Peter Muhlenberg

Peter Muhlenberg
United States Senator
from Pennsylvania
In office
March 4, 1801  June 30, 1801
Preceded by William Bingham
Succeeded by George Logan
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Pennsylvania's 4th district
In office
March 4, 1799  March 4, 1801
Preceded by John Chapman
Succeeded by Isaac Van Horne
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Pennsylvania's at-large district
In office
March 4, 1793  March 4, 1795
Preceded by Constituency established
Succeeded by Constituency abolished
In office
March 4, 1789  March 4, 1791
Preceded by Constituency established
Succeeded by Constituency abolished
8th Vice-President of Pennsylvania
In office
October 31, 1787  October 14, 1788
President Benjamin Franklin
Preceded by Charles Biddle
Succeeded by David Redick
Personal details
Born John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg
(1746-10-01)October 1, 1746
Trappe, Pennsylvania
Died October 1, 1807(1807-10-01) (aged 61)
Gray's Ferry, Pennsylvania
Profession Minister, Politician, Soldier
Signature
Military service
Allegiance  United States
Service/branch Continental Army
Years of service 1776–1783
Rank Major General
Commands 8th Virginia Regiment
Battles/wars American Revolutionary War
  Battle of Brandywine
  Battle of Germantown
  Battle of Monmouth
  Siege of Yorktown

John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg (October 1, 1746  October 1, 1807) was an American clergyman, Continental Army soldier during the American Revolutionary War, and political figure in the newly independent United States. A Lutheran minister, he served in the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate from Pennsylvania.

Early life and education

Muhlenberg was born to Pennsylvania German parents Anna Maria and Henry Muhlenberg in Trappe, Pennsylvania. He was sent, together with his brothers, Frederick Augustus and Gotthilf Henry Ernst in 1763 to Halle. They were educated in Latin at the Francke Foundations.[1] He left school in 1767 to start as a sales assistant in Lübeck, but returned that same year to Pennsylvania.

He served briefly in the British 60th Regiment of Foot,[2] and also served briefly in the German dragoons, earning the nickname "Teufel Piet" (Devil Pete) before returning to Philadelphia in 1767, where he was given a classical education from the Academy of Philadelphia (the modern University of Pennsylvania). He was ordained in 1768 and headed a Lutheran congregation in Bedminster, New Jersey, before moving to Woodstock, Virginia. In 1770 he married Anna Barbara "Hannah" Meyer, the daughter of a successful potter. Together they had six children.

Muhlenberg visited England in 1772 and was ordained into the priesthood of the Anglican Church, although he served a Lutheran congregation. Since the Anglican Church was the state church of Virginia, he was required to be ordained in an Anglican church in order to serve a congregation in Virginia. Besides his new congregation, he led the Committee of Safety and Correspondence for Dunmore County, Virginia. He was elected to the House of Burgesses in 1774, and was a delegate to the First Virginia Convention.

Military career

Toward the end of 1775, Muhlenberg was authorized to raise and command as its colonel the 8th Virginia Regiment of the Continental Army. After George Washington personally asked him to accept this task, he agreed. However, his brother Fredrick Augustus Muhlenberg, who was also a minister, did not approve of him going into the army until the British burned down his own church in front of him. Then he joined the military himself.

According to a biography written by his great nephew in the mid-19th century,.[3] on January 21, 1776 in the Lutheran church in Woodstock, Virginia, Reverend Muhlenberg took his sermon text from the third chapter Ecclesiastes, which starts with "To every thing there is a season..."; after reading the eighth verse, "a time of war, and a time of peace," he declared, "And this is the time of war," removing his clerical robe to reveal his Colonel's uniform. Outside the church door the drums began to roll as men turned to kiss their wives and then walked down the aisle to enlist, and within half an hour, 162 men were enrolled.[4] The next day he led out 300 men from the county to form the nucleus of the 8th Virginia Regiment. Though it is accepted that Muhlenberg helped form and lead the 8th, historians doubt the account of the sermon, as there are no reports prior to Muhlenberg's great-nephew's biography.[3][5]

Muhlenberg's unit was first posted to the South, to defend the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. In early 1777, the Eighth Regiment was sent north to join Washington's main army. Muhlenberg was made a brigadier general of the Virginia Line and commanded that Brigade in Nathanael Greene's division at Valley Forge. Muhlenberg saw service in the Battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. After Monmouth, most of the Virginia Line was sent to the far south, while General Muhlenberg was assigned to head up the defense of Virginia using mainly militia units.

At the Battle of Yorktown, he commanded the first brigade in Lafayette's Light Division.[6] His brigade was part of the Corps of Light Infantry, consisting of the light infantry companies of the line regiments of Massachusetts (ten companies), Connecticut (five companies), New Hampshire (five companies), and Rhode Island and New Jersey (one each). They held the right flank and manned the two trenches built to move American cannons closer to Cornwallis' defenses. The battalion commanded by French Lieutenant Colonel Jean-Joseph Sourbader de Gimat led the night bayonet attack that stormed Redoubt No. 10 on October 14, 1781.

At the end of the war (1783), he was brevetted to major general and settled in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania.

Muhlenberg was also an original member of the Pennsylvania Society of the Society of the Cincinnati.

Political career

After the war, Muhlenberg was elected to the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1784. He was elected Vice-President of the Council, a position comparable to that of Lieutenant Governor, on October 31, 1787. His term as Vice-President ended on a mysterious note. On October 14, 1788 the minutes of the Executive Council report that Muhlenberg had left Philadelphia without tendering his resignation—why his resignation was needed or expected is not noted—so a messenger was sent after him. That night, after the messenger returned with the resignation, the Council met at President Benjamin Franklin's home to choose Muhlenberg's successor, electing David Redick to the position.

Muhlenberg was elected to the 1st Congress (1789–1791) as one of the at-large representatives from Pennsylvania. His brother Frederick was the Speaker of the House for that same Congress. He was the first founder of the Democratic-Republican Societies in 1793. Muhlenberg served in Congress as a Republican during the 3rd Congress 1793–1795 and 5th Congress 1799–1801 for the 1st district. Muhlenberg was elected by the legislature to the U.S. Senate on a second ballot in February 1801 over George Logan, but resigned on June 30 of that same year. [7]

President Thomas Jefferson appointed him the supervisor of revenue for Pennsylvania in 1801 and customs collector for Philadelphia in 1802. He served in the latter post until his death.

On August 3, 1805, Muhlenberg wrote a letter to the residents of the primarily-German Northampton and Berks counties in a successful attempt to tilt those counties toward incumbent Governor Thomas McKean, who, in the midst of a badly fractured state Republican Party, was running with Federalist support, in his bid for reelection. Muhlenberg noted that although McKean's opponent, Simon Snyder, was of German descent, his election would elevate the Republican Party's radical Democratic faction to power and, with calls for a Constitutional Convention to elevate the power of the state legislature over the governor and especially the judiciary, result in anarchy.[8] McKean's margin of victory, 6,772-3,216, over Snyder in Northampton and Berks secured his narrow, 43,644-38,483, statewide margin of victory over Snyder.[9]

On his 61st birthday, Muhlenberg died in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania on October 1, 1807 and is buried at the Augustus Lutheran Church in Trappe, Pennsylvania.

Legacy

Peter Muhlenberg Memorial in Washington, DC on Connecticut Avenue. The inscription reads John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg 1746  1807 Serving His Church, His Country, His State.

A statue of John P. G. Muhlenberg is located at Muhlenberg College, 2300 Chew St. In Allentown, PA. In front of the Haas College Center.

References

  1. Archiv der Franckeschen Stiftungen, AF St/S B I 94 I, 575–577
  2. Horn, Joshua (9 November 2015). "Peter Muhlenberg: The Pastor Turned Soldier". Journal of the American Revolution. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  3. 1 2 "History Detectives Season 5, Episode 5 – Transcript" (PDF). Oregon Public Broadcasting. 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
  4. http://www.horseshoe.cc/pennadutch/history/american/revwar.htm
  5. "Muhlenberg a recruiter for the Revolutionary War?". The Lutheran. 2007.
  6. Hamner, Christopher. Black-Robed Regiment. Teachinghistory.org. Accessed 2 June 2011.
  7. Sanford W. Higginbotham, The Keystone in the Democratic Arch: Pennsylvania Politics, 1800-1816 (Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1952), pp. 32-34.
  8. Sanford W. Higginbotham, The Keystone in the Democratic Arch: Pennsylvania Politics, 1800-1816 (Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1952), pp. 96-100.
  9. Sanford W. Higginbotham, The Keystone in the Democratic Arch: Pennsylvania Politics, 1800-1816 (Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1952), pp. 99-100.
  10. The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, Volume 1. Kentucky State Historical Society. 1903. p. 36.
Political offices
Preceded by
Daniel Hiester
Member, Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania,
representing Montgomery County

October 24, 1785 – October 16, 1788
Succeeded by
Zebulon Potts
Preceded by
Charles Biddle
Vice-President of Pennsylvania
October 31, 1787 – October 14, 1788
Succeeded by
David Redick
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by
District Created
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Pennsylvania's at-large congressional district

1789–1791
alongside:
George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Thomas Hartley, Frederick A.C. Muhlenberg, Henry Wynkoop, Daniel Hiester and Thomas Scott
Succeeded by
Frederick A.C. Muhlenberg, Thomas Fitzsimons, Thomas Hartley, Israel Jacobs, John W. Kittera, Daniel Hiester, William Findley, and Andrew Gregg
Preceded by
Frederick A.C. Muhlenberg, Thomas Fitzsimons, Thomas Hartley, Israel Jacobs, John W. Kittera, Daniel Hiester, William Findley, and Andrew Gregg
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Pennsylvania's at-large congressional district

1793–1795
alongside:
Thomas Fitzsimons, John W. Kittera, Thomas Hartley, Frederick A.C. Muhlenberg, James Armstrong, Thomas Scott, Andrew Gregg, Daniel Hiester, William Irvine, William Findley, John Smilie, and William Montgomery
Succeeded by

1st: John Swanwick
2nd: Frederick A.C. Muhlenberg
3rd: Richard Thomas
4th: Samuel Sitgreaves and John Richards
5th: Daniel Hiester
6th: John Andre Hanna
7th: John W. Kittera
8th: Thomas Hartley
9th: Andrew Gregg
10th: David Bard and Samuel Maclay
11th: William Findley
12th: Albert Gallatin

Preceded by
Robert Brown
John Chapman
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district

1799–1801
alongside: Robert Brown
Succeeded by
Robert Brown
Isaac Van Horne
U.S. Senate
Preceded by
William Bingham
U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Pennsylvania
1801
Served alongside: James Ross
Succeeded by
George Logan
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