John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford

John of Lancaster
Duke of Bedford Regent in France
John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, with his heraldic badges of wood stocks and his motto A Vous Entier (miniature from Bedford Hours)
Born	(1389-06-20)20 June 1389
Died	14 September 1435(1435-09-14) (aged 46) Castle of 'Joyeux Repos', Rouen
Burial	Rouen Cathedral, Normandy
Spouse	Anne of Burgundy m. 1423; dec. 1432 Jacquetta of Luxembourg m. 1433; wid. 1435
House	House of Lancaster
Father	Henry IV of England
Mother	Mary de Bohun

John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, Knight of the Garter, kneels before Saint George who wears the blue mantle of the Order of the Garter. Illuminated miniature from the Bedford Hours, formerly in the Duke's private library

John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, KG (20 June 1389 – 14 September 1435) was the third surviving son of King Henry IV of England by Mary de Bohun, brother to King Henry V, and acted as regent of France for his nephew, King Henry VI.

Life account

After his father's accession to the throne of England as Henry IV, John of Lancaster began to accumulate lands and lucrative offices. He was knighted on 12 October 1399 at his father's coronation and made a Knight of the Garter by 1402. Between 1403 and 1405 grants of the forfeited lands from the House of Percy and of the alien priory of Ogbourne, Wiltshire, considerably increased his income. He was appointed master of the mews and falcons in 1402, Constable of England in 1403 and Warden of the East March from 1403 to 1414. He was created Earl of Kendal, Earl of Richmond and Duke of Bedford in 1414 by his brother, King Henry V.

When Henry V died in 1422, Bedford vied with his younger brother, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, for control of the Kingdom. Bedford was declared Regent but focused on the ongoing war in France, while during his absence Gloucester acted as Lord Protector of England. Bedford defeated the French several times, most notably at the Battle of Verneuil, until the arrival of Joan of Arc rallied the opposition. In 1431, Bedford had Joan tried and executed at Rouen, then arranged a coronation for the young Henry VI at Paris.

Bedford had been Governor in Normandy between 1422–1432^[1][2] where the University of Caen was founded under his auspices. He was an extremely important commissioner of illuminated manuscripts, both from Paris (from the Bedford Master and his workshop) and England. The three most important surviving manuscripts of his are the Bedford Hours (British Library Ms Add 18850) and the Salisbury Breviary (Paris BnF Ms Lat. 17294), which were both made in Paris, and the Bedford Psalter and Hours of about 1420-23, which is English (BL Ms Add 42131). This last is signed in two places by Herman Scheere. All are lavishly decorated and famous examples of the style of the period.

Family

John's first marriage was to Anne, daughter of John the Fearless on 13 May 1423 in Troyes,^{[3][lower-alpha 1]} The couple were happily married, despite being childless. Anne died of the plague in Paris in 1432.^[4]

John's second marriage was to Jacquetta of Luxembourg.^[5] This marriage was also childless, though Jacquetta went on to have more than a dozen children in her second marriage.

In addition, out of wedlock he had a daughter named Mary, who married Pierre de Montferrand (d. 1454), son of Bertrand de Montferrand, and had issue; and a son, Richard.

Succession

John died in 1435 during the Congress of Arras at his Castle of Joyeux Repos in Rouen and was buried at Rouen Cathedral near Henry the Young King, but his grave was destroyed by the Calvinists in 1562. Today a plaque marks the former emplacement of his grave. He had no legitimate surviving issue.^[6]

In literature

He appears in William Shakespeare's plays Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2 as John of Lancaster, and in Henry V and Henry VI, Part 1 as Duke of Bedford.

Georgette Heyer's novel My Lord John deals with his life from when he was four to about twenty.

In the 2011 Philippa Gregory novel, The Lady of the Rivers, John features as the first husband of main character, Jacquetta of Luxembourg.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Arms

Coat of arms of John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, detail from Bedford Hours

Arms of John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford: Royal arms of England differenced by a label of five points per pale ermine and France

As a son of the sovereign, John bore the Royal arms of his father King Henry IV, differenced by a label of five points per pale ermine and France.^[7]

In the Bedford Book of Hours^[8] these arms are shown supported by an eagle collared with a crown and a sable yale all on a gold field sewn with gold "wood stocks" (cut tree stumps with roots), a heraldic badge of King Edward III, referring to Woodstock Palace. It is possible that the yale was painted in silver which has tarnished black. The shield is surrounded with a pair of banners gules which reverse in argent with the motto repeated four times: A vous entier (To you / yours entire[ly]). This may be a pun on the German Tier, i.e., beast, or on (English) tears —or 'tiers' of meaning, including tierce, referring to himself as third in line to his father's throne and by now rightful king but for the baby Henry VI. The Hours were supposedly produced as a courtship present from John to his wife, Anne, daughter of John the Fearless of Burgundy.

There is a Queen's Arms public house sign from Birmingham^[9] which uses these supporters reversed and with an argent yale uncollared on a shield showing the English royal arms at left and to the right six divisions representing Lorraine. John's second wife, Jacquetta of Luxembourg, cousin to the Emperor (the King of Hungary), was mother to Elizabeth Woodville who may be this queen. Elizabeth Woodville's right to inherit these armorial supporters would seem dubious if they belong to her mother's first husband or to his first wife. Alternatively, though equally incorrect, the arms may be her mother's used in a flattering conceit.

Ancestry

Notes and references