John Heisman

John Heisman

Heisman in his late forties at the Georgia Institute of Technology

Heisman at Georgia Tech c. 1918
Sport(s) Football, basketball, baseball
Biographical details
Born (1869-10-23)October 23, 1869
Cleveland, Ohio
Died October 3, 1936(1936-10-03) (aged 66)
New York, New York
Alma mater
Playing career
Football
1887–1889 Brown
1890–1891 Penn
Position(s) Center, tackle, end
Coaching career (HC unless noted)
Football
1892 Oberlin
1893–1894 Buchtel
1894 Oberlin
1895–1899 Auburn
1900–1903 Clemson
1904–1919 Georgia Tech
1920–1922 Penn
1923 Washington & Jefferson
1924–1927 Rice
Basketball
1908–1909 Georgia Tech
1912–1914 Georgia Tech
Baseball
1894 Buchtel
1899–1904 Clemson
1904–1917 Georgia Tech
Administrative career (AD unless noted)
1904–1919 Georgia Tech
1924–1927 Rice
Head coaching record
Overall 186–70–18 (football)
9–14 (basketball)
219–119–7 (baseball)
Accomplishments and honors
Championships
Football
1 National (1917)
1 Southern (1915)
6 SIAA (1900, 1902–1903, 1916–1918)
College Football Hall of Fame
Inducted in 1954 (profile)

John William Heisman (October 23, 1869 – October 3, 1936) was a player and coach of American football, basketball, and baseball, as well as a sportswriter and actor.

He served as the head football coach at Oberlin College (1892, 1894), Buchtel College (now known as the University of Akron) (1893–1894), Auburn University (1895–1899), Clemson University (1900–1903), Georgia Tech (1904–1919), the University of Pennsylvania (1920–1922), Washington & Jefferson College (1923), and Rice University (1924–1927), compiling a career college football record of 186–70–18. His 1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado were recognized as the national champion.

Heisman was the head basketball coach at Georgia Tech (1908–1909, 1912–1914), tallying a mark of 9–14, and the head baseball coach at Buchtel (1894), Clemson (1899–1904), and Georgia Tech (1904–1917), amassing a career college baseball record of 219–119–7. He served as the athletic director at Georgia Tech from 1904 to 1919 and at Rice from 1924 to 1927. While at Georgia Tech, he also was president of the Atlanta Crackers baseball team.

Fuzzy Woodruff dubbed Heisman the "pioneer of Southern football".[1] Heisman was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1954. His entry there notes that Heisman "stands only behind Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pop Warner, and Walter Camp as a master innovator of the brand of football of his day".[2] One writer says Heisman, Stagg, and Warner constitute the "Football Trinity".[3] The Heisman Trophy, awarded annually to the season's most outstanding college football player, is named after him.[4]

Early life and playing career

Heisman was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Bavarian German immigrant Johann Michael Heissmann and Sara Lehr Heissman.[n 1] He grew up in northwestern Pennsylvania near Titusville, where he played varsity football for Titusville High School from 1884 to 1886, and was salutatorian of his graduating class.[8] Although he was a drama student, he confessed he was "football mad."[8] Heisman's father refused to watch him play at Titusville, calling football "bestial".[9]

He went on to play football as a lineman at Brown University (1887–1888)[4] and at the University of Pennsylvania (1889–1891);[3][10][11] "a 158-pound center ... in constant dread that his immediate teammates—guards weighing 212 and 243—would fall on him."[12] He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1892.[11]

Coaching career

In his book Principles of Football, Heisman described his coaching strategy: "The coach should be masterful and commanding, even dictatorial. He has no time to say 'please' or 'mister'. At times he must be severe, arbitrary, and little short of a czar."[13][14] Heisman always used a megaphone at practice.[15]

Early coaching career

Oberlin

Heisman first coached at Oberlin College in 1892.[8][10] Wrote The Oberlin Review in 1892: "Mr. Heisman has entirely remade our football. He has taught us scientific football."[16] Influenced by Yale and Pudge Heffelfinger, Heisman implemented seven-man interference.[17] His best lineman at Oberlin was the half German, half Hawaiian John Henry Wise.[18] Heisman also used a fake pass (from center) and a double pass.[17] Heisman returned to Oberlin in 1894.[17]

Buchtel

In 1893 he moved to Buchtel College, where he helped make the first of many permanent alterations to the sport of football. It was then customary for the center to begin a play by rolling the ball backwards, but this was troublesome for Buchtel's unusually tall quarterback, Harry Clark. Under Heisman, the center began tossing the ball to Clark, a practice that evolved into the snap that today begins every play.[19][20]

Auburn

Portrait of Heisman in his mid- to late twenties at Auburn University
Heisman at Auburn

In 1895 Heisman became the fifth head football coach at Auburn University. He witnessed one of the first illegal forward passes.[21][22] His 1895 team once executed a "hidden ball trick" in a game against Vanderbilt while appearing to run a revolving wedge.[23] Vanderbilt won nevertheless, 9 to 6; it was the first time in the history of southern football that a field goal decided a game.[24] "Billy" Williams recalled:[25]

I was playing left half for Auburn and Tichenor was quarterback. We were on Vandy's 15-yard line and had the ball in our possession. Tich passed the ball to me; I raised his jersey and hid the ball under it, at the same time dashing toward our right end, protected by several members of the Auburn team ... Vandy thought I had the ball. Tich journeyed around his own left and went over the Vanderbilt's goal line. The first time the Vandy players knew Tich had the ball and had made a touchdown was when they saw him pulling the ball from under his jersey.

Quarterback Reynolds Tichenor described the nature of the play as follows:[24]

The play was simply this. When the ball was snapped it went to a halfback. The play was closely massed and well screened. The halfback then thrust the ball under the back of my jersey. Then he would crash into the line. After the play I simply trotted away to a touchdown.

The 1899 team lost just one game, by a single point to the "Iron Men" of Sewanee, and ran an early version of the hurry-up offense.[26][27] As Heisman recalled:

The team of '99—my last at Auburn—was a great one. It only weighed about 160 (pounds per player), but its speed and team work were something truly wonderful. I do not think I have ever seen so fast a team as that was. It would line up and get the ball in play at times before the opposing players were up off the ground. You see it was a 'stunt' of ours to catch them off side and get the benefit of the penalty. Nowadays no team is taken by surprise by such lightning lining up; but that Auburn team of '99 was the first to show what could be done with speedy play, and then it wasn't long before all other teams were laboring with might and main to inject speed into their work.

Fuzzy Woodruff relates on All-Southern selections: "The first selections that had any pretense of being backed by a judicial consideration were made by W. Reynolds Tichenor, old-time Auburn quarterback, who had kept in intimate contact with football through being a sought-after official. The next selections were made by John W. Heisman, who was as good a judge of football men as the country ever produced."[28][29] Heisman drew much acclaim as a sportswriter.[30]

Clemson

Portrait of Heisman at Clemson University, 1901
Heisman at Clemson

In 1900 Heisman, then "the undisputed master of Southern football",[31] went to Clemson University, where he coached four winning seasons and three Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) titles. Auburn graduate Walter Riggs led the effort to raise the $415.11 to hire Heisman,[32] the first Clemson coach who had experience coaching at another school.[33] As Riggs recalled, "By 1899 the Clemson football team had risen steadily until its material was equal to that of any southern college, and the time had come to put on the long-planned finishing touch."[34] Heisman once described his style of play at Clemson as "radically different from anything on earth".[35][36][n 2] On opening day in 1900, Clemson beat Davidson by a 64–0 score, which was then the largest ever made in the south.[38]

The 1901 Clemson team was tied by Tennessee. The 1902 team beat Tennessee 11–0, during which the Volunteers' Tootsie Douglas launched a 109-yard punt (the field length was 110 yards in those days).[39][40][41] Heisman described the kick:

The day was bitterly cold and a veritable typhoon was blowing straight down the field from one end to the other. We rushed the ball with more consistency than Tennessee, but throughout the entire first half they held us because of the superb punting of "Toots" Douglas, especially because, in that period he had the gale squarely with him. Going against that blizzard our labors were like unto those of Tantalus. Slowly, with infinite pains and a maximum of exertion, we pushed the ball from our territory to their 10-yard line. We figured we had another down to draw on, but the referee begged to differ. He handed the ball to Tennessee and the "tornado." Their general cheerfully chirped a signal—Saxe Crawford, it must have been—and "Toots" with sprightly step, dropped back for another of his Milky Way punts. I visualize him still, standing on his own goal line and squarely between his uprights. One quick glance he cast overhead—no doubt to make sure that howling was still the same old hurricane.

I knew at once what he proposed to do. The snap was perfect. "Toots" caught the ball, took two smart steps and—BLAM!—away shot the ball as though from the throat of Big Bertha. And, say, in his palmiest mathematical mood, I don't believe Sir Isaac Newton himself could have figured a more perfect trajectory to fit with that cyclone. Onward and upward, upward and onward, the crazy thing flew like a brainchild of Jules Verne. I thought it would clear the Blue Ridge Mountains. Our safety man, the great Johnny Maxwell, was positioned 50 yards behind our rush line, yet the punt sailed over his head like a phantom aeroplane. Finally, it came down, but still uncured of its wanderlust it started in to roll—toward our goal, of course, with Maxwell chasing and damning it with every step and breath. Finally it curled up and died on our one-footline, after a bowstring journey of just 109 yards.[42]

refer to caption
1903 Clemson Tigers. Heisman in back, second from left with glasses

In 1902 Clemson lost 12–6 to South Carolina in Columbia, for the first time since 1896, when their rivalry began.[43] Several fights broke out that day. As one writer describes, "The Carolina fans that week were carrying around a poster with the image of a tiger with a gamecock standing on top of it, holding the tiger's tail as if he was steering the tiger". Another brawl broke out before both sides agreed to burn the poster in an effort to defuse tensions. The immediate aftermath resulted in the suspension of the rivalry until 1909.[44][45]

The 1903 team tied Cumberland 11–11 in a game billed as the championship of the South. Clemson's 73–0 victory over Georgia Tech led Clemson to name a street on the campus for Heisman and led Georgia Tech to hire him for the following season. Rival school Georgia offered a bushel of apples for every point over 29 Clemson could score on Tech (the week before, Clemson had beaten Georgia 29–0.). Clemson then rushed for 615 yards.[46] Star players for Clemson under Heisman included Vedder Sitton, Hope Sadler, and Jock Hanvey.[47] One publication reads: "Vetter Sitton and Hope Sadler were the finest ends that Clemson ever had perhaps."[48]

Georgia Tech

Heisman moved from Clemson to Georgia Tech in 1904, where he coached for the longest tenure of his career, 16 years.[49][n 3] A banner proclaiming "Tech Gets Heisman for 1904" was strung across Atlanta's Piedmont Park.[51] Heisman was hired by Tech for $2,250 a year and 30% of the home ticket sales,[52] a $50 raise over his Clemson salary.[51] Later in his time at Tech, his salary went up but the percentage of receipts went down.[52]

Baseball and basketball

Heisman at center of 1909 Georgia Tech football team picture, wearing a hat and glasses
1909 Tech football team, Heisman in center

At Georgia Tech, Heisman coached basketball and baseball in addition to football.[53] Heisman eventually coached track as well and became the head of the Atlanta Baseball Association and the athletic director of the Atlanta Athletic Club.[52][54][n 4] He cut back on these expanded duties in 1918, when he only coached football between September 1 and December 15.[52]

Football

Heisman won 77% of his football games and put together 16 consecutive non-losing seasons, including three undefeated campaigns and a 32-game undefeated streak.[n 5] Georgia Tech is where Heisman first utilized the jump shift.[57][58]

His first season was a strong 8–1–1 performance, the first winning season for the school since 1893.[52] One source relates: "The real feature of the season was the marvelous advance made by the Georgia School of Technology which burst from fetters that kept it in the lowest class for ten years."[59] His team posted victories over Georgia, Tennessee, University of Florida at Lake City, and Cumberland, and a tie with his previous employer, Clemson. He suffered just one loss, to another first year coach, Mike Donahue of Auburn. The 1905 team went 6–0–1,[60] and Heisman gained a reputation as a coaching "wizard".[61]

In 1906 the rules committee legalized the forward pass, for which Heisman was instrumental.[2] The 1906 team beat Auburn for the first time. Stars of this early period for Tech included Lob Brown and Billy Wilson.[62][63] The 1907 and 1908 teams were led by Chip Robert and "Twenty Percent" Davis, who was captain in 1909.[60]

The team continued to post winning records but with multiple losses each season. The 1911 team featured future coach William Alexander as a reserve quarterback,[64][65] and was captained by Pat Patterson.[60] Alf McDonald made an All-Southern team in 1912,[66] and the team moved to Grant Field from Ponce de Leon Park (where the Atlanta baseball team also played) by 1913.[67]

1915–1918
Hand-painted scoreboard displaying college football's worst blowout
The 1916 scoreboard, showing football's worst blowout

From 1915 to 1918 Georgia Tech went 30–1–2 and outscored opponents 1611 to 93. The 1915 team was immediately dubbed the greatest in Tech's history.[68][69] One writer claimed the 1916 team "seemed to personify Heisman".[70] This was the first team to vault Georgia Tech to national prominence.[65] In a game played in Atlanta in 1916, Heisman's Georgia Tech squad defeated the Cumberland College Bulldogs, 222–0, in the most one-sided college football game ever played. Heisman's running up the score against his out-manned opponent was supposedly motivated by revenge against Cumberland's baseball team for running up the score against Tech 22–0 the previous year with a team primarily composed of semi-pro players, and against sportswriters he felt were too focused on numbers.[71]

Heisman in his late forties wearing a jersey and lower pads, carrying his megaphone.
Heisman, c. 1917, in front of Clemson's Bowman Field..

In 1917, the backfield of Everett Strupper, Joe Guyon, Al Hill, and Judy Harlan helped propel Heisman to his finest success, a national championship, the first for a southern team. The team produced the first two players from the Deep South ever selected All-American: Strupper and team captain, tackle Walker Carpenter.[72] Heisman challenged Pop Warner's undefeated Pittsburgh team to a decisive national championship game, but he declined. In the next season of 1918, after losing several players to World War I, Tech lost a lopsided game to Pitt 32–0. Historian Francis J. Powers wrote:

At Forbes Field, the dressing rooms of the two teams were separated only by a thin wall. As the Panthers were sitting around, awaiting Warner's pre-game talk, Heisman began to orate in the adjoining room. In his charge to the Tech squad, Heisman became flowery and fiery. He brought the heroes of ancient Greece and the soldier dead in his armor among the ruins of Pompeii. It was terrific and the Panthers sat, spellbound. When Heisman had finished, Warner chortled and quietly said to his players: 'Okay, boys. There's the speech. Now go out and knock them off.'[73]

Tech eclipsed 100 points three different times in 1918. Buck Flowers, a small back in his first year on the team, was in the backfield after transferring from Davidson a year before, where he had starred in a game against Tech. Flowers had grown to weigh 150 pounds and was a backup until Heisman discovered his ability as an open-field runner on punt returns.[74] "Heisman's eyes bulged. And bulged again. On the first punt, Buck ran through the entire first team. Same thing again ... and again. Heisman had uncovered one of the greatest broken-field runners."[74]

Also in 1918, center Bum Day became the first player from the south selected for Walter Camp's first team All-America, historically loaded with college players from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and other northeastern colleges.[75]

Penn and Washington & Jefferson

Portrait of Heisman in his mid-fifties at Rice University

With Bill Alexander hired as his successor, Heisman left Atlanta after the 1919 season,[76] going back to Penn for three seasons from 1920 to 1922. Most notable perhaps is the 1922 loss to Alabama, the Tide's first major inter-sectional victory.[77] In 1923 Heisman coached the Washington & Jefferson Presidents, which beat the previously undefeated West Virginia Mountaineers.[78]

Rice University

Following the season at Washington and Jefferson College, Heisman ended his coaching career with four seasons at Rice. In 1924, after being selected by The Committee on Outdoor Sports,[79] he took over the job as Rice University's first full-time head football coach and athletic director, succeeding Phillip Arbuckle.[80] His teams saw little success, and there was an uproar as he earned more than any faculty member. Rice University was his last coaching job before he retired in 1926 to lead the New York Downtown Athletic Club.[80]

Acting career

Heisman was a Shakespearean actor in the off-season.[4] His oration at his Titusville Highschool graduation entitled "The Dramatist as Sermonizer" was described as "full of dramatic emphasis and fire, and showed how the masterpieces of Shakespeare depicted the ends of unchecked passion."[8][81] He was known for his use of polysyllabic language. "Heisman's voice was deep, his diction perfect, his tone biting."[12] This is exemplified in his speeches, one of which is given here. He was known to repeat this annually, at the start of each football season, to encourage his team:[82]

What is this? It is a prolate spheroid, an elongated sphere in which the outer leather casing is drawn tightly over a somewhat smaller rubber tubing. Better to have died as a small boy than to fumble this football.

In 1897 the Auburn football team finished $700 in debt, and Heisman directed, produced, and acted in David Garrick to raise the money.[83] As such, he became the founder of Auburn's first theatrical group: The A.P.I. Dramatic Club.

Personal life

Heisman met his first wife, an actress, while he was at participating in theater during his time at Clemson.[84] Evelyn McCollum Cox was a widow with a single child, a boy named Carlisle.[85] They got married during the 1903 season. Carlisle was 12 at the time, and he and Heisman would remain close after John and Evelyn had divorced each other.[84][86] They decided to separate in 1918 when Heisman was coaching at Georgia Tech and he and Evelyn were living in Atlanta.[84] To prevent any social embarrassment to his former wife, who chose to remain in the city, he left Atlanta after the divorce and took the head coaching position at Penn.[67][84]

In 1924, while living in Washington, Pennsylvania, and coaching at Washington and Jefferson College, Heisman remarried. He first met Edith Maora Cole when she was a student in Buchtel College, where he was coaching football during the 1893 and 1894 seasons.[84] The two were close but decided not to marry due to Edith's problems with tuberculosis.[84] When they met again in their later years, the two decided to marry; this was in 1924, right before Heisman left Pennsylvania and took his last job as a coach at Rice University in Texas.[84]

Death and legacy

Heisman became the athletics director of the Downtown Athletic Club in Manhattan, New York. In 1935 the club began awarding a Downtown Athletic Club trophy for the best football player east of the Mississippi River.[4]

Heisman died of pneumonia on October 3, 1936, in New York City.[4] Three days later he was taken by train to his wife's hometown of Rhinelander, Wisconsin, where he was buried in Grave D, Lot 11, Block 3 of the city-owned Forest Home Cemetery.[87][88] When Heisman died, he was preparing to write a history of football.[89]

Legacy

Diagram illustrating Heisman's shift formation

Heisman was an innovator. He developed one of the first shifts:[90] he had both guards pull to lead an end run, and had his center toss the ball back instead of rolling or kicking it.[91][n 6] He was a proponent of the legalization of the forward pass in 1906, and he originated the "hike" or "hep" shouted by the quarterback to start each play. He led the effort to cut the game from halves to quarters, and is credited with the idea of the scoreboard and of putting his quarterback at safety on defense.[2]

On December 10, 1936, just two months after Heisman's death on October 3, the Downtown Athletic Club trophy was renamed the Heisman Memorial Trophy,[4] and is now given to the player voted as the season's most outstanding collegiate football player. Voters for this award consist primarily of media representatives, who are allocated by regions across the country in order to filter out possible regional bias, and former recipients.[4] Following the bankruptcy of the Downtown Athletic Club in 2002, the award is now given out by the Heisman Trust.

Heisman Street on Clemson's campus is named in his honor. Heisman Drive, located directly south of Jordan–Hare Stadium on the Auburn University campus, is named in his honor as well.[93] A wooden statue of Heisman was placed at the Rhinelander–Oneida County Airport.[94] Heisman has also been the subject of a musical.[95]

Coaching tree

Heisman's coaching tree includes:

  1. Bill Alexander: played for Georgia Tech (1911–1912), head coach for Georgia Tech (1920–1944)[96]
  2. Bill Fincher: played for Georgia Tech (1916–1920), head coach for William & Mary (1921), assistant for Georgia Tech (1927–1928)[97]
  3. Jack Forsythe: played for Clemson (1900–1903), head coach for Florida State College (1904), Florida (1906)[98]
  4. Charles "Wahoo" Guyon: assistant for Georgia Tech (1917)[72]
  5. Joe Guyon: played for Georgia Tech (1916–1917), head coach for Union College (1919; 1923–1927)[99]
  6. Jock Hanvey: played for Clemson (1902–1903), assistant for Florida State College (1904)[100]
  7. Froggie Morrison: played for Georgia Tech (1914–1916), assistant for Georgia Tech (1933)[101]
  8. Pup Phillips: played for Georgia Tech (1916–1917; 1919), head coach for University School for Boys (1923)[102]
  9. Carl Sitton: played for Clemson (1901–1903), head baseball coach for Clemson (1915–1916)[103]
  10. Everett Strupper: played for Georgia Tech (1915–1917), assistant for Mercer (1922)[104]
  11. Reynolds Tichenor: played for Auburn (1893–1896), assistant for Auburn (1911–1919)[105]
  12. Billy Watkins, who replaced Heisman at Auburn (1900), "an old pupil of Heisman's".[106]
  13. Fay Wood: assistant for Georgia Tech (1918–1920)[96]

Head coaching record

Football

Year Team Overall Conference Standing
Oberlin Yeomen (Independent) (1892)
1892 Oberlin 7–0
Buchtel (Independent) (1893–1894)
1893 Buchtel 5–2
1894 Buchtel 1–0
Buchtel: 6–2
Oberlin Yeomen (Independent) (1894)
1894 Oberlin 4–3–1
Oberlin: 11–3–1
Auburn Tigers (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1895–1899)
1895 Auburn 2–1 2–1 3rd
1896 Auburn 3–1 3–1 4th
1897 Auburn 2–0–1 2–0–1 3rd
1898 Auburn 2–1 2–1 4th
1899 Auburn 3–1–1 2–1–1 6th
Auburn: 12–4–2 11–4–2
Clemson Tigers (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1900–1903)
1900 Clemson 6–0 3–0 T–1st
1901 Clemson 3–1–1 2–0–1 2nd
1902 Clemson 6–1 6–0 T–1st
1903 Clemson 4–1–1 4–0–1 T–1st
Clemson: 19–3–2 15–0–2
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1904–1913)
1904 Georgia Tech 8–1–1 2–1–1 6th
1905 Georgia Tech 6–0–1 4–0–1 2nd
1906 Georgia Tech 5–3–1 3–3 8th
1907 Georgia Tech 4–4 2–4 10th
1908 Georgia Tech 6–3 5–3 6th
1909 Georgia Tech 7–2 5–2 5th
1910 Georgia Tech 5–3 3–3 11th
1911 Georgia Tech 6–2–1 5–2–1 5th
1912 Georgia Tech 5–3–1 5–3 5th
1913 Georgia Tech 7–2 5–2 4th
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (Independent) (1914–1915)
1914 Georgia Tech 6–2
1915 Georgia Tech 7–0–1
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets / Golden Tornado (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1916–1919)
1916 Georgia Tech 8–0–1 4–0–1 T–1st
1917 Georgia Tech 9–0 4–0 1st
1918 Georgia Tech 6–1 3–0 1st
1919 Georgia Tech 7–3 3–2 8th
Georgia Tech: 102–29–7 53–25–4
Penn Quakers (Independent) (1920–1922)
1920 Penn 6–4
1921 Penn 4–3–2
1922 Penn 6–3
Penn: 16–10–2
Washington & Jefferson Presidents (Independent) (1923)
1923 Washington & Jefferson 6–1–1
Washington & Jefferson: 6–1–1
Rice Owls (Southwest Conference) (1924–1927)
1924 Rice 4–4 2–2 T–3rd
1925 Rice 4–4–1 1–2–1 5th
1926 Rice 4–4–1 0–4 7th
1927 Rice 2–6–1 1–3 6th
Rice: 14–18–3 4–11–1
Total: 186–70–18 83–41–9
      National championship         Conference title         Conference division title

Notes

  1. ↑ "Born Johann Wilhelm Heisman on October 23, 1869 ... The name John William was later adopted in order to make less apparent the fact that he was the son of immigrants. His father was ostensibly the estranged son of German aristocrats and husband to his Ohio born wife, for whom he gave up his family, inheritance, and surname."[5][6] His mother's grandfather had been an aide-de-campe to Napoleon.[7]
  2. ↑ Fuzzy Woodruff wrote "the just historian will reach the inevitable conclusion that Heisman never did anything that it wasn't customary for his rivals to do."[37]
  3. ↑ The same season, Dan McGugin was hired by Vanderbilt and Mike Donahue by Auburn, challenging Heisman's eminence in the South.[50]
  4. ↑ In 1909, Atlanta captured the Southern Association title.[55]
  5. ↑ Georgia Tech selected an "All-Heisman Era" team; in the line: Al Staton, Walker Carpenter, Bob Lang, Pup Phillips, Dummy Lebey, Bill Fincher, Jim Senter, and in the backfield: Al Hill, Joe Guyon, Everett Strupper, and Tommy Spence.[56]
  6. ↑ Former Yale center Pa Corbin described how one used to snap the ball with his foot: "By standing the ball on end and exercising a certain pressure on the same, it was possible to have it bound into the quarterback's hands."[92]

References

  1. ↑ Woodruff 1928b, p. 32
  2. 1 2 3 "John Heisman". National Football Foundation. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  3. 1 2 "Football Master Strategist New Name For Heisman". The Atlanta Constitution. October 13, 1918. p. 3. Retrieved May 4, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rielly 2009, pp. 163–164
  5. ↑ "Heisman, John William". libraries.psu.edu. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  6. ↑ Heisman 2012, pp. 3–6
  7. ↑ Pat Edwards. "Heisman led Jackets to victory". Retrieved January 9, 2017.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Brandt 2001, pp. 53–54
  9. ↑ Pope 1955, p. 120
  10. 1 2 "Heisman's Playing Record". November 29, 1903. p. 11. Retrieved October 8, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. 1 2 "John Heisman (1869–1936)". Penn Biographies. Penn University Archives & Records Center. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
  12. 1 2 Pope 1955, p. 119
  13. ↑ Pope 1955, p. 126
  14. ↑ Heisman 1922, p. 360
  15. ↑ Pope 1955, p. 127
  16. ↑ Sawchik, Travis. "John Heisman: The man behind the award and his time at Clemson".
  17. 1 2 3 Pope 1955, p. 121
  18. ↑ Bob Hogue (March 5, 2015). "The First Native Football Player".
  19. ↑ Heisman 2012, pp. 64–65
  20. ↑ Umphlett 1992, p. 37
  21. ↑ Pope 1955, p. 116
  22. ↑ "Tar Heels Credited with Throwing First Forward Pass". Tar Heel Times. tarheeltimes.com. Archived from the original on 2006-12-19. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
  23. ↑ Woodbery 2012, p. 102
  24. 1 2 Gould, Alan (January 24, 1931). "Sport Slants". Prescott Evening Courier.
  25. ↑ Schafer 2004, p. 12
  26. ↑ "John Heisman: Auburn 'the first to show what could be done' with the hurry-up offense – The War Eagle Reader". Thewareaglereader.com. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
  27. ↑ J. W. Heisman (September 4, 1904). "New Football Rules Concise, Complete". The Atlanta Constitution. p. 3. Retrieved October 8, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ↑ Ronnie Thomas (April 26, 1968). "One Way To Break The Monotony". Times Daily.
  29. ↑ "All-Southern Eleven of 1903 Powerful, and Fleet of Foot". Atlanta Constitution. November 29, 1903. p. 11. Retrieved March 5, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ↑ "Coach Heisman To Write On College Baseball". The Atlanta Constitution. March 18, 1905. p. 9. Retrieved October 8, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ↑ Woodruff 1928, p. 110
  32. ↑ Riley 2002, p. 33
  33. ↑ "Heisman Connection". ClemsonTigers.com.
  34. ↑ Blackman 2016, p. 46
  35. ↑ Blackman 2001, p. 7
  36. ↑ Haney, p. 30
  37. ↑ Woodruff 1928a, p. 143
  38. ↑ "Yesterday on the Gridiron". News and Observer. October 23, 1900. p. 2. Retrieved May 12, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  39. ↑ Umphlett 1992, pp. 64–65
  40. ↑ University of Tennessee 2012, p. 324
  41. ↑ "Prodigious Kick". Schenectady Gazette. October 10, 1934.
  42. ↑ Heisman 2012, pp. 104–105
  43. ↑ "Morning Game Was Jonah To Clemson At Columbia". Atlanta Constitution. October 31, 1902. p. 2. Retrieved May 3, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  44. ↑ John Nauright. "The South Carolina – Clemson Football War of 1902". academia.edu. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  45. ↑ Haney, Travis; Williams, Larry (1 January 2011). "Classic Clashes of the Carolina-Clemson Football Rivalry: A State of Disunion". History Press – via Google Books.
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  47. ↑ "Amateur Sport". The Olympian Magazine. 2: 383–384.
  48. ↑ "Vetter Sitton Clemson Coach". The Anderson Daily-Intelligencer. January 21, 1915.
  49. ↑ "Mike Bobinski Bio". ramblinwreck.com. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
  50. ↑ Woodruff 1928a, p. 159
  51. 1 2 Pope 1955, p. 123
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 McMath 1985, p. 96
  53. ↑ J. W. Heisman (March 19, 1905). "Baseball Prospects In Southern Colleges". The Atlanta Constitution. p. 3. Retrieved October 8, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  54. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1023.html
  55. ↑ "Heisman had Minor League connection".
  56. ↑ "Georgia Tech's All-Era Teams" (PDF). Georgia Institute of Technology. 2007. p. 155.
  57. ↑ Woodruff 1928, p. 189
  58. ↑ e. g. McCarty 1988b, p. 18
  59. ↑ "On Gridiron In South". Atlanta Constitution. December 25, 1904. p. 7. Retrieved March 10, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  60. 1 2 3 Georgia Institute of Technology 2008, pp. 190–191
  61. ↑ "Coach Heisman Names All-Southern Eleven". The Atlanta Constitution. p. 6. Retrieved October 8, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  62. ↑ "Georgia Tech Football Team of 1904". gatech.edu. Archived from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  63. ↑ "Football in the South". The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide: 161.
  64. ↑ "Georgia Tech Football Team of 1911". gatech.edu. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  65. 1 2 "Early Georgia Tech Football" (PDF). College Football Historical Society. 14 (1). November 2000.
  66. ↑ "How All-Southern Team Looks to Coach Ketron". The Washington Times. December 4, 1912. p. 13. Retrieved March 3, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  67. 1 2 "Tech Timeline: 1910s". Tech Traditions. Georgia Tech Alumni Association. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2007.
  68. ↑ "Georgia Tech Claims S.I.A.A. Championship". The Tennessean. November 26, 1915. p. 8. Retrieved March 27, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  69. ↑ Dick Jemison (November 26, 1915). "Yellow Jackets Earn Tie To Football Championship By Defeating Plainsmen". Atlanta Constitution. p. 9. Retrieved March 2, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  70. ↑ Heisman 2012, p. 144
  71. ↑ "John Heisman". Tech Traditions: Ramblin' Memories. Georgia Tech Alumni Association. Archived from the original on September 7, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2007.
  72. 1 2 Umphlett 1992, p. 142
  73. ↑ Powers, p. 42
  74. 1 2 "Buck Flowers: He Could Do It All — Well". Daily Item. Sumter, S.C. October 15, 1969. p. B2.
  75. ↑ Joe Williams, "Joe Williams Says," El Paso Herald-Post, p. 10 (November 12, 1935). Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  76. ↑ Pope 1955, p. 8
  77. ↑ Kordic 2007, p. 9
  78. ↑ "1923 West Virginia Mountaineers Schedule and Results". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
  79. ↑ "J. W. Heisman New Coach" (PDF). The Thresher. 9 (19). February 19, 1924.
  80. 1 2 "Heisman". Ricefootball.net. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
  81. ↑ "The John Heisman Story: 'Father of the forward pass,' Titusville's most noted sports figure.". Titusville Herald. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  82. ↑ Pees, Samuel T. "John Heisman, Football Coach". Oil History. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
  83. ↑ "Auburn theatrical legend John Heisman put on, starred in play to save Auburn football – The War Eagle Reader". Thewareaglereader.com. May 30, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
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  85. ↑ Heisman 2012, p. 111
  86. ↑ Blackman 2016, p. 49
  87. ↑ "Gravesite Still Draws Visitors". Associated Press. December 10, 1999. Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
  88. ↑ "Wisconsin Hometowns". yourhometown.org. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
  89. ↑ Pope 1955, p. 128
  90. ↑ Heisman 1922, p. 267
  91. ↑ "Hall Names John Heisman". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. May 11, 1978.
  92. ↑ Herbert Reed (November 29, 1913). "Current Athletics". Harper's Weekly. 58: 26.
  93. ↑ "Parts of Heisman Drive to be closed until August".
  94. ↑ "Man prestigious Heisman trophy named after buried in Rhinelander". Chippewa Herald. December 10, 1999. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  95. ↑ John Rafferty (September 13, 2002). "Heisman, a Musical?". gatech.edu. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  96. 1 2 https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/14420/1922%20Athletics.pdf.txt?sequence=18
  97. ↑ "Bill Fincher". Atlanta Georgian. 1927.
  98. ↑ Ric A. Kabat, "Before the Seminoles: Football at Florida State College, 1902–1904," Florida Historical Quarterly, vol. LXX, no. 1, p. 35 (July 1991).
  99. ↑ "Coach Guyon Leaves Union". Cardinal and Cream. April 8, 1927 – via Union University Archives.
  100. ↑ "Connor Hanvey Passes Away". The Index-Journal. January 18, 1935. p. 8. Retrieved March 10, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  101. ↑ "Froggy Morrison Slated To Return Tech; Bulldogs Driven". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. September 10, 1933. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
  102. ↑ "University School for Boys".
  103. ↑ "Sitton Likely To Coach Clemson". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. January 24, 1915.
  104. ↑ Wilder, p. 35
  105. ↑ "Auburn Eleven Rewards "Tick" With Gold Watch". The Atlanta Constitution. June 13, 1912. p. 12. Retrieved May 25, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
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Bibliography

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