are:

Retired associate justices

An associate justice who leaves the Court after attaining the age and meeting the service requirements prescribed by federal statute (28 U.S.C. § 371) may retire in senior status rather than resign. After retirement, they keep their title, and by custom may also keep a set of chambers in the Supreme Court building, and employ law clerks. The names of retired associate justices continue to appear alongside those of the active justices in the bound volumes of Supreme Court decisions. Federal statute (28 U.S.C. § 294) provides that retired Supreme Court justices may serve—if designated and assigned by the Chief Justice—on panels of the U.S. courts of appeals, or on the U.S. district courts. Retired justices are not, however, authorized to take part in the consideration or decision of any cases before the Supreme Court (unlike other retired federal judges who may be permitted do so in their former courts); neither are they known or designated as a "senior judge". When, after his retirement, William O. Douglas attempted to take a more active role than was customary, maintaining that it was his prerogative to do so because of his senior status, he was rebuffed by Chief Justice Warren Burger and admonished by the whole Court.[4]

Currently, there are three living retired Associate Justices: Sandra Day O'Connor, retired January 31, 2006; David H. Souter, retired June 29, 2009; and John Paul Stevens, retired June 29, 2010. Both O'Connor and Souter occasionally serve on panels of the Courts of Appeals of various circuits. Stevens has not performed any judicial duties.

List of Associate Justices

Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, the following 101 persons have served as Associate Justice:[5][6]

Associate Justice Replacing Date confirmed
(Vote)		 Tenure Appointed by Prior position[lower-alpha 1]
1 John Rutledge (new seat) September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)		 September 26, 1789
–
March 4, 1791
{{{1}}}[lower-alpha 2]		 George Washington 1st
Governor of South Carolina
(1779–1782)
2 William Cushing (new seat) September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)		 September 27, 1789
–
September 13, 1810
(Died)		 Chief Justice of the
Massachusetts Superior Court
(1777–1789)
3 James Wilson (new seat) September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)		 September 29, 1789
–
August 21, 1798
(Died)		 Delegate to the
Constitutional Convention
(1787)
4 John Blair (new seat) September 26, 1789
(Acclamation)		 September 30, 1789
–
October 25, 1795
(Resigned)		 Member of the
Virginia House of Burgesses
(1766–1770)
5 James Iredell (new seat) February 10, 1790
(Acclamation)		 May 12, 1790
–
October 20, 1799
(Died)		 2nd
Attorney General of North Carolina
(1779–1782)
6 Thomas Johnson J. Rutledge November 7, 1791
(Acclamation)		 August 5, 1792[lower-alpha 3][lower-alpha 4]
–
January 16, 1793
(Resigned)		 1st
Governor of Maryland
(1777–1779)
7 William Paterson T. Johnson March 4, 1793
(Acclamation)		 March 4, 1793
–
September 8, 1806
(Died)		 2nd
Governor of New Jersey
(1790–1793)
8 Samuel Chase[lower-alpha 5] Blair January 27, 1796
(Acclamation)		 January 27, 1796
–
June 19, 1811
(Died)		 Chief Justice of the
Maryland General Court
(1791–1796)
9 Bushrod Washington Wilson December 20, 1798
(Acclamation)		 December 20, 1798
–
November 26, 1829
(Died)		 John Adams Delegate to the
Virginia Ratifying Convention
(1788)
10 Alfred Moore Iredell December 9, 1799
(Acclamation)		 December 10, 1799
–
January 26, 1804
(Resigned)		 3rd
Attorney General of North Carolina
(1782–1791)
11 William Johnson Moore March 24, 1804
(Acclamation)		 May 7, 1804
–
August 4, 1834
(Died)		 Thomas Jefferson Speaker of the
South Carolina House of Representatives
(1798–1800)
12 Henry Brockholst Livingston Paterson December 17, 1806
(Acclamation)		 January 20, 1807
–
March 18, 1823
(Died)		 Justice of the
New York Supreme Court
(1802–1807)
13 Thomas Todd (new seat) March 2, 1807
(Acclamation)		 March 3, 1807
–
February 7, 1826
(Died)		 Chief Justice of the
Kentucky Court of Appeals
(1806–1807)
14 Gabriel Duvall Chase November 18, 1811
(Acclamation)		 November 23, 1811
–
January 12, 1835
(Resigned)		 James Madison U.S. Representative for
Maryland's 2nd district
(1794–1796)
15 Joseph Story Cushing November 18, 1811
(Acclamation)		 February 3, 1812
–
September 10, 1845
(Died)		 U.S. Representative for
Massachusetts's 2nd district
(1808–1809)
16 Smith Thompson Livingston December 9, 1823
(Acclamation)		 September 1, 1823[lower-alpha 3]
–
December 18, 1843
(Died)		 James Monroe 6th
United States Secretary of the Navy
(1819–1823)
17 Robert Trimble Todd May 9, 1826
(25–5)		 May 9, 1826
–
August 25, 1828
(Died)		 John Quincy Adams Judge of the
United States District Court
for the District of Kentucky
(1817–1826)
18 John McLean Trimble March 7, 1829
(Acclamation)		 March 7, 1829
–
April 4, 1861
(Died)		 Andrew Jackson 6th
United States Postmaster General
(1823–1829)
19 Henry Baldwin Washington January 6, 1830
(41–2)		 January 6, 1830
–
April 21, 1844
(Died)		 U.S. Representative for
Pennsylvania's 14th district
(1817–1822)
20 James Moore Wayne W. Johnson January 9, 1835
(Acclamation)		 January 14, 1835
–
July 5, 1867
(Died)		 U.S. Representative for
Georgia's at-large district
(1829–1835)
21 Philip Pendleton Barbour Duvall March 15, 1836
(30–11)		 March 15, 1836
–
February 25, 1841
(Died)		 Judge of the
United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia
(1830–1836)
22 John Catron (new seat) March 8, 1837
(28–15)		 March 8, 1837
–
May 30, 1865
(Died)		 Judge of the
Tennessee Supreme Court
of Errors and Appeals
(1824–1834)
23 John McKinley (new seat) September 25, 1837
(Acclamation)		 April 22, 1837
–
July 19, 1852
(Died)		 Martin Van Buren United States Senator
from Alabama
(1826–1831, 1837)
24 Peter Vivian Daniel Barbour March 2, 1841
(25–5)		 March 3, 1841
–
May 31, 1860
(Died)		 Judge of the
United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia
(1836–1841)
25 Samuel Nelson Thompson February 14, 1845
(Acclamation)		 February 14, 1845
–
November 28, 1872
(Retired)		 John Tyler Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court
(1831–1845)
26 Levi Woodbury Story January 31, 1846
(Acclamation)		 September 20, 1845[lower-alpha 3]
–
September 4, 1851
(Died)		 James K. Polk 13th
United States Secretary of the Treasury
(1834–1841)
27 Robert Cooper Grier Baldwin August 4, 1846
(Acclamation)		 August 4, 1846
–
January 31, 1870
(Retired)		 Judge for the
Pennsylvania state District Court
for Allegheny County
(1833–1846)
28 Benjamin Robbins Curtis Woodbury December 20, 1851
(Acclamation)		 September 22, 1851[lower-alpha 3]
–
September 30, 1857
(Resigned)		 Millard Fillmore Massachusetts State Representative
29 John Archibald Campbell McKinley March 22, 1853
(Acclamation)		 March 23, 1853
–
April 30, 1861
(Resigned)		 Franklin Pierce Alabama State Representative
30 Nathan Clifford Curtis January 12, 1858
(26–23)		 January 12, 1858
–
July 25, 1881
(Died)		 James Buchanan 19th
United States Attorney General
(1846–1848)
31 Noah Haynes Swayne McLean January 24, 1862
(38–1)		 January 24, 1862
–
January 24, 1881
(Retired)		 Abraham Lincoln U.S. Attorney for the
District of Ohio
(1830–1834)
32 Samuel Freeman Miller Daniel July 16, 1862
(Acclamation)		 July 16, 1862
–
October 13, 1890
(Died)		 Lawyer,
Private practice
33 David Davis Campbell December 8, 1862
(Acclamation)		 October 17, 1862[lower-alpha 3]
–
March 3, 1877
(Resigned)		 Judge of the
Illinois 3rd Circuit Court
(1848–1862)
34 Stephen Johnson Field (new seat) March 10, 1863
(Acclamation)		 March 10, 1863
–
December 1, 1897
(Retired)		 5th
Chief Justice of California
(1859–1863)
35 William Strong Grier February 18, 1870 February 18, 1870
–
December 14, 1880
(Retired)		 Ulysses S. Grant U.S. Representative for
Pennsylvania's 9th district
(1847–1851)
36 Joseph Philo Bradley (new seat) March 21, 1870
(46–9)		 March 21, 1870
–
January 22, 1892
(Died)		 Lawyer,
Private practice
37 Ward Hunt Nelson December 11, 1872
(Acclamation)		 December 11, 1872
–
January 27, 1882
(Retired)		 Chief Judge of the
New York Court of Appeals
(1868–1872)
38 John Marshall Harlan Davis November 29, 1877
(Acclamation)		 November 29, 1877
–
October 14, 1911
(Died)		 Rutherford B. Hayes 14th
Attorney General of Kentucky
(1863–1867)
39 William Burnham Woods Strong December 21, 1880
(39–8)		 December 21, 1880
–
May 14, 1887
(Died)		 Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit
(1869–1880)
40 Stanley Matthews Swayne May 12, 1881
(24–23)		 May 12, 1881
–
March 22, 1889
(Died)		 James Garfield United States Senator
from Ohio
(1877–1879)
41 Horace Gray Clifford December 20, 1881
(51–5)		 December 20, 1881
–
September 15, 1902
(Died)		 Chester A. Arthur Chief Justice of the
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
(1873–1881)
42 Samuel Blatchford Hunt March 22, 1882
(Acclamation)		 March 22, 1882
–
July 7, 1893
(Died)		 Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit
(1878–1882)
43 Lucius Quintus
Cincinnatus Lamar II		 Woods January 16, 1888
(32–28)		 January 16, 1888
–
January 23, 1893
(Died)		 Grover Cleveland 16th
United States Secretary of the Interior
(1885–1888)
44 David Josiah Brewer Matthews December 18, 1889
(53–11)		 December 18, 1889
–
March 28, 1910
(Died)		 Benjamin Harrison Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Eighth Circuit
(1884–1889)
45 Henry Billings Brown Miller December 29, 1890
(Acclamation)		 December 29, 1890
–
May 28, 1906
(Retired)		 Judge of the
United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Michigan
(1875–1890)
46 George Shiras, Jr. Bradley July 26, 1892
(Acclamation)		 July 26, 1892
–
February 23, 1903
(Retired)		 Lawyer,
Private practice
47 Howell Edmunds Jackson L. Lamar February 18, 1893
(Acclamation)		 February 18, 1893
–
August 8, 1895
(Died)		 Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Sixth Circuit
(1891–1893)
48 Edward Douglass White Blatchford February 19, 1894
(Acclamation)		 February 19, 1894
–
December 18, 1910
{{{1}}}[lower-alpha 6]		 Grover Cleveland United States Senator
from Louisiana
(1891–1894)
49 Rufus Wheeler Peckham H. Jackson December 9, 1895
(Acclamation)		 December 9, 1895
–
October 24, 1909
(Died)		 Associate Judge of the
New York Court of Appeals
50 Joseph McKenna Field January 21, 1898
(Acclamation)		 January 21, 1898
–
January 5, 1925
(Retired)		 William McKinley 42nd
United States Attorney General
(1897–1898)
51 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. Gray December 4, 1902
(Acclamation)		 December 4, 1902
–
January 12, 1932
(Retired)		 Theodore Roosevelt Chief Justice of the
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
(1899–1902)
52 William R. Day Shiras February 23, 1903
(Acclamation)		 February 23, 1903
–
November 13, 1922
(Retired)		 Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Sixth Circuit
(1899–1903)
53 William Henry Moody Brown December 12, 1906
(Acclamation)		 December 12, 1906
–
November 20, 1910
(Retired)		 45th
United States Attorney General
(1904–1906)
54 Horace Harmon Lurton Peckham December 20, 1909
(Acclamation)		 December 20, 1909
–
July 12, 1914
(Died)		 William Howard Taft Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Sixth Circuit
(1893–1909)
55 Charles Evans Hughes Brewer May 2, 1910
(Acclamation)		 October 10, 1910
–
June 10, 1916
{{{1}}}[lower-alpha 7]		 36th
Governor of New York
(1907–1910)
56 Willis Van Devanter E. White December 15, 1910
(Acclamation)		 December 16, 1910
–
June 2, 1937
(Retired)		 Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Eighth Circuit
(1903–`1910)
57 Joseph Rucker Lamar Moody December 15, 1910
(Acclamation)		 December 17, 1910
–
January 2, 1916
(Died)		 Associate Justice of the
Supreme Court of Georgia
(1901–1905)
58 Mahlon Pitney J. Harlan March 13, 1912
(50–26)		 March 13, 1912
–
December 31, 1922
(Resigned)		 U.S. Representative for
New Jersey's 4th district
(1895–1899)
59 James Clark McReynolds Lurton August 29, 1914
(44–6)		 August 29, 1914
–
January 31, 1941
(Retired)		 Woodrow Wilson 48th
United States Attorney General
(1913–1914)
60 Louis Brandeis J. Lamar June 1, 1916
(47–22)		 June 1, 1916
–
February 13, 1939
(Retired)		 Lawyer,
Private practice:
Brandeis Dunbar & Nutter[7]
61 John Hessin Clarke Hughes July 24, 1916
(Acclamation)		 July 24, 1916
–
September 5, 1922
(Retired)		 Judge of the
United States District Court
for the Northern District of Ohio
(1914–1916)
62 George Sutherland Clarke September 5, 1922
(Acclamation)		 September 5, 1922
–
January 17, 1938
(Retired)		 Warren G. Harding United States Senator
from Utah
(1905–1917)
63 Pierce Butler Day December 21, 1922
(61–8)		 December 21, 1922
–
November 16, 1939
(Died)		 President of the
Minnesota State Bar Association
64 Edward Terry Sanford Pitney January 29, 1923
(Acclamation)		 January 29, 1923
–
March 8, 1930
(Died)		 Judge of the
United States District Court
for the Middle District of Tennessee
(1908–1923)
65 Harlan F. Stone McKenna February 5, 1925
(71–6)		 February 5, 1925
–
July 3, 1941
{{{1}}}[lower-alpha 8]		 Calvin Coolidge 52nd
United States Attorney General
(1924–1925)
66 Owen Josephus Roberts Sanford May 20, 1930
(Acclamation)		 May 20, 1930
–
July 31, 1945
(Resigned)		 Herbert Hoover Assistant District Attorney for Philadelphia
67 Benjamin N. Cardozo Holmes February 24, 1932
(Acclamation)		 March 2, 1932
–
July 9, 1938
(Died)		 Chief Judge of the
New York Court of Appeals
(1927–1932)
68 Hugo Black Van Devanter August 17, 1937
(63–16)		 August 18, 1937
–
September 17, 1971
(Retired)		 Franklin D. Roosevelt United States Senator
from Alabama
(1927–1937)
69 Stanley Forman Reed Sutherland January 25, 1938
(Acclamation)		 January 27, 1938
–
February 25, 1957
(Retired)		 22nd
United States Solicitor General
(1935–1938)
70 Felix Frankfurter Cardozo January 17, 1939
(Acclamation)		 January 20, 1939
–
August 28, 1962
(Retired)		 Chairman of Harvard Law School
71 William O. Douglas Brandeis April 4, 1939
(62–4)		 April 15, 1939
–
November 12, 1975
(Retired)		 3rd
Chairman of the
Securities and Exchange Commission
(1937–1939)
72 Frank Murphy Butler January 16, 1940
(Acclamation)		 January 18, 1940
–
July 19, 1949
(Died)		 56th
United States Attorney General
(1939–1940)
73 James F. Byrnes McReynolds June 12, 1941
(Acclamation)		 July 8, 1941
–
October 3, 1942
(Resigned)		 United States Senator
from South Carolina
(1931–1941)
74 Robert H. Jackson Stone July 7, 1941
(Acclamation)		 July 11, 1941
–
October 9, 1954
(Died)		 57th
United States Attorney General
(1940–1941)
75 Wiley Blount Rutledge Byrnes February 8, 1943
(Acclamation)		 February 11, 1943
–
September 10, 1949
(Died)		 Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit
(1939–1943)
76 Harold Hitz Burton Roberts September 19, 1945
(Acclamation)		 September 22, 1945
–
October 13, 1958
(Retired)		 Harry S. Truman United States Senator
from Ohio
(1944–1945)
77 Tom C. Clark Murphy August 18, 1949
(73–8)		 August 19, 1949
–
June 12, 1967
(Retired)		 59th
Attorney General of the United States
(1945–1949)
78 Sherman Minton W. Rutledge October 4, 1949
(48–16)		 October 12, 1949
–
October 15, 1956
(Retired)		 Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Seventh Circuit
(1941–1949)
79 John Marshall Harlan II R. Jackson March 16, 1955
(71–11)		 March 17, 1955
–
September 23, 1971
(Retired)		 Dwight D. Eisenhower Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit
(1954–1955)
80 William J. Brennan Minton March 19, 1957
(Acclamation)		 October 15, 1956[lower-alpha 3]
–
July 20, 1990
(Retired)		 Associate Justice of the
Supreme Court of New Jersey
(1951–1956)
81 Charles Evans Whittaker Reed March 19, 1957
(Acclamation)		 March 22, 1957
–
March 31, 1962
(Resigned)		 Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Eighth Circuit
(1956–1957)
82 Potter Stewart Burton May 5, 1959
(70–17)		 October 14, 1958[lower-alpha 3]
–
July 3, 1981
(Retired)		 Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Sixth Circuit
(1954–1958)
83 Byron White Whittaker April 11, 1962
(Acclamation)		 April 16, 1962
–
June 28, 1993
(Retired)		 John F. Kennedy 4th
United States Deputy Attorney General
(1961–1962)
84 Arthur Goldberg Frankfurter September 25, 1962
(Acclamation)		 September 28, 1962
–
July 26, 1965
(Resigned)		 9th
United States Secretary of Labor
(1961–1962)
85 Abe Fortas Goldberg August 11, 1965
(Acclamation)		 October 4, 1965
–
May 14, 1969
(Resigned)		 Lyndon B. Johnson United States Under Secretary of the Interior
86 Thurgood Marshall Clark August 30, 1967
(69–11)		 October 2, 1967
–
October 1, 1991
(Retired)		 32nd
United States Solicitor General
(1965–1967)
87 Harry Blackmun Fortas May 12, 1970
(94–0)		 June 9, 1970
–
August 3, 1994
(Retired)		 Richard Nixon Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Eighth Circuit
(1959–1970)
88 Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. Black December 6, 1971
(89–1)		 January 7, 1972
–
June 26, 1987
(Retired)		 President of the
American Bar Association
(1964–1965)
89 William Rehnquist J. Harlan II December 10, 1971
(68–26)		 January 7, 1972
–
September 26, 1986
{{{1}}}[lower-alpha 9]		 United States Assistant Attorney General
for the Office of Legal Counsel
(1969–1971)
90 John Paul Stevens Douglas December 17, 1975
(98–0)		 December 19, 1975
–
June 29, 2010
(Retired)		 Gerald Ford Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Seventh Circuit
(1970–1975)
91 Sandra Day O'Connor Stewart September 21, 1981
(99–0)		 September 25, 1981
–
January 31, 2006
(Retired)		 Ronald Reagan Judge of the
Arizona Court of Appeals
(1979–1981)
92 Antonin Scalia Rehnquist September 17, 1986
(98–0)		 September 26, 1986
–
February 13, 2016
(Died)		 Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit
(1982–1986)
93 Anthony Kennedy Powell February 3, 1988
(97–0)		 February 18, 1988
–
Incumbent		 Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Ninth Circuit
(1975–f1988)
94 David Souter Brennan October 2, 1990
(90–9)		 October 9, 1990
–
June 29, 2009
(Retired)		 George H. W. Bush Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the First Circuit
(1990)
95 Clarence Thomas Marshall October 15, 1991
(52–48)		 October 23, 1991
–
Incumbent		 Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit
(1990–1991)
96 Ruth Bader Ginsburg B. White August 3, 1993
(96–3)		 August 10, 1993
–
Incumbent		 Bill Clinton Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit
(1980–1993)
97 Stephen Breyer Blackmun July 29, 1994
(87–9)		 August 3, 1994
–
Incumbent		 Chief Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the First Circuit
(1990–1994)
98 Samuel Alito O'Connor January 31, 2006
(58–42)		 January 31, 2006
–
Incumbent		 George W. Bush Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
(1990–2006)
99 Sonia Sotomayor Souter August 6, 2009
(68–31)		 August 8, 2009
–
Incumbent		 Barack Obama Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit
(1998–2009)
100 Elena Kagan Stevens August 5, 2010
(63–37)		 August 7, 2010
–
Incumbent		 45th
Solicitor General of the United States
(2009–2010)
101 Neil Gorsuch Scalia April 7, 2017
(54–45)		 April 8, 2017
–
Incumbent		 Donald Trump Judge of the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Tenth Circuit
(2006–2017)

Notes

  1. ↑ Listed here (unless otherwise noted) is the position—either with a U.S. state or the federal government, or with a private corporation—held by the individual immediately prior to becoming an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court.
  2. ↑ Later served as chief justice, June 30, 1795 – December 28, 1795.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Recess appointment.
  4. ↑ Received recess appointment on August 5, 1791, but was not sworn in until August 6, 1792.
  5. ↑ Was impeached, but not convicted (remained in office).
  6. ↑ Served as chief justice, December 19, 1910 – May 19, 1921.
  7. ↑ Later served as chief justice, February 13, 1930 – June 30, 1941.
  8. ↑ Served as chief justice, July 3, 1941 – April 22, 1946.
  9. ↑ Served as chief justice, September 26, 1986 – September 3, 2005.

See also

References

  1. ↑ United States Congress (1834) [approved September 24, 1789]. "An Act to Establish the Judicial Courts of the United States". In Gales, Joseph, Sr. The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States; With an Appendix, Containing Important State Papers and Public Documents and all the Laws of a Public Nature; With a Copious Index. vol. 2. Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton. p. 2239 (2239–2255) – via Library of Congress.
  2. ↑ Biskupic, Joan (2005). Sandra Day O'Connor: How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became Its Most Influential Justice. New York: HarperCollins. p. 101.
  3. ↑ Mears, Bill (June 20, 2014). "Supreme Court justices: They do OK financially". CNN. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  4. ↑ Woodward, Robert; Armstrong, Scott (1979). The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 480–488, 526. ISBN 978-0-7432-7402-9.
  5. ↑ "U.S. Senate: Supreme Court Nominations: 1789-Present". United States Senate. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  6. ↑ "Timeline of the Justices". The Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
  7. ↑ Klebanow, Diana & Jonas, Franklin L. (2003). People's Lawyers: Crusaders for Justice in American History. M. E. Sharpe. p. 61. ISBN 978-0765606730 – via Google Books.

Further reading

  • Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506557-3. 
  • Christensen, George A. (1983). "Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices". Yearbook. Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. 
  • Christensen, George A. (February 19, 2008). "Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited". Journal of Supreme Court History. University of Alabama. 33 (1): 17– 41. 
  • Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1-56802-126-7. 
  • Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon & Israel, Fred L., eds. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4. 
  • Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505835-6. 
  • Martin, Fenton S. & Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3. 
  • Toobin, Jeffrey (2008). The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court (1st ed.). New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-1-4000-9679-4. 
  • Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 590. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1. 
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