Joseph William Sutton

Joseph William Sutton
Born (1844-10-21)October 21, 1844
Stepney, London, England
Died February 21, 1914(1914-02-21) (aged 69)
Occupation Engineer

Joseph William Sutton (21 October 1844 – 21 February 1914), identified in the print media as J. W. Sutton, was an Australian engineer, shipbuilder, inventor, pioneer in electric lighting and x-ray pioneer in Queensland.

Life and times

Hurlton, Chelmer, 1928

In 1844, Sutton was born in Stepney, London, England. His parents were George Sutton (Shipwright) and Elizabeth Kemmesat.[1] He was christened on 1 December 1844.[2] After Elizabeth's death, the George Sutton with three of his children (Hannah, Henry and Joseph) moved from London and arrived in Sydney 15 October 1852 on board the "Coldstream". (A year later Hannah and Henry were married in the same service 22 December 1853, to Daniel McLauchlan and Jemima Evans respectively at Christ Church St Laurence. Empire Sydney 28/12/1853).[3] Joseph married Mary Hurley (15 September 1847 – 11 July 1926) on 21 October 1869 in Balmain, Sydney.[4] They lived for many years in "Stonehenge" on Bowen Terrace, overlooking the foundry on Kangaroo point. The couple built a home, Hurlton (a name derived from their surnames Hurley and Sutton) in Laurel Avenue, Chelmer in Brisbane.[5] After the death of his widow, Hurlton was purchased in 1928 by William Robert Black, a philanthropist who donated it to the Presbyterian Church for use as a children's home; the house, which is highly modified, is now listed on the Brisbane Heritage Register.[5][6]

Sutton was a prominent figure in Brisbane at the end of the 19th century. Throughout his life, he was keen on experimenting and inventing. Of particular note is the invention of the gold extraction process, which was utilized at the Mount Morgan field.[7] Sutton was interested in the early development of telephones, electric lights and Rontgen rays.[8][9][10]

Personal life

Family:

Early career

Joseph received his education in Sydney then indentured at the Sydney firm of John Fitzpatrick, coppersmith. One year after Sutton became a journeyman, he moved to Brisbane. In May 1870, he started business with his friend James Hipwood as Hipwood and Sutton. The partners, with others, started the Bulimba Smelting Works, Mr. Sutton taking the position of manager. To illustrate the language and sign of the times, the following advertisement of 9 June 1870 in The Brisbane Courier is provided.[12]
Notice.

To all those interested in Sugar Making, Distilling, Brewing, Engineering, &c. Messrs. HIPWOOD & SUTTON will commence business as COPPERSMITHS, BRASSFOUNDERS, FINISHERS, PLUMBERS, &c. about MONDAY, June 13, and are prepared to execute any orders that they may be favored with. Vacuum, Wetzel, Bour, and Tache Pans, Clarifiers, &c.; Rum Stills from 100 to 2000 gallons; Wine and Whiskey Stills, 15 to 100 gallons; Brewing Coppers and Tinned Copper Pipes of all sizes; Copper and Iron Pipes, Lamps, Oil Feeders, &c., and every requisite for the Engine Room. Address: Hipwood & Sutton, Northern Copper Works, Eagle-street, Brisbane. 4858. – The Brisbane Courier

The company of Hipwood and Sutton did business as coppersmiths and brassfounders, and remained in business until 1877, at which time the company disbanded.[13]

J. W. Sutton and Company

Sutton and Co. Foundry on Main Street, Kangaroo Point, Brisbane, circa 1890
J. W. Sutton & Co. advertisement, 1888

Sutton reorganized and continued in business as J. W. Sutton and Company, Engineering Works. In 1880, the business was expanded to Kangaroo Point, as Sutton foresaw the growth of the company to meet the needs of the sugar industry and the engineering trades. At Kangaroo Point, two partners were brought into the business, W. Bussell and W. Hiley.[13]

In the 1880s the J. W. Sutton and Company's shipbuilding yard and foundry was a prominent industrial complex at Kangaroo Point.[14] Prior to establishing J. W. Sutton and Company, Sutton was manager at the tin smelting works and foundry at Bulimba. There is a good description of the company in "The Queenslander" 17 June 1883. At this point they employed about 200 men at Kangaroo Point works.

In 1885, the city directory listed the business: "SUTTON, J. W., and Co. (J. W. Sutton and W. Hiley), engineers, iron and brass founders, coppersmiths, and iron ship builders, 29 Eagle street; tel. 43. Works, Kangaroo Point; tel. 48."[15] The listing (presumably Sutton's residence) that preceded this entry was: "Sutton, J. W. (J. W. Sutton and Co.), Stonehenge, Bowen terrace".[15] Pugh's Almanac in 1885 listed J.W. Sutton and Co. at Kangaroo Point as a boat and ship builder; as coppersmith and brass founders at 25 Eagle-street and Kangaroo Point; as engineers and iron-founders at Eagle-street with boiler works at Kangaroo Point, smelter and assayer at Eagle-street.[16] The Alexandra Mine and Battery at Palmerville Station, Maytown, Queensland was equipped with a battery plant. The battery plant that supplied electricity included a Cornish boiler in a brick mount with a flue leading to an intact nine metre high metal chimney. The Cornish boiler was manufactured by J. W. Sutton & Co.[17] The firm provided materials and aided in bridge construction for the South Coast railway line in Queensland. In addition, several key sugar factories were equipped with machinery from J. W. Sutton and Co. During the floods of 1893, the original foundry was destroyed. Sutton rebuilt the foundry and was flooded again in the same year. Not long after, the company was sold to Evans, Anderson and Phelan.[9]

Iceberg built by JW Sutton at Kangaroo Point

Kitson Lighting and Heating Company Limited

Joseph William Sutton was a manager and consultant engineer. At the end of 1902 Sutton took an extensive trip to Europe and America for the Kitson Light Co. An article on this trip was written in the Brisbane Courier 17 Jan 1903 entitled "An Australian in England and America" From the Richmond River Express 17 Nov 1903: "On Saturday last Ald. Frost, who has been a consistent advocate for a trial of the Kitson light, for the purposes of, town lighting, was kept busy with the able electrical engineer, Mr. J. Sutton, who was sent from Brisbane by the Kitson Light Co. to instal the lamp at the intersection of Walker and Canterbury streets, in putting up the iron post and fixing the necessary machinery for the production of the light.

Electrical pioneer

On 9 December 1882, at Brisbane Queensland, the public was introduced to electricity by having a demonstration that utilized eight arc lights, erected along Queen Street. The lamps were erected on 20 foot cast iron standards. The power to supply these arc lights was taken from a 10 horsepower Crompton DC generator driven by a Robey steam engine in the foundry of J. W. Sutton & Co. at Adelaide Street.[18] Later, the Brisbane Courier newspaper received electricity supplied from the foundry of J. W. Sutton at Foundry Lane, later called Isles Lane (now the site of a multi storey building). The power was from a 10 hp Crompton DC generator.[19] On 10 December 1882, the J. W. Sutton & Co. offices at Adelaide Street in Brisbane were lighted by electricity for the first time in Queensland.[18] Sutton was the father-in-law of Edward Barton who was also heavily involved in Brisbane's electric lighting. From The Telegraph, Brisbane; 24 Feb 1921. "Mr. W. M. L'Estrange, of the Ipswich Electric Supply Company, Limited; had stated that the residence of Mr., C, Hardie Buzacott, of Chelmer, was one of the first houses in Australia to be lit up by electric light, as Mr. Buzacott had brought a plant out from England about the year 1887, and which he had installed at his residence for lighting purposes. Mr. L'Estrange also stated that about the same time Mr. Sutton, of Laurel, avenue, Chelmer also installed an electric plant at his residence, and, that probably Mr. Sutton's residence with that of Mr. Buzacott's could be claimed to be the first private dwellings to be lit up by electricity in Australia."

Education pioneer

Sutton was keenly involved in all things educational. Sutton was a founding member of the Brisbane Technical College from September 1882. The college was originally part of the Brisbane School of Arts. In November 1892 Sutton was involved in organising the separation from the School of Arts. Sutton became the chairman of the subcommittee (1897), handling the separation and obtaining a new building. By 1900 Sutton was Chairman of the Brisbane Technical College 1899–1901. In Aug 1900 Sutton was appointed a member of the council of the Brisbane Technical College. By donating to the building fund Mr and Mrs Sutton became life members of the college. Sutton was reappointed to the council in November 1903. He remained as an ordinary member till post 1904. Sutton was also involved with having physics as a foundation discipline in its own right included in the curriculum for the University of Queensland.[20] Post 1904 Sutton's health (most likely deteriorating from his exposure to radiation from X-rays as well as to Radium) caused him to slowly withdraw from public life.

Photographic pioneer

Joseph William Sutton was involved in the very beginning of the Queensland Photographic Society: From "The Week" newspaper Brisbane Sat 20 Sept 1884: "PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY.—The newly formed Queensland photographers' society held a meeting on Monday in rooms over Sloss', confectioners, Queen-street. There was a good attendance of members. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:—President, the Hon A. C. Gregory; vice-presidents, Professor Pepper, and Mr. J. W. Sutton ; secretary, Mr. J. R. Hall; committee, Messrs. Rickardo, Lyons, and Service." From the beginning Sutton was often availing his steamers to be used to take members along the Brisbane river for photo shoots, as seen from The Brisbane Courier 17 Feb 1885: "The chairman (Sutton on this occasion) notified his intention of taking the members down the Bay, probably on Saturday next, for the purpose of giving them an opportunity to exhibit their skill in "snapping" pretty glimpses of river scenery." In these early days many of the society meetings were held at the Sutton household: Brisbane Courier 25 Jan 1886. "A MEETING of the Queensland Photographic Society was held on Saturday evening at Mr. J.W. Sutton's house. Mr. Sutton, who is vice-president, took the chair..... Mr Sutton very kindly placed his large veranda at the disposal of the members, together with the use of his dark-room for practical demonstrations on the nights of meeting, and also his optical lanterns for exhibitions of transparencies, which generous offer was accepted with a hearty vote of thanks." The Telegraph 17 Mar 1886: "The monthly meeting of the Queensland Photographic Society was held at Mr. J. W. Sutton's house on Monday evening. That gentleman presided....... Mr. Sutton exhibited specimens of prints done with Morgan and Kidd's contact paper, and promised to give a practical demonstration of the process on the next meeting night." The Brisbane Courier 27 July 1886: "A CONVERSAZIONE was held last night at the School of Arts by the Queensland Photographic Society to celebrate the first anniversary of their formation..... The society, which had just completed its first year, at first encountered great difficulties, but through the kindness of several of their members – notably Mr. J. W. Sutton, who had placed many facilities they could not otherwise have obtained at their disposal, they had been very successful. The society now numbered 133 members, and had a satisfactory balance at the bank at its disposal." The Brisbane Courier 1887: The second annual conversazione of the Queensland Photographic Society was held last night in the lecture hall of the Y.M.C.A. with great success...At 9 o'clock Mr J. W. Sutton exhibited, by means of the oxy-hydrogen limelight, a large collection of lantern-slides. This exhibition opened with a number of very fine views of Melbourne buildings and streets and Victorian scenery." The New Photography; Sutton was the first in Brisbane to demonstrate X-Rays and X-Ray photography, only four months after Roentgen's discovery 29th February 1896. Prof. Lyle being the first in Australia on 4th of April 1896, followed by Prof. Bragg 30th May 1896

Displays and awards gained at the Queensland Exhibition

"The prismatic (or fairy) fountain, which has been constructed by Mr. J. W. Sutton for the council of the National Association, was tried on Friday evening, and was found to act admirably; it is placed under the dome of the building, and will add greatly to the beauty of the exhibition, while tending to keep the atmosphere cool and pleasant."[21]

Sugar industry inventor

In 1878, Sutton developed a better method to extract sugar from sugar cane juice.

"What looks like a decided improvement upon the open air methods hitherto followed to evaporate cane juice has just been patented by Messrs. J. W. Sutton and Co., coppersmiths, Brisbane. Mr. Sutton aims at evaporating juice at a heat of from 120° to 180°. This he does in the open air. He obtains the required temperature by means of a steam coil running around his evaporating pan, which is of the ordinary circular form. This heat will not boil the liquor, of course; that he accomplishes by menus of a perforated pipe or coil coming in at the bottom of the evaporating pan. Through this latter coil, a current of air is forced by a fan blast. The air may either be of atmospheric temperature, or it may be heated, as seems most desirable. In the event of heated air being forced into the liquor, or through it, the air is passed through furnaces in a series of pipes, by which means it becomes highly rarefied, and the temperature is raised at the same time. We have seen the apparatus at work, cold air being used, and there was a particularly brisk ebullion, while the temperature of the liquid at first barely marked 130°. Mr. Sutton's calculation at the time was that three gallons were evaporated per hour from each superficial foot of liquid while the temperatures was 180°. The evaporation was certainly very rapid, and the temperature completely under control. Two pans upon this principle have been ordered, one by Mr. R. Muir, of Nerang, who intends to have it at work early next month. The advantage claimed are- at least double the ordinary rate of evaporation by open fire-boiling, with absolute security from burning, and perfect control over the entire apparatus, including facilities for skimming and cleaning the liquor and syrups on the boiling proceeds. Mr. Sutton has gone into this matter, as he has into other improvements, with energy and skill, and deserves the success likely to flow from his efforts."[22]
"Messrs. J. W. Sutton and Co. have been granted a patent for an improvement in the manufacture of sugar, and, from the many trials to which it has lately been subjected, is pronounced by those most interested in judging its capabilities a very decided success."[23]
"A trial of Messrs. J. and W. Sutton and Co's new patent atmospheric battery for concentrating cane juice was held yesterday afternoon at Mr. O. Randle's sugar plantation, Eagle Farm."[24]

X-ray pioneer

Sutton had been unsuccessfully trying to obtain x-rays experimenting with spent incandescent lamps and Geisler tubes, and it wasn't until he obtained Röntgen's Crookes tube that he finally became successful.[25] In early July 1896, Sutton was the first to demonstrate X-rays in Brisbane for physician Dr. John Thompson. (See also The Queenslander, illustrated article; radiograph of keys and of hand, on 18 July page 117.) On 8 August 1896, at the invitation of the Royal Society of Queensland, Sutton performed a demonstration of Röntgen rays and in doing so left his mark in the annals of history an Australian pioneer of X-rays in Queensland.[10][26][27] Sutton opened with a review of the historical aspects of what was known of the subject. Then he produced a diagram on the blackboard of the electromagnetic spectrum and reviewed the various portions that included the visible, ‘infra red’, ‘heat rays’, ‘ultra violet’ spectrums and the 'unmapped rays'.[10] An account of the evening recalled:[10]

"He proceeded to state that photography had revealed the fact that photographically active rays extended a distance of nine or ten times the length of the visual spectrum. and both from the ultra violet and the infra red portion of the spectrum; there emanated a long series of rays which, though quite invisible, possessed chemical energy and heat, and with which it was quite possible to make radiographs through many opaque substances, and it was supposed that somehow in these outskirts of the spectrum, the X-rays would be found if they are associated with light at all."

Sutton then explained the apparatus he had prepared to demonstrate. The contraption consisted of an electric battery and large induction coil which provided the electric current to illuminate the Crookes focus tube. He asked the audience to observe an ordinary vacuum tube or Geissler tube. He passed electric current through the tube, a large three-bulb tube, and the tube was instantly filled with the well-known phosphorescent glow. Sutton remarked that X-rays were emanating from the tube, but the rays were so diffuse as to be of no effect. Next, the Geissler tube was replaced by a Crookes tube. Electric current was passed through the Crookes tube. He explained that the Crookes tube had "a more complete vacuum" and "other improvements made". Sutton explained that it was necessary to make additional improvements and refinements in the vacuum tube which required "a more complete vacuum". The final step involved an arrangement of aluminium and platinum discs utilized to focus the X-rays.[10] Further recollections of the evening:[10]

"Having thus explained the apparatus, Mr. Sutton made several exposures of plates with remarkably good results. One interesting exposure was a collection of various articles, offering various degrees of opacity to the rays. The development of the plates was admirably carried out by Mr. Ferguson under circumstances decidedly unfavourable to such delicate work, with capital results. The exhibition of articles on the fluorescent screen, where the wonderful effects of the X-rays were at once visible, called forth frequent applause. Coins placed in a cigar case were plainly seen, and so were similar articles placed between two-inch thick deal boards, or in the middle of a thick book. Neither the wood nor the paper seemed to offer much resistance to the light. The proceedings were terminated by a hearty vote of thanks to the lecturer and demonstrator."

There are many references in the newspapers of the time of Sutton subsequently performing many demonstrations of these invisible rays using himself and other volunteers from his audiences. He later went on to also demonstrate the invisible rays of radium.

Ships built by J. W. Sutton and Company

The following is a partial list of ships built by J. W. Sutton and Co. at Kangaroo Point. Information obtained from Lloyd's Register and other sources.[9][28] See also "Steamers on the River" from Ipswitch to the sea. by William Torrance.

Professional service

Patents

"Joseph William Sutton, a subject of the Queen of Great Britain, and a resident of Ohelmer, in the county of Stanley and Colony of Queensland, have invented a certain new and useful improved rotary apparatus to be used in the generation of chlorin gas and its application to the chlorination of finely divided auriferous material and silver ores…" – J.W. Sutton, U.S. Patent No. 527,899.

References

  1. ↑ England and Wales Birth Registration Index, 1837–2008. Database. FamilySearch. Joseph William Sutton, 1844. England & Wales Births, 1837–2006. Database. Citing Birth Registration. Stepney, London, England. Citing General Register Office. Southport, England.
  2. ↑ England Births and Christenings, 1538–1975. Database. FamilySearch. Joseph William Sutton, 1 December 1844. Citing: Saint Dunstan, Stepney, London, England. Reference. FHL microfilm 596,913 - 596,916.
  3. ↑ http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/60147753?browse=ndp%3Abrowse%2Ftitle%2FE%2Ftitle%2F67%2F1853%2F12%2F28%2Fpage%2F5969247%2Farticle%2F60147753 Marriages
  4. ↑ "Family Notices.". The Sydney Mail. 6 November 1869. p. 12. Retrieved 23 January 2016 – via National Library of Australia. Download
  5. 1 2 "BRISBANE'S HISTORIC HOMES.". The Queenslander. 5 May 1932. p. 34. Retrieved 23 January 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  6. ↑ "Residence 'Hurlton'". Brisbane Heritage Register. Brisbane City Council. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  7. ↑ Editor. (22 February 1894). Sutton's Gold Saving Process. The Otago Witness. Issue 2087. Page 12.
  8. 1 2 Editor. (27 February 1914). J. W. Sutton. Obituary. The Week. Brisbane, Queensland. Page 28.
  9. 1 2 3 Editor. (24 May 1930). Iron Ships and Bridges. Kangaroo Point. Past and Present. Pioneer Industries. The Brisbane Courier. Page 22.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Trainor, J.P. (1946). Salute to the X-Ray Pioneers of Australia. W. Watson & Sons. Sydney, Australia.
  11. ↑ Australia. Queensland Cemetery Records, 1802–1990. Database with images. FamilySearch. Joseph William Sutton, 1914. Citing Burial, Rogers Queensland index. Queensland. Private collection of Jim and Alison Rogers. Bargara. FHL microfilm 1,669,659.
  12. ↑ Editor. (9 June 1870). Classified Advertising. Brisbane Courier
  13. 1 2 Morrison, W. Frederick. (1888). The Aldine History of Queensland. The Aldine Publishing Company. Sydney.
  14. ↑ Gordon and Gotch. (1888). The Australian Handbook (incorporating New Zealand, Fiji, and New Guinea) Shippers, Importers and Professional Directory & Business Guide. Brisbane, Australia.
  15. 1 2 Editor. (1885). The Brisbane Post Office Directory and Country Guide. Watson and Ferguson. Queensland.
  16. ↑ Editor. (1885). Pugh's Queensland Almanac, Law Calendar, Directory, and Coast Guide. Thorne and Greenwell. Queensland.
  17. ↑ Webmaster. (2014). Alexandra Mine And Battery. The University of Queensland/FAIMS.
  18. 1 2 Becconsall, Brian. (2016). Electricity Industry Chronology – Technical Development. Engineering Heritage Queensland. Engineers Australia. Canberra, Australia.
  19. ↑ Editor. (2014). Electricity in Brisbane 1882 – 1888. History of Electricity. Scholz Electrical. Brisbane.
  20. ↑ Mainstone, John (2011). "The Selection of Physics as a Foundation Discipline at The University of Queensland: A Long Winding Path to Recognition" (PDF). Crossroads. V (2): 51–52.
  21. ↑ The Brisbane Courier, Monday 19 August 1878
  22. ↑ "Local and General News.". Northern Star. 3 (22). New South Wales. 8 June 1878. p. 2. Retrieved 1 March 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  23. ↑ "THE SUTTON SUGAR PAN EVAPORATOR.". The Week. VII (163). Brisbane. 8 February 1879. p. 5. Retrieved 1 March 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  24. ↑ "MR. SUTTON'S ATMOSPHERIC EVAPORATOR.". Mackay Mercury and South Kennedy Advertiser (812). Queensland. 5 November 1879. p. 3. Retrieved 1 March 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  25. ↑ "New Photography.". The Telegraph (7,405). Queensland. 10 July 1896. p. 4. Retrieved 1 March 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  26. ↑ Sutton, J. W. (1897). Experiments with Röntgen rays. (Report of demonstrations.) Royal Society of Queensland. Proceedings., 12 (1897): 86-88.
  27. ↑ Sutton, J. W. (1900). Presidential address. Royal Society of Queensland. Proceedings. 15 (1900): viii-xxv.
  28. ↑ Editor, Lloyds. (1892). J. W. Sutton & Co. List of Iron and Steel Shipbuilders and Marine Engine Builders at Foreign Posts. Australia. Brisbane, Queensland. Underwriters’ Registry for Iron Vessels in 1885. Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping, Volume 2. Cox and Wyman, printers. Cornhill, London.
  29. ↑ John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland. Image number: 37703
  30. ↑ Editor. (2015). The Maid of Sker. John Oxley Library. Manuscripts and Business Records Collection. State Library of Queensland. Brisbane.
  31. ↑ "Wreck of Lady Musgrave".
  32. ↑ Stevens, E.V. (22 May 1952). Shipbuilding. Development of the Port of Brisbane. Historical Society of Queensland. Queensland.
  33. 1 2 Editor. (2016). Queensland Photographic Society. Photographic Exhibitions of Australia. Queensland.
  34. 1 2 Editor. (1892). The International Annual of Anthony's Photographic Bulletin, Volume 5. E. & H.T. Anthony Company.
  35. 1 2 Editor. (1899). Transactions of the Queensland Philosophical Society. Queensland Museum. Brisbane.
  36. ↑ Editor. (2015). Queensland Acclimatisation Society. John Oxley Library. Manuscripts and Business Records Collection. State Library of Queensland. Brisbane.
  37. ↑ Sutton, Joseph William. (14 July 1892). Improvements in the wet process for the extraction of gold or silver or both from pulverized ores or from other finely-divided material, and in apparatus therefor. Joseph William Sutton, Eagle-street, Brisbane, Queensland. No. 3856.
  38. 1 2 3 4 Carpenter, C.W. (1897). The Mines of New South Wales. 1897. G. Robertson & Company.
  39. ↑ Sutton, Joseph William. (29 November 1892). Improvements in the separation of gold from its chloride solution. Joseph William Sutton, Eagle-street, Brisbane, Queensland. No. 4152.
  40. ↑ Sutton, Joseph William. (31 July 1893). Improvements in the chlorination of pulverized ores containing gold or silver, and in apparatus therefor. Joseph William Sutton, Eagle-street, Brisbane, Queensland. No. 4543.
  41. ↑ Sutton, J. W. (23 October 1894). Rotary apparatus for generation of chlorin gas, &c. No. 527,899. U.S. Patent No. 527,899. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Application filed: 1 February 1894.
  42. ↑ Sutton, Joseph William. (21 February 1895). Improvements in recovery of gold precipitated from its chloride solution by sulphate of iron. Joseph William Sutton, Eagle-street, Brisbane, Queensland. No. 5625.
  43. ↑ Sutton, Joseph William. Pneumatic cushion-spring for wheeled vehicles. U.S. Patent No. 1,048,371. 24 December 1912. Sutton, J. W. (1912). U.S. Patent No. 1,048,371. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Issued: 24 December 1912.
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