Julio González (sculptor)

Julio González i Pellicer (21 September 1876 - 27 March 1942) was a Catalan sculptor and painter who developed the expressive use of iron as a medium for modern sculpture.

Biography

Youth

Julio González Pellicer was born in Barcelona, on September 21, 1876. He came from a line of metalsmith workers; his grandfather was a goldsmith in Galicia, the established Catalan capital in the early 19th century.^[1] González's father, Concordio González, owned a workshop and as a young boy, González learned from him the techniques of gold, silver, and iron metalwork. He and his older brother, Joan González, both studied these techniques. Further, all three González children studied at Circol Artist Sant Luc, a Catholic school that remodeled its education on the medieval art guilds, influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement in England.^[1] In 1896, González's father, died. The family workshop was passed onto the older son, Joan. With Joan directly involved with the family workshop, Joan and Julio focused on their metalwork techniques and artistic aspirations. By the end of the century, both brothers began to frequent visiting Els Quatre Gats, a café which was the meeting point of many artists, especially those related with modernisme.^[2] It was there where they met artists like Joan Miró and Pablo Picasso.

By the turn of the 20th century, Pablo Picasso and Julio González became great friends. González moved to Paris in 1902, but traveled to Barcelona several times in the early 20th century. At the Picasso Museum in Barcelona, their close friendship is verified by a drawn portrait, entitled "Julio González and the Robust Man Seen from Behind".^[3] They remained close friends until 1908; scholars do not know why their friendship ended at this time, but based on González archival materials, it appears to be related to previous dispute with Julio's brother, Joan.^[4]

Paris

Julio González, Visage criant a la grande main, 1941.

In Paris he associated with the Spanish circle of artists of Montmartre, including Pablo Gargallo, Juan Gris and Max Jacob. In 1918, he developed an interest in the artistic possibilities of welding, after learning the technique whilst working in the Renault factory at Boulogne-Billancourt. This technique would subsequently become his principal contribution to sculpture, though during this period he also painted and —especially— created jewellery pieces.^[2] In 1920 he renewed his acquaintance with Picasso, for whom he later provided technical assistance in executing sculptures in iron, participating to Picasso's researches on analytic cubism. He also forged the infrastructures of Constantin Brâncuși's plasters.^[5] In the winter of 1927-28, he showed Picasso how to use oxy-fuel welding and cutting.^[5] When their friendship re-established itself, Picasso and González collaborated on a piece called "Woman in the Garden" between 1928-1930.^[1] From October 1928 till 1932, both men worked together—and in 1932, González was the only artist with whom Picasso shared his own personal art carnet.^[5] Influenced by Picasso, the fifty-year-old González deeply changed his style, exchanging bronze for iron, and volumes for lines.^[5] González began to formalize a new visual language in sculpture that would change the course of his career.

Ironwork 1932-1937

David Smith, a contemporary to González, González created ironwork at this time that would establish him as "the father of all iron sculpture of this century".^[6] During the early 1930s, few artists utilized forged or welded metal as a potential medium for their art. This is because, at the time, many artists did not directly work with the medium. Rather, artists worked with a foundry and expert technicians to execute the works of art. González was unique in this instance because his work demanded an active interaction- something that required the skills shaped by a long and specialized apprenticeship.^[6] In 1937 he contributed to the Spanish Pavilion at the World Fair in Paris (La Montserrat, standing near Guernica), and to Cubism and Abstract Art at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

1938-1942: Later Years

As González aged between 1938-1940, he drew more.^[7] These later works, as scholar, Joseph Withers states, “touch on larger problems and personal concerns which necessitated our discussion of these works in the context of González’s evidently pessimistic reaction to the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War.^[7] Julio González was directly effected by the Second World War; his daughter, Roberta González, married German painter- and Julio's assistant- Hans Hartung in 1938.^[4] When the German invasion occurred in France, the couple had to separate from the rest of the family since Hans Hurting was an anti-Nazi and was wanted by the German secret police.^[4] While separated from his daughter and son-in-law, Julio Gonzalez drew figurative drawings and worked on plaster casts. The drawings and castings produced during the last two years of his life are testimonies to the suffering and despair Gonzalez felt towards tyranny and war.^[1] Julio Gonzalez died in Arcueil on March 27, 1942.

Public collections

The Art Institute of Chicago, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (Washington D.C.), the Honolulu Museum of Art, the Kröller-Müller Museum (Otterlo, Netherlands), the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Luís Ángel Arango Library (Bogotá, Colombia), the Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art (Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois), Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rennes (France), Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (Madrid) Museo Patio Herreriano de Valladolid (Spain), Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya (Barcelona, Spain), the Museum of Modern Art (New York City), the Nasher Sculpture Center (Dallas, Texas), the National Gallery of Scotland (Edinburgh), the Peggy Guggenheim Collection (Venice), the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Pompidou Center (Paris), the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (New York City), and the Tate Gallery (London) are among the public collections holding work by Julio González. The biggest collection of this artist's work is held by the IVAM (Valencia’s Institute of Modern Art), in the city of Valencia, Spain, with close to 400 pieces.^[8]

Artworks

• Still life II, conserved at MNAC
• Raised Left Hand, conserved at MNAC

References

Further reading

• Nancy Marmer, "Julio Gonzalez: Sculpture in Iron," Art in America, November/December 1978, pp. 23–24.

External links

• Guggenheim Museum biography
• The Legacy Project, Visual Arts Library
• Spanish Painters, biographies
• IVAM (Valencia’s Institute of Modern Art)
• Julio González in American public collections, on the French Sculpture Census website