Synovial joint

Synovial joint

Structure of synovial joint

Types of synovial joints. Clockwise from top-right: Ball and socket joint, Condyloid joint, Plane joint, Saddle joint, Hinge joint and Pivot joint.
Details
Identifiers
Latin junctura synovialis
TA A03.0.00.020
FMA 7501

Anatomical terminology

A synovial joint, also known as diarthrosis, joins bones with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones, constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity, and surrounds the bones' articulating surfaces. The synovial cavity/joint is filled with synovial fluid. The joint capsule is made up of an outer layer, the articular capsule, which keeps the bones together structurally, and an inner layer, the synovial membrane, which seals in the synovial fluid.

They are the most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal. As with most other joints, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones.

Structure

Synovial joints contain the following structures:

Many, but not all, synovial joints also contain additional structures:[1]

The bone surrounding the joint on the proximal side is sometimes called the plafond, especially in the talocrural joint. A damage to this occurs in a Gosselin fracture.

Blood supply

The blood supply of a synovial joint is derived from the arteries sharing in the anastomosis around the joint.

Types

There are six types of synovial joints.[3] Some are relatively immobile, but are more stable. Others have multiple degrees of freedom, but at the expense of greater risk of injury.[3] In ascending order of mobility, they are:

Name Example Description
Plane joints (or gliding joint) carpals of the wrist, acromioclavicular joint These joints allow only gliding or sliding movements, are multi-axial such as the articulation between vertebrae.
Hinge joints elbow (between the humerus and the ulna) These joints act as a door hinge does, allowing flexion and extension in just one plane
Pivot joints atlanto-axial joint, proximal radioulnar joint, and distal radioulnar joint One bone rotates about another
Condyloid joints (or ellipsoidal joints) wrist joint (radiocarpal joint) A condyloid joint is a modified ball and socket joint that allow primary movement within two perpendicular axes, passive or secondary movement may occur on a third axes. Some classifications make a distinction between condyloid and ellipsoid joints;[4][5] these joints allow flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements (circumduction).
Saddle joints Carpometacarpal or trapeziometacarpal joint of thumb (between the metacarpal and carpal - trapezium), sternoclavicular joint Saddle joints, where the two surfcaces are reciprocally concavoconvex in shape, which resemble a saddle, permit the same movements as the condyloid joints but allow greater movement
Ball and socket joints

"universal Joint"

shoulder (glenohumeral) and hip joints These allow for all movements except gliding
Compound joints[6][7] / modified hinge joints knee joint condylar joint (condyles of femur join with condyles of tibia) and saddle joint (lower end of femur joins with patella)

Function

The movements possible with synovial joints are:

Clinical significance

The joint space equals the distance between the involved bones of the joint. A joint space narrowing is a sign of either (or both) osteoarthritis and inflammatory degeneration.[8] The normal joint space is at least 2 mm in the hip (at the superior acetabulum),[9] at least 3 mm in the knee,[10] and 4–5 mm in the shoulder joint.[11] For the temporomandibular joint, a joint space of between 1.5 and 4 mm is regarded as normal.[12] Joint space narrowing is therefore a component of several radiographic classifications of osteoarthritis.

References

  1. 1 2 Drake et al. (2009) Gray's Anatomy for Students, 2nd Edition, Skeletal system, p.21
  2. Tortora & Derrickson () Principles of Anatomy & Physiology, 12th Edition, Pub: Wiley & Sons
  3. 1 2 Umich 2010 couse, Module - Introduction to Joints
  4. Rogers, Kara (2010) Bone and Muscle: Structure, Force, and Motion p.157
  5. Sharkey, John (2008) The Concise Book of Neuromuscular Therapy p.33
  6. Moini (2011) Introduction to Pathology for the Physical Therapist Assistant pp.231-2
  7. The Biophysical Foundations Of Human Movement (2005) By Bruce Abernethy pp.23, 331
  8. Jacobson, Jon A.; Girish, Gandikota; Jiang, Yebin; Sabb, Brian J. (2008). "Radiographic Evaluation of Arthritis: Degenerative Joint Disease and Variations". Radiology. 248 (3): 737–747. ISSN 0033-8419. doi:10.1148/radiol.2483062112.
  9. Lequesne, M (2004). "The normal hip joint space: variations in width, shape, and architecture on 223 pelvic radiographs". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 63 (9): 1145–1151. ISSN 0003-4967. doi:10.1136/ard.2003.018424.
  10. Page 6 in: Roland W. Moskowitz (2007). Osteoarthritis: Diagnosis and Medical/surgical Management, LWW Doody's all reviewed collection. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781767071.
  11. "Glenohumeral joint space". radref.org., in turn citing: Petersson, Claes J.; Redlund-Johnell, Inga (2009). "Joint Space in Normal Gleno-Humeral Radiographs". Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 54 (2): 274–276. ISSN 0001-6470. doi:10.3109/17453678308996569.
  12. Massilla Mani, F.; Sivasubramanian, S. Satha (2016). "A study of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis using computed tomographic imaging". Biomedical Journal. 39 (3): 201–206. ISSN 2319-4170. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2016.06.003.
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