John Lewis Partnership

John Lewis Partnership
Limited Company, with profits held in trust for Employees.
Industry Retail
Founded Oxford Street, London (1929)[1]
Founder John Spedan Lewis
Headquarters London, England, UK
Key people
 Sir Charlie Mayfield (executive Chairman)
Paula Nickolds (Managing Director, John Lewis)
Rob Collins (Managing Director, Waitrose)
Products Clothing, watches & jewellery, giftwares, cosmetics, housewares, furniture, beds & bedding, audio-visual, computing, photography, food, direct services, financial services
Revenue Increase £11 billion (2015)[2]
Increase £409.6 million (2012–13)[3]
Number of employees
 Decrease 88,900 (2016)[2]
Subsidiaries Waitrose
John Lewis
Website www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk

The John Lewis Partnership PLC[4] (JLP) is a British company which operates John Lewis department stores, Waitrose supermarkets, its banking and financial services, and other retail-related activities. The company is owned by a trust[upper-alpha 1] on behalf of all its employees — known as Partners – who have a say in the running of the business, and receive a share of annual profits, which is usually a significant addition to their salary. The JLP group is the third largest UK non-traded company by sales in the Sunday Times Top Track 100 for 2016.[5] The chain's image is upmarket, and it appeals strongly to middle- and upper-class shoppers. Recently, John Lewis has broadened its marketing strategy towards all types of buyers, with the introduction of the 'Value' range to John Lewis and the 'Essential' range to Waitrose, and the expansion of the business.

JLP also supplies the Ocado web supermarket with Waitrose own-brand foods and John Lewis own-brand non-food items.

History

1860s origins

John Lewis opened a drapery shop at 132 Oxford Street, London in 1864. Born in Shepton Mallet in Somerset in 1836, he had been apprenticed at 14 to a linen draper in Wells. He came to London in 1856 and worked as a salesman for Peter Robinson, an Oxford Street draper, rising to be his silk buyer. In 1864, he turned down Robinson's offer of a partnership, and rented his own premises on the north side of Oxford Street, on part of the site now occupied by the department store which bears his name. There he sold silk and woollen cloth and haberdashery. His retailing philosophy was to buy good quality merchandise and sell it at a modest 'mark up'. Although he carried a wide range of merchandise, he didn’t bother much about displaying it, and never advertised. His skill lay in sourcing the goods he sold, and most mornings he would go to the City, accompanied by a man with a hand barrow. Later he would make trips to Paris to buy silks.[6]

Lewis spurned holidays and games, and devoted himself entirely to the business, which was successful. He invested the money he made from it in residential and small retail properties, many of which he never visited. He expanded the Oxford Street business by renting neighbouring properties on Oxford Street and then along Holles Street, and gradually moved into other classes of merchandise: first the new area of ready-made women's apparel, and later children's wear and furniture. He never held 'sales', saying that he was intent on building a sound, permanent business.[7]

In 1884, aged 48, Lewis married Eliza Baker, a schoolmistress with a university education, who was 18 years his junior. They set up home in a mansion on the edge of Hampstead Heath, for which Lewis made up the name Spedan Tower after his aunt, Ann Speed,[8] and when Eliza bore a son in 1885, he was called John Spedan Lewis. A second son, Oswald Lewis, was born in 1887. After Westminster School, both sons joined Lewis in the business, and he gave each of them a quarter share of it on their twenty-first birthdays.[6]

1900s family disagreements

There was constant quarrelling between Lewis and his sons. By 1909, Oswald wanted to leave the business, and Lewis senior reluctantly agreed to buy back Oswald’s quarter share of the firm for £50,000 (equivalent to about £4.5 million in 2010). Oswald went to read Law at Oxford, qualified as a barrister, and became a cavalry officer in 1914, but was injured and discharged in 1916, whereupon he accepted an invitation from his father to rejoin the business.[7]

Lewis had several run-ins with Lord Howard de Walden, his Oxford Street landlord, and in 1903 he spent three weeks in Brixton Prison for defying a court order obtained by de Walden. In 1911, de Walden sued him for libel; Lewis was found guilty, but the jury awarded damages of just a farthing.

In 1906, Lewis bought a controlling interest in the Sloane Square-based business Peter Jones Limited, the eponymous founder of which had died the previous year. Lewis walked from Oxford Street with the £20,000 purchase price in bank notes.[6]

1910s

In the next 13 years, the Peter Jones business was not profitable – no dividends were paid to Lewis and the external shareholders  – and in desperation, in 1914 Lewis appointed his son Spedan as chairman of Peter Jones. This gave Spedan Lewis complete control, and he decided that the underlying problem was that the staff had no incentive to do a good day's work, because their own interests were not in line with those of the business. He shortened their working day and instituted a system of commission for each department, paying selling staff amounts based on turnover. He held regular meetings at which staff could air any grievances directly with him. In 1916, after a disagreement with his father, Spedan Lewis exchanged his 25 per cent interest in the Oxford Street business for Lewis's shares in Peter Jones Limited. He made improvements in staff conditions, including granting a third week's paid holiday each year. He had hot and cold running water installed in the staff bedrooms over the shop. In 1918, he started publishing a fortnightly newspaper telling staff how the business was faring. In 1919, he instituted a staff council, the first decision of which was that staff should be paid weekly instead of four-weekly. Business prospered: there was a profit of £20,000 in 1920.[7] Spedan Lewis's radical idea was that the profits generated by business should not be paid solely to shareholders as a reward for their capital. Shareholders should receive a reasonable but limited return, and labour should be the recipient of the excess. His concept of 'fairer shares' involved sharing gain, knowledge and power. In 1920, Spedan started distributing Peter Jones preference shares to staff, who were now called 'Partners'.

In contrast, John Lewis made no improvements to the conditions of his staff, and grievances built up to such an extent that in 1920, there was a five-week strike at Oxford Street. Despite support for the strikers from – among others - Queen Mary, Lewis sacked them and engaged new staff.

1920s

The early 1920s were not successful for Peter Jones. Dividends on preference shares, many of which were held by Partners, were not paid. In 1924, there was a reconciliation between John Lewis and Spedan Lewis. Trade at Oxford Street had fared better, and John Lewis made a cash injection into the Sloane Square business.[7]

In 1925, Spedan Lewis devised the slogan 'never knowingly undersold' at Peter Jones. Intended mainly as a control on sourcing merchandise, it also meant that customers could shop knowing that they were not paying more at Peter Jones than they could buy identical goods for at other stores. Trade improved and profit sharing was resumed.

By 1926, Lewis senior was 90, Spedan was impatient to gain control of John Lewis, Oxford Street, so that he could implement his radical ideas there, and Oswald again wanted out. Without telling their father, Spedan took out a bank loan and bought out Oswald's inheritance. After going round the world, Oswald embarked on a political career, becoming Conservative Party MP for Colchester in 1929, and holding the seat until 1945. John Lewis died aged 92 in 1928, and Spedan Lewis became sole owner of the Oxford Street business, in addition to Peter Jones. That same year, he bought the premises of T J Harries on the eastern side of Holles Street in Oxford Street, into which he expanded John Lewis.

In 1929, Spedan Lewis signed a deed of settlement, which transferred shares in John Lewis & Co. Limited and Peter Jones Limited to trustees (himself, his wife and his brother-in-law). The profits of the combined business would be distributed to its employees, either as cash or as fixed-interest stock in the new company: John Lewis Partnership Limited. In return, Spedan Lewis took £1 million of non-interest-paying loan stock, which would be repaid to him over thirty years. He would retain personal control of the business, but would not receive any interest, fees or salary, living on the repayment of the loan stock. These annual capital repayments were initially equivalent to about £1.5 million in 2010 money, but inflation reduced their value by the 1950s to the equivalent of about £0.5 million in 2010 money.

1930s expansion

In 1933, the John Lewis Partnership started acquiring other retail businesses, buying Jessop & Son of Nottingham, and Lance & Lance of Weston-super-Mare. In 1934, it acquired Knight & Lee in Southsea, and Tyrrell & Green in Southampton. It also started rebuilding Peter Jones to a modern design. In 1937, it bought Waitrose Limited, which operated ten counter-service grocery shops in London and the home counties.[9]

1940s, WW2

The biggest acquisition came in 1940, when the John Lewis Partnership paid £30,000 for Selfridge Provincial Stores Limited, which owned 16 shops: Blinkhorn & Son in Gloucester and Stroud, Buckleys in Harrogate, A H Bull in Reading, Bon Marché in Brixton, Caleys in Windsor, Cole Brothers in Sheffield, George Henry Lee in Liverpool, Holdrons in Peckham, John Barnes in Hampstead, Jones Brothers in Holloway, Pratts in Streatham, Quin & Axten in Brixton, Robert Sayle in Cambridge, Thomsons in Peterborough, and Trewin Brothers in Watford, although many of these stores were subsequently closed or repurposed in later years. The business now comprised 31 department stores.

The Second World War took its toll, and several stores were damaged by bombing, notably the 'west house' of John Lewis, Oxford Street (on the west side of Holles Street), which was lost completely in September 1940. Some small businesses were acquired, including the John Pound leather goods shops, and two further department stores. In 1948, three drapery stores were created in South Africa, but were closed in 1954.

1950s

In 1950, Spedan Lewis executed a second deed of settlement, which passed ownership of the John Lewis Partnership to trustees to hold for the benefit of those who worked in the business. He continued to manage it as if he were still the owner, saying in 1957 that it was necessary to concentrate management in one pair of hands.[10]

Spedan Lewis also retained for himself the right to choose his successor when he retired on his 70th birthday in 1955. He had originally intended that Michael Watkins, his right-hand man for many years, would succeed him as chairman, but Watkins died in 1950. Spedan asked his son, Edward Lewis, if he would fill the role but he declined. Spedan appointed a loyal, long-serving lieutenant, Bernard Miller, but expressed the hope that in due course Edward would succeed Miller as chairman. In the event, Miller was succeeded by Peter Lewis, the son of Oswald Lewis.[7]

In 1953 the John Lewis Partnership sold several small stores but acquired two large ones: Heelas in Reading and Bainbridge in Newcastle. The rebuilt store on Oxford Street was reopened in 1960, and the sculpture Winged Figure by Barbara Hepworth was added in 1962.

The principle and slogan never knowingly undersold adopted in 1925, is still honoured and has been widely copied. The principle has been refined, most notably to exclude retailers who trade only online. The pledge has recently been revised to include extended insurance and delivery charges when comparing prices.[11] John Lewis monitors local competitors, and reduces the shelf-edge price if it is being 'undersold'.

2000s

To accommodate national advertising, in 2002, the company began the process of renaming department stores not branded as John Lewis (Tyrrell & Green, Heelas, etc.) with the nationally recognisable name. Peter Jones in London and Knight and Lee in Southsea remain the only exception to this policy. The company experimented with smaller format stores, adding 12 At Home shops and 2 Convenience-driven stores, alongside 3 more full line department stores (Leeds, Stratford, Birmingham).[12]

Organisation of JLP

Every employee is known as a Partner in the John Lewis Partnership, and has an opportunity to influence the business through branch forums, which discuss local issues at every store, and the divisional John Lewis and Waitrose Councils.[13] Above all these is the Partnership Council, to which the Partners elect at least 80 per cent of the 82 representatives, while the chairman appoints the remaining. The councils have the power to discuss ‘any matter whatsoever’, and are responsible for the non-commercial aspects of the business: the development of the social activities within the Partnership and its charitable actions.

Every non-management Partner also has an open channel for expressing his/her views to management and the Chairman.

JLP publishes a weekly in-house magazine, called The Gazette. It is the oldest in-house magazine currently still being published in the UK. Each John Lewis branch also has its own weekly magazine, called The Chronicle. Partners can write anonymous letters to the Gazette and the Chronicles, holding management to account.

JLP has a very extensive programme of social activities for its Partners, including two large country estates with parkland, playing fields and tennis courts; a golf club; a sailing club with five cruising yachts, and three country hotels offering holiday accommodation for the Partners. When Brownsea Island was to be sold by HM Treasury for £100,000 in 1962, the John Lewis Partnership joined with The Boy Scout Association and the Dorset Wildlife Trust to provide £25,000 each to The National Trust which bought it. The John Lewis Partnership runs Brownsea Castle as a holiday venue for employees.

JLP also owns the Odney Club, a large estate in Odney on the outskirts of Cookham, Berkshire on the banks of the River Thames. While the estate is open to the public, partners are able to enter free of charge by purchasing a membership.

Finally, every Partner receives an annual bonus, which is a share of the profit. It is calculated as a percentage of salary, with the same percentage for everyone, from top management down to the shop floor and storage rooms. The bonus is dependent on the profitability of the Partnership each year, varying between 9% and 20% of the Partners' annual salaries since 2000.

In 1999, in response to a fall in profits, there were calls from some Partners for the business to be floated on the stockmarket. If this had gone through, each Partner would have received a windfall averaging £100,000. In the end, no one on the Partnership Council agreed with the idea and only one member spoke in favour of a referendum on the issue.[14]

For years, it has had a quaint rule that only the chairman can write in green ink.[15]

Financial performance

Financial year Turnover Profit before tax Net profit Partner bonuses Profit retained
2014-2015 £10.94 billion £342.7 million £299.7 million £156.2 million (11%) £143.5 million
2013-2014 £10.17 billion £376.4 million £304.1 million £202.5 million (15%) £156.4 million
2012–2013 £9.54 billion £509.0 million £409.6 million £210.8 million (17%) £198.8 million
2011–2012 £8.73 billion £393.3 million £353.8 million £165.2 million (14%) £188.6 million
2010–2011 £8.2 billion £431 million £367.7 million £194.5 million (18%) £173.4 million
2009–2010 £7.4 billion £389 million £306.6 million £151.3 million (15%) £155.3 million
2008–2009 £7 billion £279.6 million £580 million £125.5 million (13%) £146.0 million[16]
2007–2008 £6.8 billion £379.8 million £320.4 million £181.1 million (20%) £198.7 million
2006–2007 £6.4 billion £319.2 million £263.2 million £155 million (18%) £164 million
2005–2006 £5.7 billion £251.8 million £215.1 million £120.3 million (15%) £94.8 million
2004–2005 £5.3 billion £215.3 million £175.9 million £105.8 million (14%) £70.1 million
2003–2004 £5.0 billion £173.5 million £148.8 million £87.3 million (12%) £61.5 million
2002–2003 £4.7 billion £145.5 million £108.6 million £67.6 million (10%) £41.0 million
2001–2002 £4.4 billion £141.5 million £103.3 million £57.3 million (9%) £46.0 million
2000–2001 £4.1 billion £149.5 million £120.4 million £58.1 million (10%) £62.3 million
1999–2000 £3.7 billion £194.7 million £161.0 million £77.8 million (15%) £83.2 million

The John Lewis Partnership's financial year runs from February to January the next year. The percentage figure in the bonus column shows the bonus's value in relation to a Partner's salary. 8.33% would mean one additional month's salary and 16.66% would mean two months' salary, showing that the staff has received more than one month's additional salary as bonus each year since 2000. This is an attractive facet of the company, which has a reputation for looking after its staff (including paid secondments whilst Partners conduct charity work; subsidised Dining Rooms and staff excursions, amongst other benefits).

Department stores

John Lewis

John Lewis' flagship department store in Oxford Street

As of 2012 the John Lewis division operates 30 full-line department stores, 1 John Lewis click and commute at London St. Pancras International, 1 John Lewis convenience store at London Heathrow and 10 John Lewis at Home Stores and a web store.[9] The stores are in a mixture of city centre and regional shopping centre locations. The flagship Oxford Street store in London remains the largest John Lewis outlet in the UK.[17]

Newer John Lewis at home stores are opening to cater for areas which have no large John Lewis department store near them. They are around a third of a size of a normal department store. The first store opened in Poole in October 2009. Croydon followed in August 2010 with Tunbridge Wells and Swindon opening later that year. In Autumn 2011, Tamworth and Chester were opened, followed by Chichester, Newbury and Ipswich in 2012. This type of store contains both Home and Electrical departments with services such as a cafe and 'Click and Collect' also available. A new 'flexible format' store was trialled in Exeter 2012, with full line of stock in a smaller physical store, relying heavily on 'click and collect'/next day delivery both in store and out.[18]

Peter Jones

Peter Jones is one of the largest and best-known department stores in central London. It is a store of the John Lewis Partnership and located on Sloane Square, at the junction of King's Road and Sloane Street, in the fashionable Chelsea district, close to the elite districts of Belgravia and Knightsbridge. Peter Jones was founded as an independent store but was bought by John Lewis, owner of the eponymous store in Oxford Street, in 1905. In 1929 Lewis's son, John Spedan Lewis, who then owned both businesses, combined them into a single business.

Supermarkets

Interior of a Waitrose store in Enfield

The John Lewis Partnership also owns Waitrose, an upmarket supermarket chain which has 336 branches (2015) and 61,000 (2014) Partners. Waitrose trades mainly in London and the South of England, and was originally formed by Wallace Waite, Arthur Rose and David Taylor. The company was taken over by the John Lewis Partnership in 1937. The acquisition of 19 Safeway branches in 2004 greatly increased the size of the company and saw branches open in the north of England for the first time. A further six stores were purchased from Morrisons in Autumn 2005 and again helped the march into previously unexplored territories. Then, in March 2006, Waitrose announced the purchase of five stores from Somerfield, with the first two stores in Scotland, both of which are in the capital, Edinburgh. In July 2006, Waitrose announced the purchase of six more stores and a distribution centre from Morrisons. In 2007 the first purpose-built Waitrose supermarket in the north of England opened at Cheadle Hulme, Greater Manchester. In January 2009, Waitrose announced the purchase of an additional 13 stores from Somerfield which included a store in Glasgow marking its third opening in Scotland. The chain opened its first new-build Scottish store and fourth Scottish location overall in Glasgow's Newton Mearns in the autumn of 2011. Waitrose also sells online and was the first to offer a free delivery service.

Waitrose brand merchandise is also sold by Ocado, an independent online supermarket. The John Lewis Partnership helped finance Ocado's creation, and later transferred its interest to its pension fund, which owned 29% of Ocado.[19] The pension fund fully divested itself of its share ownership in February 2011.[20]

Direct services

Unusually, John Lewis department stores did not accept Visa and MasterCard credit cards until 1999, previously only accepting the John Lewis Account Card (a form of charge card) and the Switch (now Maestro) and Delta (now Visa Debit) debit cards.

In June 2004, the John Lewis Partnership launched their own credit card, branded the "Partnership card", with HSBC.[21] The card was launched to complement the existing John Lewis and Waitrose account cards.[22] The Partnership card is designed as a cashback credit card, offering holders varying levels of rewards which are exchanged for vouchers to spend with businesses of the partnership.

The company has provided insurance products since it launched "Greenbee" in October 2006.[23][24] Initially, the company offered home, travel, wedding and events insurance as well as a travel and tickets service.[24] It subsequently expanded to offer other services including car[25] and pet insurance, insurance for second homes[26] and broadband Internet access.[27] Greenbee has since been renamed John Lewis Insurance.

The company also provides broadband and home telephone services.[28]

Manufacturing

The John Lewis Partnership currently operates one manufacturing business, Herbert Parkinson, in Darwen, Lancashire. This company, established as a weaver of jacquard fabrics in 1934, was acquired by the Partnership in 1953. Herbert Parkinson currently produce John Lewis own-brand fabrics and curtains as well as filled furnishing products such as cushions and pillows. The company operates a wholesale business to outside customers in addition to supplying John Lewis branches.[29]

Until September 2007, the Partnership also owned two further textile production businesses: Carlisle-based printer Stead McAlpin (founded c. 1875, 200 workers) and Haslingden, Lancashire-based weaver J. H. Birtwistle.[30][31] In spite of capital investment and improvements in efficiency, neither had been profitable for almost 10 years. Apex Textiles, whose managing director is Jim Kidd, was formed to buy the businesses. The Partnership announced its intention to retain both businesses as key suppliers once they were under new ownership and to agree ex gratia payments to Partners employed at the affected sites.

The manufacture and sale of furnishing textiles was organised by the business Cavendish Textiles,[32] produced under the trade name of 'Jonelle' from 1937, dropped in 2000 in favour of 'John Lewis'. Designers included many associated with Heal's, such as Lucienne Day, Pat Albeck,[33] Jacqueline Groag[34] and Althea McNish.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Analogous to an Employee stock ownership plan.

Citations

  1. ↑ "John Lewis Partnership — Our founder — the John Spedan Lewis story". John Lewis Partnership. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  2. 1 2 "John Lewis Partnership – About us".
  3. ↑ Butler, Sarah; Moulds, Josephine (7 March 2013). "John Lewis staff celebrate bonus of nine weeks' pay". The Guardian. London.
  4. ↑ "JOHN LEWIS PARTNERSHIP PLC". Companies House. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  5. ↑ "The Sunday Times HSBC Top Track 100 league". FAST TRACK in association with The Sunday Times. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 Kennedy, Carol, "Business Pioneers: Sainsbury, John Lewis, Cadbury", Random House Business Books, 2000
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Cox, Peter "Spedan's Partnership, the story of John Lewis and Waitrose", Labatie Books, 2010
  8. ↑ McPherson, Hugh (1985). John Spedan Lewis 1885–1963: Remembered by Some of his Contemporaries in the Centenary Year of His Birth'. England: John Lewis Partnership. p. 139.
  9. 1 2 http://www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk/about/our-founder.html accessed 11 November 2012
  10. ↑ Knowledge, John Lewis PLC and Tacit. "John Lewis Partnership - BBC broadcast". Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  11. ↑ Brignall, Miles (5 February 2011). "John Lewis: Never Knowingly Undersold?". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  12. ↑ "John Lewis Partnership. About Us.". John Lewis PLC. unknown. Retrieved 3 November 2016. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ↑ An eye for retail, People Management magazine, 16 July 2009 A human resources' view of the John Lewis Partnership
  14. ↑ "John Lewis rules out float". BBC News. 20 September 1999. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  15. ↑ Laurance, Ben (12 September 1999). "Hampson: never knowingly undersold". The Observer. London. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  16. ↑ Killgren, Lucy (11 March 2009). "John Lewis cuts bonuses as profits plunge". Financial Times.
  17. ↑ "Page unavailable". John Lewis Partnership. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  18. ↑ "John Lewis Exeter opens with £7 million of stock". BBC. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  19. ↑ "Online grocer Ocado may float next year". Yahoo. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  20. ↑ "Online Ocado shares hit after John Lewis sells stake". BBC News. 11 February 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  21. ↑ Rigby, Emma (29 June 2004). "John Lewis and Waitrose back card launch with website". Marketing Magazine. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  22. ↑ Bachelor, Lisa (19 September 2003). "John Lewis to launch account card". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  23. ↑ "John Lewis starts travel service". BBC News. 3 October 2006. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
  24. 1 2 Budworth, David (8 October 2006). "Insurance is in stock at John Lewis". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
  25. ↑ Kilner, Richard (30 July 2008). "Greenbee enters car insurance market". Insurance Daily. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
  26. ↑ Gallagher, Rosemary (27 October 2007). "Greenbee.com targets niche home insurance market". The Scotsman. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
  27. ↑ "Greenbee: Products and services". John Lewis Partnership. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
  28. ↑ Farey-Jones, Daniel (17 September 2010). "John Lewis drops Greenbee brand and focuses on insurance". Marketing. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
  29. ↑ John Lewis PLC. "Making our own textiles". John Lewis Partnership. John Lewis Partnership. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  30. ↑ John Lewis Partnership, London, 3 September 2007. Accessed: 10 September 2007.
  31. ↑ Stead workers stunned, Cumberland News, 6 September 2007. Accessed:2007-09-10.
  32. ↑ http://www.johnlewismemorystore.org.uk/category/cavendish_textiles
  33. ↑ Fry, A J. "Pat Albeck". Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  34. ↑ "the textile blog: The Textile Design Work of Jacqueline Groag". Retrieved 13 July 2016.

Bibliography

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