July 1915

The following events occurred in July 1915:

July 1, 1915 (Thursday)

• Forces with the Union of South Africa under command of General Louis Botha defeated German colonial forces at the Battle of Otavi in German Southwest Africa with assistance from Canada, Great Britain, the Portuguese Republic and Portuguese Angola. The result would soon put an end to German resistance in southwest Africa and allow South Africa to occupy the region until March 1990.^[1]
• Battle of Gully Ravine — Ottoman forces under command of officer Faik Pasa and Albay Refet launched counterattacks to prevent British forces from encircling their right flank on the Gallipoli peninsula.^[2] During the intense, bloody fighting, Captain Gerald Robert O'Sullivan^[3] and Corporal James Somers of the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers were both awarded the Victoria Cross for recapturing a trench taken by the Ottomans during a counterattack.^[4]
• German fighter pilot Kurt Wintgens became the first person to shoot down another plane in using a machine gun equipped with synchronization gear, which allowed him to shoot through a turning propeller without hitting its blade. His victory started a period referred to as the "Fokker scourge," as Fokker M.5 airplanes outfitted with machine guns took a heavy toll on Allied aircraft over the Western Front. Wintgens himself would down two more enemy planes in July.^[5]
• A Russian naval squadron under command of Rear Admiral Mikhail Bakhirev intercepted a message that a German squadron was laying mines around the Åland Islands in the Baltic Sea and moved to engage them.^[6]
• A second inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Lusitania was held at the urging of survivor Joseph Marichal who threatened to sue the Cunard ocean line for "poor handling" of the disaster, but soon discredited when the British government found unfavourable details of his background and leaked them to the press.^[7]
• The French Navy seaplane carrier Pas-de-Calais was commissioned, the first paddle steamer to serve as an aviation vessel.^[8]
• The United States Department of the Navy established an Office of Naval Aeronautics, the first formal recognition of naval aviation within the United States Navy.^[9]
• The Santa Fe National Forest was established in northern New Mexico by the U.S. Forest Service.^[10]
• American poet Alfred Kreymborg launched Others: A Magazine of the New Verse with Skipwith Cannell, Wallace Stevens, and William Carlos Williams. The magazine — which featured poetry, other writing and visual art — ran until 1917.^[11]
• The association football club FC Avenir Beggen was formed as FC Daring Beggen before changing to its current name a year later, in Beggen, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.^[12]
• The association football club Japonês Futebol Clube was formed in Rio de Janeiro, but renamed a year later as Olaria Atlético Clube after the neighbourhood it was established in to attract more supporters.^[13]
• New York City established in the Child Welfare Board.^[14]
• The Wharton Reef Lighthouse officially began operating in Princess Charlotte Bay off Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia. It was deactivated in 1990 and donated to the region's museum, making it the only surviving lighthouse during the "Golden Age of Australian Lighthouses" from 1913 to the early 1920s.^[15]
• Born: Joseph Ransohoff, American neurosurgeon, leading innovator in medical imaging and intensive care related to the field of neurology, in Cincinnati (d. 2001); Leo Thomas Maher, American clergy, Bishop of Santa Rosa in California from 1962 to 1969 and Bishop of San Diego from 1969 to 1990, in Mount Union, Iowa (d. 1991); Michael Joseph Murphy, American clergy, Bishop of Erie, Pennsylvania from 1982 to 1990, in Cleveland (d. 2007)
• Born: Nguyễn Văn Linh, Vietnamese revolutionary leader and politician, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam from 1986 to 1991, in Hưng Yên, Vietnam (d. 1998); A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury, Bangladesh statesman, 9th President of Bangladesh, in Mymensingh District, Bengal (d. 2001)
• Born: William L. Scott, American politician, U.S. Representative of Virginia from 1967 to 1973 and U.S. Senator of Virginia from 1973 to 1979, in Williamsburg, Virginia (d. 1997); William P. Levine, American army officer, member of the Allied force that liberated the Dachau concentration camp, in Duluth, Minnesota (d. 2013)
• Born: Jean Stafford, American writer, recipient of the Pulitzer Prize for the anthology The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford (d. 1979); Alun Lewis, Welsh poet, author of Raider's Dawn and The Last Inspection, in Cwmaman, Wales (d. 1944, killed in Burma); Boots Poffenberger, American baseball player, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers and Brooklyn Dodgers in Williamsport, Maryland (d. 1999)

July 2, 1915 (Friday)

• The Russian naval squadron of the Baltic Sea attacked a German squadron laying mines in the Baltic Sea at the Battle of Åland Islands. The German cruiser SMS Albatross was hit and ran aground, with 27 sailors dead and another 49 wounded.^[16] German cruisers SMS Prinz Adalbert and Prinz Heinrich sailed to assist the German squadron, but British submarine HMS E9 torpedoed Prinz Adalbert and forced it to limp to shore.^[17]
• Battle of Gully Ravine — The Ottoman 1st Division led by Lieutenant Colonel (Kaymakam) Cafer Tayyar Eğilmez staged a second counterattack and got within 30 metres of British trenches before losses became unbearable to continue.^[18] Ottoman commanding officer Faik Paşa then ordered Ottoman to dig defenses to prevent further losses, violating orders from General Otto Liman von Sanders. As a result, Paşa was replaced with Mehmet Ali Paşa.^[19]
• The submarine Guacolda was launched by Fore River Yard at Quincy, Massachusetts. Originally, the submarine was commissioned to the Royal Navy but because of United States neutrality during World War One, it was commissioned instead to the Chilean Navy.^[20]
• The symphonic composition Taras Bulba by Czech composer Leoš Janáček was published.^[21]
• Born: Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington, British noble, member of the House of Lords from 1972 until 1999, in Rome (d. 2014)
• Died: Porfirio Díaz, Mexican statesman, 29th President of Mexico (b. 1830)

July 3, 1915 (Saturday)

• Born: Ifor Owen, Welsh educator and children's author, best known for publishing Hwyl, the first children's comic book in the Welsh language, in Cefnddwysarn, Wales (d. 2007)

July 4, 1915 (Sunday)

• Ottoman troops and Arab tribesmen attacked the British-held town of Lahij in South Arabia (now Al Houta in Yemen).^[22]
• A force of six German Navy airships attempted an attack on a Royal Navy squadron conducting an aerial reconnaissance in the German Bight. Bad weather prevented each side from attacking the other. The heavy seas made it impossible for British seaplanes to launch and pursue the airships, and the airships could not get close enough to fire on the ships.^[23]
• Born: Harold E. Johns, Canadian medical physicist, developer of ionizing radiation for cancer treatment, in Sichuan province, China (d. 1998); Cheddy Thompson, Canadian hockey coach, head coach for the Colorado College Tigers from 1945 to 1955 (d. 1972); Christine Lavant, Austrian writer, author of Das Kind (The Child), in Wolfsberg, Carinthia, Austria (d. 1973)
• Died: Theodore Hope, British civil servant, noted member of the Government of India including Finance and Public Works (b. 1831)

July 5, 1915 (Monday)

• Battle of Gully Ravine — A final attempt to recapture ground from the British ended in failure for Ottoman Empire forces defending the Gallipoli peninsula. Facing losses that were four times more than the British, with estimates ranging between 14,000 and 16,000 casualties, General Otto Liman von Sanders caved to Ottoman officers pleas to stop the assaults and ended the bloodiest part of the Gallipoli Campaign.^[24]
• British give up Lahij, South Arabia to Ottoman troops and fell back to Al Kawr (now part of Yemen).^[25]
• The Hotel Macdonald, one of Canada's chateau-styled hotels, opened in Edmonton, Alberta.^[26]
• Born: John Woodruff, American track athlete, gold medalist at the 1936 Summer Olympics, in Connellsville, Pennsylvania (d. 2007)
• Died: Aurelio Tolentino, Filipino playwright, author of the verse drama Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas (b. 1867); Charles Arthur Conant, American economic journalist, known for his correspondence and economic articles for the New York Journal of Commerce (b. 1861)

July 6, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Battle of Rufiji Delta — After concealing from British ships for nearly eight months within the jungles surrounding the Rufiji River in German East Africa (now Tanzania), German cruiser SMS Königsberg exchanged fire with British monitor ships HMS Mersey and HMS Severn and forced both ships to withdraw.^[27]
• German fighter pilot Oswald Boelcke claimed his first victory, by shooting down a Blériot Parasol while flying an Albatros C.I two-seater biplane, setting him on to eventually become a flying ace.^[28]
• Born: Elizabeth Durack, Australian artist, best known for her Time and Tide series, in Perth (d. 2000); Javare Gowda, Indian author, best known for his biographies and children's literature in the Kannada language, in Chakkere, British India (d. 2016)
• Born: Leonard Birchall, Canadian air force officer during World War Two, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Order of the British Empire, in St. Catharines, Ontario (d. 2004); James Edward Doyle, American judge, judge for the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin from 1965 to 1987, in Oshkosh, Wisconsin (d. 1987)
• Died: Lawrence Hargrave, British-Australian aeronautics engineer, developed many prototypes used for hang gliding and paragliding (b. 1850)

July 7, 1915 (Wednesday)

• First Battle of the Isonzo — An attempt by Italy to break through the Austro-Hungarian line in the Alps failed. Despite superior numbers on the Italian side, Austria-Hungary had better equipment, highly trained soldiers, and superior geographic advantages. The Italians sustained over 14,000 casualties while the Austro-Hungarians received 9,950 casualties.^[29]
• Armenian Genocide — Swedish diplomat Cossva Anckarsvärd, stationed in Constantinople, released a two-page report to Stockholm stating "persecutions of the Armenians have reached hair-raising proportions" and concluded the solution to the "Armenian question" within the Ottoman Empire would "consist of the extermination of the Armenian nation."^[30]
• Italian cruiser Amalfi was torpedoed and sunk at Pola, Austria-Hungary by German submarine SM UB-14 with the loss of 67 of her 684 crew.^[31]
• An extremely overloaded International Railway tram with 157 passengers crashed near Queenston, Ontario, resulting in 15 casualties.
• French General Joseph Joffre held the first military conference for the Allies — known as the Chantilly Conference —in Chantilly, Oise, France, shortly after Italy entered the conflict against the Central Powers.^[32]
• Sinhalese militia captain Henry Pedris was executed in British Ceylon for inciting race riots, a charge later proved false. He became a hero of the Sri Lankan independence movement.^[33]
• American Civil War veteran and landowner John N. Ballard deeded a small plot that had been part of the battlefield of Chantilly, Virginia for the purpose of allowing persons or groups the opportunity to erect monuments or markers in remembrance to those who fought in the battle, leading to the eventual establishment of Ox Hill Battlefield Park in October.^[34]
• The first edition of the Norwegian newspaper Østerdalens Arbeiderblad was published, primarily as the organ for the Labour Party of Norway.^[35]
• Born: Margaret Walker, American poet and writer, part of the African-American literary movement in Chicago, author of Jubilee, in Birmingham, Alabama (d. 1998); Yvonne Mitchell, British actress and author, best known for the role of Julia in the 1954 BBC adaptation of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, author of the play The Same Sky, in London (d. 1979)
• Born: Peter H. Dominick, American politician, U.S. Senator from Colorado from 1963 to 1975, in Stamford, Connecticut (d. 1981); Reynaldo Guerra Garza, American judge, first Hispanic to be appointed to the United States Court of Appeals, in Brownsville, Texas (d. 2004)

July 8, 1915 (Thursday)

• The Army of the Bug of the German Imperial Army (named after Bug River in Poland) was established to serve on the Eastern Front.^[36]
• The Women's Peace Army was established in Melbourne in protest to Australia's involvement in World War One.^[37]
• Born: Lowell English, American military officer, commander of the United States Marine Corps 3rd Marine Division during World War Two, the Korean War and the Vietnam War, in Fairbury, Nebraska (d. 2005); Neil D. Van Sickle, American air force officer, commander of U.S. Air Force operations in Taiwan during the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1958, in Minot, North Dakota (still alive in 2016)

July 9, 1915 (Friday)

• Victor Franke, commander of the German forces in German Southwest Africa, along with 2,000 of his men surrendered to the Allies.^[38]
• Born: David Diamond, American composer, recipient of the National Medal of Arts, in Rochester, New York (d. 2005); Lee Embree, American war photographer, took the first photos of the attack on Pearl Harbor (d. 2008); Arvid Storsveen, Norwegian resistance leader, organizer of XU, the Allied intelligence organization in Norway during World War Two, in Aker, Norway (d. 1943, executed)

July 10, 1915 (Saturday)

• Battle of Manzikert — A Russian force of 22,000 troops attempted to capture strategic hills west of the town of Malazgirt, Turkey, assuming defenses were weak. In actuality, a force of 40,000 Ottoman troops was defending the area.^[39]
• Born: Anatoli Nenartovich, Russian artist, member of the Leningrad School of Painting, in Kukhotskaya Volya, Belorussia, Russian Empire (d. 1988)
• Died: James Edward Quigley, Canadian-American priest, served as Bishop of Buffalo, New York from 1897 to 1903 and Archbishop of Chicago from 1903 to 1915 (b. 1854); Hendrik Willem Mesdag, Dutch painter, known for his marine paintings including Panorama Mesdag (b. 1831); Vazha-Pshavela, Georgian poet, known for his epic poems including Host and Guest (b. 1861)

July 11, 1915 (Sunday)

• Battle of Rufiji Delta — German cruiser SMS Königsberg was scuttled in the Rufiji River, German East Africa following battle damage inflicted by Royal Navy ships HMS Mersey and HMS Severn. Thirty-three crew men were killed and another 45 were wounded, including Captain Max Looff.^[40]
• Pablo Falcon, a local deputy of Mexican-American heritage, was shot and killed by Mexican rebels in Brownsville, Texas. He was the first victim of the Plan of San Diego, a plan to create unrest among border towns in Texas during the Mexican Revolution.^[41]
• The weekly Lithuanian liberal paper Rygos naujienos, published in Riga and edited by founder Liudvikas Jakavičius, ceased publication after six years of operation.^[42]
• Born: Colin Kelly, American bomber pilot, first pilot to fly bombing runs against the Imperial Japanese Navy days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross, in Madison, Florida (d. 1941, killed in action)
• Died: Thomas J. Walsh, Canadian politician, one of the main lobbyists for the amalgamation of Edmonton and Strathcona, Alberta, served as alderman for Edmonton City Council from 1912 to 1913 (b. 1875)

July 12, 1915 (Monday)

• Gallipoli Campaign — A force of 7,500 soldiers from 155th and 157th Brigades of the British 52nd Division attacked the centre of the line along Achi Baba Nullah ("Bloody Valley") on the peninsula. The assault gained very little ground and resulted in 2,500 casualties; along with 600 from the Royal Naval Division and 800 men from a supporting French unit. The Ottoman Empire had 9,000 casualties and 600 prisoners.^[43]

July 13, 1915 (Tuesday)

• The Central Powers renewed their offensive on the Eastern Front and were able to push the entire southern wing of the Russian line back 160 km (99 mi) to the Bug River in Galicia (now southern Poland).^[44]
• The Castle Mountain Internment Camp for 660 Canadian citizens deemed enemy aliens under the War Measures Act was established in Banff National Park, Canada.^[45]
• Born: Robert Heizer, American archaeologist, best known for his fieldwork in Southwestern United States including Lovelock Cave, Humboldt Cave and La Venta, in Denver (d. 1979); Paul Williams, American jazz musician, played saxophone for performers Otis Redding and Tommy Tucker, best known for his album The Hucklebuck, in Lewisburg, Tennessee (d. 2002)

July 14, 1915 (Wednesday)

• Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, and Henry McMahon, British High Commissioner in Egypt, began a letter correspondence on steps to achieve Arab independence from the Ottoman Empire.^[46]
• The VII Corps was formed under command of Lieutenant-General Thomas Snow as part of the British Third Army.^[47]
• The association football club América Futebol Clube was formed in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.^[48]
• The African Police Medal for Meritorious Service for recognition of service for non-European police officers serving in the British African colonies. The medal was awarded until 1938 when it was replaced with the Colonial Police Medal and the Colonial Police Long Service Medal.^[49]
• Born: Jerome Lawrence, American playwright and screenwriter, co-wrote with Robert Edwin Lee Inherit the Wind, in Cleveland (d. 2004); Toby Wing, American actress, early sex symbol prior to the 1934 Production Code, in Amelia Courthouse, Virginia (d. 2001); Harold Pupkewitz, Lithuanian-Namibian businessman, executive chair of Pupkewitz Holdings from 1946 to 2012, in Vilnius, Lithuania (d. 2012)

July 15, 1915 (Thursday)

• The oldest active branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was formed in New Orleans.^[50]
• Armenian leader Krikor Zohrab was murdered between July 15 and July 20 in the outskirts of Urfa during the height of the Armenian Genocide.^[51]
• Literary magazine Blast put out its second and last edition. The cover featured a woodcut by Wyndham Lewis (who also edited the magazine) and contained a short play by Ezra Pound and poetry by T.S. Eliot. Plans for a further issue fell through as World War One placed personal and public pressures on all artists involved, even though Lewis had plans as late as 1919 to publish.^[52]
• The Brownhill Creek Recreation Park, located south of Adelaide, South Australia, was established to protect the most unique and sensitive portions of the Brown Hill Creek.^[53]
• Wolf Point, Montana was incorporated.^[54]
• Born: Albert Ghiorso, American nuclear scientist, discovered a record 12 elements for the periodic table of elements, in Vallejo, California (d. 2010); Harrison Storms, American aeronautical engineer, project manager of the Apollo Command/Service Module in Chicago (d. 1992)
• Born: John Antonelli, American baseball player, youngest manager in minor league baseball when signed to the Memphis Chicks of the Southern Association in 1935 at the age of 19, in Memphis, Tennessee (d. 1990)
• Died: Çerçiz Topulli, Albanian partisan fighter, led guerrilla campaigns against the Ottoman Empire and Greece brother to Bajo Topulli, killed in action (b. 1880); Camille Ferdinand Dreyfus, French politician, Senator for Seine-et-Oise from 1909 to 1915 (b. 1849)

July 16, 1915 (Friday)

• Battle of Manzikert — The Ottoman Third Army under command of Abdul Kerim Pasha counterattacked invading Russian forces. With the Ottomans outnumbering the Russians 3-1, they were able to force the invading force back to Malazgirt, Turkey.^[55]
• The Yaskawa Electric Corporation was established in Kitakyushu, Japan as an electric parts manufacturer. The company eventually became known throughout the 20th-century for its mobile control devices and an innovator in robotics and information technology in the 21st-century.^[56]
• The National Honor Society of the Boy Scouts of America — Order of the Arrow — was founded by Scouts field director E. Urner Goodman.^[57]
• L. Frank Baum released his ninth Land of Oz book, The Scarecrow of Oz. It was said to be Baum's most favorite of the all the Oz books.^[58]
• Born: David Campbell, Australian poet, known for poetry collections such as The Miracle of Mullion Hill, in Adelong, New South Wales, Australia (d. 1979); Pavel Kadochnikov, Russian film actor and director, best known for his roles in Soviet films such as Ivan the Terrible and Lenin in Paris, in Petrograd, Russian Empire (d. 1988)
• Born: Barnard Hughes, American actor, best known for his Tony Award winning lead role in the off-Broadway play Da by Hugh Leonard, in Bedford Hills, New York (d. 2006); Cass Daley, American performer, best known for her singing performances on the The Bob Burns Show, in Philadelphia (d. 1975)
• Born: Annie Llewelyn-Davies, British politician, first woman to hold Chief Whip in the House of Lords from 1974 to 1979, in Birkenhead, England (d. 1997)
• Died: Ellen G. White, American prophetess, co-founder of Seventh-Day Adventism, most translated American author (b. 1827)

July 17, 1915 (Saturday)

• Russian forces on the central-north of the Eastern Front sustained up to 80 percent of losses and were forced to retreat across the Narew River in Galicia (now northeastern Poland) to avoid annihilation.^[59]
• William Creen, an inmate at the state prison in Milledgeville, Georgia, tried to kill Leo Frank, who was serving a commuted life sentence for the murder of 13-year old Mary Phagan. Creen slashed Frank's throat using a kitchen butcher knife but Frank survived the attack. According to the New York Times, Creen told authorities he attacked Frank "to keep the other inmates safe from mob violence, Frank's presence was a disgrace to the prison, and he was sure he would be pardoned if he killed Frank."^[60]
• The Girl Guides were established in Jamaica. The organizations would become a full member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts in 1966.^[61]
• Australasian Films released its first feature film The Hero of the Dardanelles, a war film directed by Alfred Rolfe and starring Guy Hastings. The film recreated the landing at Gallipoli using 1,000 actual Australian soldiers from Liverpool Camp at Tamarama Beach in Sydney.^[62] The film was popular at the box office and screened to the Prime Minister of Australia and Premier of Victoria. A copy was later placed in the archives of the Australian Federal Parliament.^[63]
• Born: Fred Ball, American movie studio executive and actor, executive board member of Desilu Productions, brother of comedian Lucille Ball, in Jamestown, New York (d. 2007); John Jarman, American politician, U.S. Representative of Oklahoma from 1951 to 1977, in Sallisaw, Oklahoma (d. 1982)

July 18, 1915 (Sunday)

• Second Battle of the Isonzo — A force of 250,000 troops from the Italian Second and Third Armies engaged in brutal hand-to-hand combat with 78,000 Austro-Hungarian troops, who were better equipped and holding well-defended positions in the Alps.^[64]
• Italian cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi was torpedoed and sunk in the Adriatic Sea 5 nautical miles (9.3 km) southeast of Dubrovnik, Serbia by Austro-Hungarian submarine SM U-4 with the loss of 53 of her 559 crew.^[65]
• Died: George Marshall-Hall, British-Australian musician, known for experimental compositions including the opera Harold and the musical verse Aristodemus (b. 1862)

July 19, 1915 (Monday)

• French fighter pilot Georges Guynemer shot down his first enemy aircraft, a German Aviatik, while flying a Morane-Saulnier L monoplane nicknamed Vieux Charles. Guynemer would eventually earn the flying ace for downing 54 more enemy aircraft.^[66]
• Albert Jacka became the first Australian to win the Victoria Cross during the World War One.^[67]
• U.S. battleship Oklahoma was severely damaged by fire at Camden, New Jersey. She was subsequently repaired and re-entered service in May 1916.^[68]
• Besant Theosophical College opened in Madras as an affiliate of Madras University, the oldest active college in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.^[69]
• The Australian silent war drama Within Our Gates premiered throughout the country, being the first film to depict the Gallipoli Campaign.^[70]
• Died: Louis Beaubien, Canadian politician, member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec of Hochelaga from 1867 to 1886 (b. 1837); Henry George Woods, British academic, president of Trinity College, Oxford from 1887 to 1897 (b. 1842)

July 20, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Battle of Manzikert — The Ottoman Army pushed the Russians out of Malazgirt, Turkey.^[71]
• The 28th Indian Brigade, supported by two British artillery companies under command of A. M. S. Elsmie attacked and retook the town of Sheikh Othman, South Arabia (now Yemen) after it fell to the Ottoman Empire weeks earlier.^[72]
• German submarine SM U-23 was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by British submarine HMS C27 with the loss of 24 of her 34 crew.^[73]
• A strike at the Bayonne refinery in New Jersey became violent after Mayor Pierre P. Garven of Bayonne, New Jersey allowed the city's police force to be used to enforce picket lines set by Standard Oil of New Jersey (the mayor was also on the oil company's payroll as an attorney).^[74] Following an initial walk-out of 1,200 refinery works over pay and working conditions, a riot broke out on the picket lines between the strikers and the police, leading to the shooting death of 19-year-old striker John Sterancsak.^[75]
• Died: Charles S. Moore, American politician, served as Oregon State Treasurer from 1899 to 1907 (b. 1857)

July 21, 1915 (Wednesday)

• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson issued Germany an ultimatum in the third and final letter related to the sinking of the RMS Lusitania in May, warning any subsequent sinkings would be perceived by the United States as "deliberately unfriendly".^[76]
• British submarine HMS E14 slipped through an anti-submarine net in the Dardanelles.^[77]
• Violence stemming the shooting death of a striking worker yesterday escalated during the strike at the Bayonne refinery when a mob attacked and attempted to set fire to the Tidewater Petroleum in Bayonne, New Jersey. Violence would continue for another week, resulting in the deaths of five more strikers as well as several injuries and significant property damage caused by arson. Order was eventually restored. Investigation onto the initial riot led to the superintendent of the Tidewater refinery and 32 guards being charged for inciting a riot.^[78]
• Ross Sea party — Ice pressure on the sides of the drifting British polar ship Aurora in the Ross Sea damaged the vessel's rudder beyond repair, forcing first officer John Stenhouse to consider abandoning ship but he belayed the order when ice movements shifted the following day.^[79]
• Voters in Alberta, Canada voted in favour of prohibiting the sale and distribution of alcohol within the province, the second time the region went dry (the first prohibition was lifted in 1892 when Alberta was part of the North-West Territories). Just over 58,000 voted in favour of prohibition while 37,000 voted against. Prohibition was implemented July 1, 1916.^[80]
• Died: Muhamad Salleh bin Perang, Malay statesman, chief administrator of the state of Johor, Malaysia from 1983 to 1909 (b. 1841)

July 22, 1915 (Thursday)

• The Great Retreat was ordered on Eastern Front as forces with the Central Powers crossed the Vistula River in Galicia (now Poland).^[81]
• Battle of Manzikert — Bad communications delays kept Russian general Nikolai Yudenich from learning that the Russians had retreated from Manzikert, Turkey. In all, the Russian force lost between 7,000 and 10,000 men.^[82]
• The British government introduced the Elections and Registration Act which required all British citizens aged 15–65 to be registered by August 15.^[83]
• The Breton-Prétot machine was approved to by the French War Department to cut through barbed wire defenses on the Western Front.^[84]
• Born: Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, Pakistani politician, one of the United Nations committee members that developed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in Calcutta (d. 2000); John L. Head, American basketball coach, head of the Nashville Business College women's basketball team from 1948 to 1969 (d. 1980); Alfred H. Corbett, American politician, member of the Oregon State Senate from 1957 to 1964, in Portland, Oregon (d. 2000)
• Died: Sandford Fleming, Canadian engineer and surveyor, developed the time zone system (b. 1827)

July 23, 1915 (Friday)

• No. 21 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps was established at Netheravon, England.^[85]
• Born: Hugo Bagnulo, Uruguayan association football player and manager, led the Peñarol club to five national league titles from 1973 to 1975 and 1982 to 1983, in Montevideo (d. 2008); Horace Hahn, American lawyer, assistant to Robert H. Jackson during the Nuremberg trials (d. 2003)

July 24, 1915 (Saturday)

• The steamer Eastland capsized in central Chicago, with the loss of 844 lives.^[86]
• German submarine SM U-36 was sunk in the North Atlantic by British Q-ship (armed merchant vessel) HMS Prince Charles with the loss of 18 out of the 34 crew.^[87] It was the first time a militarized merchant ship was able to sink an enemy vessel without the aid of a fellow submarine.^[88][89]
• Born: Ralph S. Locher, Romanian-American politician, 50th mayor of Cleveland, in Moreni, Romania (d. 2004); Günther Schwägermann, German SS officer, served as adjutant for Joseph Goebbels, in Uelzen, Germany (still alive as of 2016)
• Born: John Rokisky, American football player, kicker for Cleveland Browns, Chicago Rockets and New York Yankees in the All-America Football Conference, in Mount Clare, West Virginia (d. 1993); Egon Ronay, Hungarian-British food critic, best known for best-selling restaurant review series Egon Ronay's Guide to British Eateries, in Budapest (d. 2010)

July 25, 1915 (Sunday)

• Second Battle of the Isonzo — Members of the Italian Second and Third Armies occupied the Cappuccio Wood south of Mount San Michele, which had been used as bridgehead by the Austro-Hungarian army, but failed to hold the mountain itself.^[90]
• Royal Flying Corps pilot Lanoe Hawker shot down three German aircraft while on patrol over Passchendaele, Belgium, including the aircraft piloted by Hans Roser, and became the first airman to be awarded the Victoria Cross for combat against enemy airplanes.^[91]
• The association football Olympic Club was formed in Barbacena, Brazil.^[92]
• Born: Julio Iglesias Sr., Spanish medical doctor, father to singer Julio Iglesias, in Ourense, Spain (d. 2005); Enrique Fernando, Filipino judge, 13th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, in Malate, Manila, Philippines (d. 2004)
• Died: Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau, French socialite, famously modeled for the painting Portrait of Madame X by John Singer Sargent (b. 1859)

July 26, 1915 (Monday)

• French submarine Mariotte was scuttled in the Dardanelles, with 31 crew taken as prisoners of war.^[93] The vessel attempted to slip through the same anti-submarine net British sub HMS E14 was able to do five days earlier, but failed to negotiate it and subsequently was forced to surface. Shore batteries spotted the sub and shelled the conning tower before it could submerge.^[94]
• The submarines Tegualda and Rucumilla were launched by Fore River Yard at Quincy, Massachusetts. Originally, both submarines were commissioned to the Royal Navy but because of United States neutrality during World War One, they were commissioned instead to the Chilean Navy.^[95]
• Norwegian clipper Cimba was wrecked in the Gulf of St. Lawrence due to heavy fog while en route from Matane, Quebec to Liverpool, the last ship ever to be wrecked in the area.^[96]
• Born: K. Pattabhi Jois, Indian yoga master, developed the Ashtanga yoga style in Mysore, India, in Hassan district, India (d. 2009)

July 27, 1915 (Tuesday)

• Battle of Kara Killisse — Following Russia's defeat from the Battle of Manzikert, Russian General Nikolai Yudenich regrouped the retreating Caucasus Army and engaged the pursuing Ottoman Third Army at Kara Killisse (now Ağrı, Turkey).^[97]
• The Ottoman Third Army captured the Russian-held town of Muş, Turkey.^[98]
• Vilbrun Guillaume Sam, President of Haiti, ordered the execution of his predecessor Oreste Zamor along with 160 other political prisoners in Port-au-Prince. The brutal mass execution became the tipping point for the nation after months of violent oppression under the regime, resulting in a citizen uprising the same day. Sam took refuge in the French embassy but a mob broke in the following day and killed him.^[99]
• Born: Robert R. Casey, American politician, U.S. Representative for Texas from 1959 to 1976, in Joplin, Missouri (d. 1986); Mario Del Monaco, Italian opera singer, best known for his Metropolitan Opera performances from 1951 to 1959, in Florence (d. 1982); Jack Iverson, Australian cricketer, played five Tests against England in the 1950-51 season, in Melbourne (d. 1973)

July 28, 1915 (Wednesday)

• The American occupation of Haiti began when U.S. President Woodrow Wilson authorized 330 U.S. Marines to land at Port-au-Prince to safeguard the interests of American businesses operating in the country, following the lynching and murder of Haitian president Vilbrun Guillaume Sam. The occupation would last until 1934.^[100]
• Norwegian ocean liner Trondhjemsfjord was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean northwest of the Shetland Islands, Great Britain by German submarine SM U-41. Her passengers and crew were rescued by a sailing ship.^[101]
• The Bayonne refinery strike in New Jersey ended as workers returned on promises of increased pay and the institution of an eight-hour day.^[102]
• British cruiser HMS Castor was launched at Cammell Laird at Birkenhead, England and would see action during World War One and the Russian Civil War.^[103]
• The British government created by order in council the Committee for Scientific and Industrial Research at the recommendation President of the Board of Education. The committee would was ordered to pursue establishing a permanent government organization dedicated to scientific research and innovation, and eventually formed the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research the following year.^[104]
• Born: Dick Sprang, American comic book artist, best known for his artwork for Batman during the Golden Age of Comic Books, in Fremont, Ohio (d. 2000); Frankie Yankovic, American polka musician, known of polka hits "Just Because" and "Blue Skirt Waltz", father of Weird Al Yankovic, in Davis, West Virginia (d. 1998)
• Born: Charles Townes, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the maser, in Greenville, South Carolina (d. 2015); Richard Kerry, American civil servant, lawyer for the Bureau of United Nations Affairs, father to Cameron and John Kerry, in Brookline, Massachusetts (d. 2000); Audrey Callaghan, British philanthropist, board chair of Great Ormond Street Hospital, wife to British Prime Minister James Callaghan, in Maidstone, Kent, England (d. 2005)
• Died: A.R. Pardington, American engineer, vice-president of the Long Island Motor Parkway and Lincoln Highway Association (b. 1862)

July 29, 1915 (Thursday)

• The British Elections and Registration Act was passed by both houses of British Parliament and received royal assent.^[105]
• Irish Republicans, led by Patrick Pearse, took over the Gaelic League at its Dundalk conference, causing Douglas Hyde to resign as its president.^[106]
• Born: Jorge Cruickshank García, Mexican politician, founding member and general secretary of the Popular Socialist Party of Mexico from 1969 to 1981, in Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico (d. 1989)

July 30, 1915 (Friday)

• The flame thrower was used for the first time in combat, with German forces using it to flush out British soldiers from their trenches at Hooge, Belgium.^[107]
• British cargo ship Iberian was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean 9 nautical miles (17 km) southwest of the Fastnet Rock by German submarine SM U-28 with the loss of seven crew.^[108]
• Armenian Genocide — Armenian partisan fighter and political leader Hampartsoum Boyadjian was hanged along with 12 other comrades at a prison in Kayseri, Turkey.^[109]
• Born: Archie Macaulay, Scottish association football player and manager, played for the Scotland national football team in 1947 to 1948, in Falkirk, Scotland (d. 1993)

July 31, 1915 (Saturday)

• Battle of Kara Killisse — The Russian Caucasus Army routed the Third Army at Kara Killisse (now Ağrı, Turkey), using 20,000 reinforcements from Cossack units.^[110]
• Battle of Jastków — The Imperial Russian Army and Polish Legions clashed at the village of Jastków in what is now eastern Poland, the largest battle between the two armies.^[111]
• Lamington National Park was established in the McPherson Range that runs between Queensland and New South Wales in Australia. The park was named after Lord Lamington, former Governor of Queensland.^[112]
• Raceland, Kentucky was incorporated.^[113]
• Born: Herbert Aptheker, American historian, author of the seven-volume series Documentary History of the Negro People, in New York City (d. 2003); George Forrest, musical theatre writer, author of the musical Kismet, in New York City (d. 1999)
• Born: Geoff Chinchen, Australian politician, member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1963 to 1977, in Elsternwick, Victoria, Australia (d. 2005); Theodorus Johannes Schoon, Dutch-New Zealand artist, best known for his Māori-influenced artwork, in Kebumen, Dutch Indies (d. 1985)
• Died: Billy Geen, Welsh rugby player, member of the Oxford University RFC and Wales national rugby union team from 1910 to 1913, killed in action at Hooge, Belgium (b. 1891)

References